Abstract
We investigated whether emotional information facilitates retrieval and whether it makes representations more salient during sentence processing. Participants were presented with sentences including entities (nouns) that were either bare, with no additional information or that were emotionally or neutrally qualified by means of adjectives. Reading times in different word regions, specifically at the region following the verb where retrieval processes are measurable, were analysed. Qualified representations needed longer time to be build up than bare representations. Also, it was found that the amount of information and the type of information affect sentences processing and more specifically retrieval. In particular, retrieval for emotionally specified representations was faster than that for bare representations.
References
Altmann, U., Bohrn, I. C., Lubrich, O., Menninghaus, W. & Jacobs, A. M. (2014). Fact vs fiction - how paratextual information shapes our reading processes. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(1), 22-29.10.1093/scan/nss098Search in Google Scholar
Baayen, H., Bates, D. M., Kliegl, R., & Vasishth, S. (2015). RePsychLing: Data sets from psychology and linguistics experiments. Retrieved from: https://github.com/dmbates/RePsychLing.Search in Google Scholar
Bates, D. M., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., & Baayen, H. (2015). Parsimonious mixed models. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.04967.pdfSearch in Google Scholar
Bates, D., Machler, M., Bolker, B. M., & Walker, S. C. (2014). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.5823.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
De Vega, M., Leon, I., & Diaz, J. M. (1996). The representation of changing emotions in reading comprehension. Cognition & Emotion, 10(3), 303-322.10.1080/026999396380268Search in Google Scholar
Diaz-Lago, M., Fraga, I., & Acuna-Farina, C. (2015). Time course of gender agreement violations containing emotional words. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 36, 79-93.10.1016/j.jneuroling.2015.07.001Search in Google Scholar
Fedorenko, E., Gibson, E., & Rohde, D. (2007). The nature of working memory in linguistic, arithmetic and spatial integration processes. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(3), 246-269.10.1016/j.jml.2006.06.007Search in Google Scholar
Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., & Robertson, R. R. W. (1992). Do Readers Mentally Represent Characters’ Emotional States? Cognition & Emotion, 6(2), 89-111.10.1080/02699939208411061Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Gernsbacher, M. A., Hallada, B. M., & Robertson, R. R. (1998). How automatically do readers infer fictional characters’ emotional states? Scientific Studies of Reading, 2(3), 271-300.10.1207/s1532799xssr0203_5Search in Google Scholar
Glenberg, A. M., & Langston, W. E. (1992). Comprehension of illustrated text: Pictures help to build mental models. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(2), 129-151.10.1016/0749-596X(92)90008-LSearch in Google Scholar
Gordon, P. C., Hendrick, R., Johnson, M., & Lee, Y. (2006). Similarity-based interference during language comprehension: Evidence from eye tracking during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(6), 1304.Search in Google Scholar
Graesser, A., Singer, M., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101(3), 371.10.1037/0033-295X.101.3.371Search in Google Scholar
Gygax, P., Oakhill, J., & Garnham, A. (2003). The representation of character’s emotional reponses: Do readers infer specific emotions? Cognition & Emotion, 17(3), 413-428.10.1080/02699930244000048Search in Google Scholar
Herbert, C., Junghofer, M., & Kissler, J. (2008). Event related potentials to emotional adjectives during reading. Psychophysiology, 45(3), 487-498.10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00638.xSearch in Google Scholar
Hinojosa, J. A., Albert, J., Fernandez-Folgueiras, U., Santaniello, G., Lopez-Bachiller, C., Sebastian, M., Sanchez-Carmona, A. J. & Pozo, M. A. (2014). Effects of negative content on the processing of gender information: An event-related potential study. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14(4), 1286-1299.10.3758/s13415-014-0291-xSearch in Google Scholar
Hofmeister, P. (2011). Representational complexity and memory retrieval in language comprehension. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26(3), 376-405.10.1080/01690965.2010.492642Search in Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Oatley, K. (1989). The language of emotions: An analysis of a semantic field. Cognition and emotion, 3(2), 81-123.10.1080/02699938908408075Search in Google Scholar
Kanske, P., & Kotz, S. A. (2007). Concreteness in emotional words: ERP evidence from a hemifield study. Brain Research, 1148, 138-148.10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.044Search in Google Scholar
Keen, S. (2006). A Theory of Narrative Empathy. Narrative, 14(3), 207-236.10.1353/nar.2006.0015Search in Google Scholar
Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words? Memory & cognition, 31(8), 1169-1180.10.3758/BF03195800Search in Google Scholar
Kidd, D. C., & Castano, E. (2013). Reading Literary Fiction Improves Theory of Mind. Science , 342(6156), 377-380. Retrieved from: http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1220999.10.1126/.1220999Search in Google Scholar
Kneepkens, E., W., & Zwaan, Rolf, A. (1995). Emotions and literary text comprehension. Poetics, 23(1-2), 125-138.10.1016/0304-422X(94)00021-WSearch in Google Scholar
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2015). Package ‘lmerTest’. Retrieved from: http://cran.uib.no/web/packages/lmerTest/lmerTest.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Lenth, R. V. (2016). Least-squares means: the R package lsmeans. Journal of Statistical Software, 69(1), 1-33. Retrieved from: https://jstatsoft.tr1k.de/article/view/v069i01/v69i01.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Ludecke D. (2018). sjPlot: Data Visualization for Statistics in Social Science. R package version 2.4.1. Retrieved from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sjPlot>.Search in Google Scholar
Mar, R. A., Oatley, K., Dijkic, M., & Mullin, J. (2011). Emotion and narrative fiction: Interactive influences before, during, and after reading. Cognition and Emotion, 25(5), 818-833.10.1080/02699931.2010.515151Search in Google Scholar
Pavlenko, A. (2008). Emotion and emotion-laden words in the bilingual lexicon. Bilingualism: Language and cognition, 11(2), 147-164.10.1017/S1366728908003283Search in Google Scholar
Schacht, A., & Sommer, W. (2009). Time course and task dependence of emotion effects in word processing. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9(1), 28-43.10.3758/CABN.9.1.28Search in Google Scholar
Scott, G. G., O’Donnell, P. J., & Sereno, S. C. (2012). Emotion words affect eye fixations during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38(3), 783.10.1037/a0027209Search in Google Scholar
Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime reference guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.Search in Google Scholar
Traxler, M. J., Morris, R. K., & Seely, R. E. (2002). Processing subject and object relative clauses: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Memory and Language, 47(1), 69-90.10.1006/jmla.2001.2836Search in Google Scholar
Van Dyke, J., & Lewis, R. (2003). Distinguishing effects of structure and decay on attachment and repair: A cue-based parsing account of recovery from misanalyzed ambiguities. Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 285-316.10.1016/S0749-596X(03)00081-0Search in Google Scholar
Van Gompel, R. P., & Majid, A. (2004). Antecedent frequency effects during the processing of pronouns. Cognition, 90(3), 255-264.10.1016/S0010-0277(03)00161-6Search in Google Scholar
Warriner, A. B., Kuperman, V., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas. Behavior research methods, 45(4), 1191-1207.10.3758/s13428-012-0314-xSearch in Google Scholar
Zwaan, R. A. (1999). Five dimensions of narrative comprehension: The event-indexing model. Narrative Comprehension, Causality, and Coherence: Essays in Honor of Tom Trabasso, 93-110.Search in Google Scholar
Zwaan, R. A., Magliano, J. P., & Graesser, A. C. (1995). Dimensions of situation model construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(2), 386.10.1037/0278-7393.21.2.386Search in Google Scholar
© by Scarlett Child et al., published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.