Abstract
Negation is an operator that reverses the truth value of a proposition and it is considered an universal category (Horn 2001: xiii) since all human systems of communication contain a representation of propositional negation. Therefore, one of the most important features of negation is its markedness that sets a contrast between affirmation and negation. Said markedness is carried out in various ways by the world languages. As its standard negation, which is the most common kind of negation marking found in a given language (Payne 1985a: 198), Old Persian (OP) has nai̯, which is mainly used in assertions, while it has a non-standard, prohibitive marker, OP mā. Concerning correlative negation (‘neither … nor’), Old Persian systematically employs the asyndetic repetition of the negative marker, provided the notorious absence among Indo-Iranian languages of the standard negation plus the enclitic particle IIr. *-ča. The objective of this paper is to make a thorough description of this isogloss shared by Indo-Iranian languages and, in the case of Old Persian, try to contrast its data with the Achaemenid Elamite material. I believe this will shed some new light on the nature of the asyndetic repetition of the negative marker as a means of expressing correlative negation in Old Iranian.
Abbreviations
Languages
- Ach.El.
Achaemenid Elamite
- Av.
Avestan
- Celtib.
Celtiberian
- El.
Elamite
- Goth.
Gothic
- Gr.
early Greek
- Hitt.
Hittite
- IIr.
Indo-Iranian
- Khwar.
Khwarezmian
- Lat.
Latin
- Lyd.
Lydian
- Midd.El.
Middle Elamite
- MP
Middle Persian
- OAv.
Old Avestan
- OIr.
Old Iranian
- OIrish
Old Irish
- OP
Old Persian
- Osc.
Oscan
- Oss.
Ossetic
- PIE
Proto-Indo-European
- Ved.
Vedic
- YAv.
Young Avestan.
Typology/Morphology
- ABL
Ablative
- ACC
Accusative
- COOR
Coordination
- DAT
Dative
- DU
Dual
- FUT
Future
- GEN
Genitive
- IND
Indicative
- LOC
Locative
- MOD.PART
Modal Particle
- NEG
Negation
- NPI
Negative Polarity Item
- NOM
Nominative
- OPT
Optative
- PASS
Passive
- PL
Plural
- PRS
Present
- PTCP
Participle
- REL
Relative
- SBJV
Subjunctive
- SG
Singular
- SN
Standard negation
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