Abstract
This article encircles the research progress of Fe3O4 NPs loaded composite microgel particles. Preparation methodologies, properties and applications of Fe3O4 NPs loaded composite microgel particles are elaborated here. The effect of different factors on the stability and tunable properties of Fe3O4 NPs loaded composite microgel particles was also investigated in detail. These composite particles have exceptional magnetic properties that make them demanding composite nano-formulation in different fields. Applications of these composite microgel particles in different fields as micro-reactor, drug delivery vehicles, and in adsorption and catalysis have also been elaborated in detail. These composite microgel particles can easily be recovered from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnet due to the presence of fabricated Fe3O4 NPs.
-
Author contributions: The author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The author declares to have no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
Abegunde, S.M., Idowu, K.S., and Sulaimon, A.O. (2020). Plant-mediated iron nanoparticles and their applications as adsorbents for water treatment – a review. J. Chem. Rev. 45: 103–113, https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/jcr.2020.2.3.Search in Google Scholar
Ahmad, H., Nurunnabi, M., Rahman, M.M., Kumar, K., Tauer, K., Minami, H., and Gafur, M.A. (2014). Magnetically doped multi stimuli-responsive hydrogel microspheres with IPN structure and application in dye removal. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 459: 39–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.06.038.Search in Google Scholar
Ali, A., Hira Zafar, M.Z., ul Haq, I., Phull, A.R., Ali, J.S., and Hussain, A. (2016). Synthesis, characterization, applications, and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl. 9: 49–67, https://doi.org/10.2147/nsa.s99986.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Amini-Fazl, M.S., Mohammadi, R., and Kheiri, K. (2019). 5-Fluorouracil loaded chitosan/polyacrylic acid/Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite hydrogel as a potential anticancer drug delivery system. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 132: 506–513, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Amstad, E., Zurcher, S., Mashaghi, A., Wong, J.Y., Textor, M., and Reimhult, E. (2009). Surface functionalization of single superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted magnetic resonance imaging. Small 5: 1334–1342, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200801328.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Atta, A.M., Moustafa, Y.M., Al-Lohedan, H.A., Ezzat, A.O., and Hashem, A.I. (2020). Methylene blue catalytic degradation using silver and magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with a poly (ionic liquid) based on quaternized dialkylethanolamine with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate-co-vinylpyrrolidone. ACS Omega 5: 2829–2842, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03610.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Bao, Y., Sherwood, J., and Sun, Z. (2018). Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as T1 contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. J. Mater. Chem. C 6: 1280–1290, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc05854c.Search in Google Scholar
Begum, R., Naseem, K., Ahmed, E., Sharif, A., and Farooqi, Z.H. (2016a). Simultaneous catalytic reduction of nitroarenes using silver nanoparticles fabricated in poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylic acid-acrylamide) microgels. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 511: 17–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.09.076.Search in Google Scholar
Begum, R., Naseem, K., and Farooqi, Z.H. (2016b). A review of responsive hybrid microgels fabricated with silver nanoparticles: synthesis, classification, characterization and applications. J. Sol. Gel Sci. Technol. 77: 497–515, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3896-9.Search in Google Scholar
Begum, R., Farooqi, Z.H., Ahmed, E., Naseem, K., Ashraf, S., Sharif, A., and Rehan, R. (2017). Catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol using silver nanoparticles‐engineered poly (N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide) hybrid microgels. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 31: 3563–3571, https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.3563.Search in Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, S., Eckert, F., Boyko, V., and Pich, A. (2007). Temperature‐, pH‐, and magnetic‐field‐sensitive hybrid microgels. Small 3: 650–657, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200600590.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Brugger, B. and Richtering, W. (2007). Magnetic, thermosensitive microgels as stimuli‐responsive emulsifiers allowing for remote control of separability and stability of oil in water‐emulsions. Adv. Mater. 19: 2973–2978, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200700487.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, J., Ma, X., Gnanasekar, P., Qin, D., Luo, Q., Sun, Z., Zhu, J., and Yan, N. (2020). Synthesis of recoverable thermosensitive Fe3O4 hybrid microgels with controllable catalytic activity. New J. Chem. 44: 19440–19444, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nj03558k.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, T., Cao, Z., Guo, X., Nie, J., Xu, J., Fan, Z., and Du, B. (2011). Preparation and characterization of thermosensitive organic–inorganic hybrid microgels with functional Fe3O4 nanoparticles as crosslinker. Polymer 52: 172–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.014.Search in Google Scholar
Chertok, B., Moffat, B.A., David, A.E., Yu, F., Bergemann, C., Ross, B.D., and Yang, V.C. (2008). Iron oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle for MRI monitored magnetic targeting of brain tumors. Biomaterials 29: 487–496, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.050.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Chiang, W.-H., Ho, V.T., Chen, H.-H., Huang, W.-C., Huang, Y.-F., Lin, S.-C., Chern, C.-S., and Chiu, H.-C. (2013). Superparamagnetic hollow hybrid nanogels as a potential guidable vehicle system of stimuli-mediated MR imaging and multiple cancer therapeutics. Langmuir 29: 6434–6443, https://doi.org/10.1021/la4001957.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Fan, M., Yan, J., Tan, H., Miao, Y., and Hu, X. (2014). Magnetic biopolymer nanogels via biological assembly for vectoring delivery of biopharmaceuticals. J. Mater. Chem. B 2: 8399–8405, https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tb01106f.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Fang, J., Wang, C., Cao, M., Cheng, M., Shi, J., and Jin, Y. (2013). Preparation and properties of multi-functional Fe3O4@ PNIPAM-AAM@ Au composites. Mater. Lett. 96: 89–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.01.016.Search in Google Scholar
Farooqi, Z.H., Naseem, K., Ijaz, A., and Begum, R. (2016). Engineering of silver nanoparticle fabricated poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) microgels for rapid catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene. J. Polym. Eng. 36: 87–96, https://doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0082.Search in Google Scholar
Gao, F., Qi, Q., Liang, X., Wen, L., Shang, Y., Mi, Y., Ziener, U., and Cao, Z. (2020a). Fabrication of Fe3O4/O‐carboxylmethyl chitosan magnetic particle assembles in inverse miniemulsions for loading and release of bovine serum albumin. Chem. Select 5: 8344–8351, https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202001784.Search in Google Scholar
Gao, F., Wu, X., Wu, D., Yu, J., Yao, J., Qi, Q., Cao, Z., Cui, Q., and Mi, Y. (2020b). Preparation of degradable magnetic temperature-and redox-responsive polymeric/Fe3O4 nanocomposite nanogels in inverse miniemulsions for loading and release of 5-fluorouracil. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 587: 124363–124374, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124363.Search in Google Scholar
Gao, F., Qi, Q., Wu, X., Yu, J., Yao, J., Cao, Z., Mi, Y., and Cui, Q. (2021). Multifunctional poly (quaternary ammonium)/Fe3O4 composite nanogels for integration of antibacterial and degradable magnetic redox-responsive properties. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 615: 126235–126245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126235.Search in Google Scholar
Garcia-Pinel, B., Ortega-Rodríguez, A., Porras-Alcalá, C., Cabeza, L., Contreras-Cáceres, R., Ortiz, R., Díaz, A., Moscoso, A., Sarabia, F., and Prados, J. (2020). Magnetically active pNIPAM nanosystems as temperature-sensitive biocompatible structures for controlled drug delivery. Artif. Cells, Nanomed. Biotechnol. 48: 1022–1035, https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2020.1773488.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ghorbani, M., Hamishehkar, H., Arsalani, N., and Entezami, A.A. (2015). Preparation of thermo and pH-responsive polymer@ Au/Fe3O4 core/shell nanoparticles as a carrier for delivery of anticancer agent. J. Nano Res. 17: 305–308, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3097-z.Search in Google Scholar
Ghorbani, M., Hamishehkar, H., Arsalani, N., and Entezami, A.A. (2016). A novel dual-responsive core-crosslinked magnetic-gold nanogel for triggered drug release. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 68: 436–444, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hachemaoui, M., Mokhtar, A., Mekki, A., Zaoui, F., Abdelkrim, S., Hacini, S., and Boukoussa, B. (2020). Composites beads based on Fe3O4@ MCM-41 and calcium alginate for enhanced catalytic reduction of organic dyes. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 164: 468–479, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.128.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
He, L., Zheng, R., Min, J., Lu, F., Wu, C., Zhi, Y., Shan, S., and Su, H. (2021). Preparation of magnetic microgels based on dextran for stimuli-responsive release of doxorubicin. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 517: 167394, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.167394.Search in Google Scholar
Hernández, P., Lucero-Acuña, A., Moreno-Cortez, I.E., Esquivel, R., and Álvarez-Ramos, E. (2020). Thermo-Magnetic properties of Fe3O4@ poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) core–shell nanoparticles and their cytotoxic effects on HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 20: 2063–2071, https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17324.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hu, Y., Liu, W., and Wu, F. (2017). Novel multi-responsive polymer magnetic microgels with folate or methyltetrahydrofolate ligand as anticancer drug carriers. RSC Adv. 7: 10333–10344, https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra27114f.Search in Google Scholar
Indulekha, S., Arunkumar, P., Bahadur, D., and Srivastava, R. (2017). Dual responsive magnetic composite nanogels for thermo-chemotherapy. Colloids Surf., B 155: 304–313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.035.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Izadiyan, Z., Shameli, K., Miyake, M., Hara, H., Mohamad, S.E.B., Kalantari, K., Taib, S.H.M., and Rasouli, E. (2020). Cytotoxicity assay of plant-mediated synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles using Juglans regia green husk extract. Arab. J. Chem. 13: 2011–2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.02.019.Search in Google Scholar
Kaushik, A., Khan, R., Solanki, P.R., Pandey, P., Alam, J., Ahmad, S., and Malhotra, B. (2008). Iron oxide nanoparticles–chitosan composite based glucose biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 24: 676–683, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.032.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kawasaki, R., Sasaki, Y., Katagiri, K., Mukai, S.a., Sawada, S.i., and Akiyoshi, K. (2016). Magnetically guided protein transduction by hybrid nanogel chaperones with iron oxide nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. 128: 11549–11553, https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201602577.Search in Google Scholar
Khan, A. (2008). Preparation and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles embedded in microgels. Mater. Lett. 62: 898–902, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.07.011.Search in Google Scholar
Laurenti, M., Guardia, P., Contreras-Cáceres, R., Pérez-Juste, J., Fernandez-Barbero, A., Lopez-Cabarcos, E., and Rubio-Retama, J. (2011). Synthesis of thermosensitive microgels with a tunable magnetic core. Langmuir 27: 10484–10491, https://doi.org/10.1021/la201723a.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lee, C.F., Chou, Y.H., and Chiu, W.Y. (2007). Synthesis and morphology of Fe3O4/polystyrene/poly (isopropylacrylamide‐co‐methyl acrylate acid) magnetic composite latex–2, 2′‐azobis (2‐methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride as initiator. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 45: 3912–3921, https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.22142.Search in Google Scholar
Li, J., Zhou, Y., Li, M., Xia, N., Huang, Q., Do, H., Liu, Y.-N., and Zhou, F. (2011). Carboxymethylated dextran-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for regenerable bioseparation. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 11: 10187–10192, https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2011.5002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Li, P., Zhu, A.M., Liu, Q.L., and Zhang, Q.G. (2008). Fe3O4/poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)/chitosan composite microspheres with multiresponsive properties. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47: 7700–7706, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie800824q.Search in Google Scholar
Li, X.-M., Xu, G., Liu, Y., and He, T. (2011). Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles: synthesis and application in water treatment. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. - Asia 1: 14–24.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, B., Zhang, W., Yang, F., Feng, H., and Yang, X. (2011). Facile method for synthesis of Fe3O4@ polymer microspheres and their application as magnetic support for loading metal nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 115: 15875–15884, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp204976y.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, G., Wang, D., Zhou, F., and Liu, W. (2015). Electrostatic self‐assembly of Au nanoparticles onto thermosensitive magnetic core‐shell microgels for thermally tunable and magnetically recyclable catalysis. Small 11: 2807–2816, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201403305.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Luo, B., Song, X.-J., Zhang, F., Xia, A., Yang, W.-L., Hu, J.-H., and Wang, C.-C. (2010). Multi-functional thermosensitive composite microspheres with high magnetic susceptibility based on magnetite colloidal nanoparticle clusters. Langmuir 26: 1674–1679, https://doi.org/10.1021/la902635k.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Maleki, A. (2012). Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticles: an efficient and magnetically recoverable nanocatalyst for the one-pot multicomponent synthesis of diazepines. Tetrahedron 68: 7827–7833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.034.Search in Google Scholar
Maleki, A. (2013). One-pot multicomponent synthesis of diazepine derivatives using terminal alkynes in the presence of silica-supported superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Tetrahedron Lett. 54: 2055–2059, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.01.123.Search in Google Scholar
Maleki, A. (2014). One-pot three-component synthesis of pyrido [2′, 1′: 2, 3] imidazo [4, 5-c] isoquinolines using Fe3O4@ SiO2–OSO3 H as an efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst. RSC Adv. 4: 64169–64173, https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra10856f.Search in Google Scholar
Maleki, A. (2018a). Green oxidation protocol: selective conversions of alcohols and alkenes to aldehydes, ketones and epoxides by using a new multiwall carbon nanotube-based hybrid nanocatalyst via ultrasound irradiation. Ultrason. Sonochem. 40: 460–464, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.07.020.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Maleki, A. (2018b). An efficient magnetic heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the synthesis of pyrazinoporphyrazine macrocycles. Polycycl. Aromat. Comp. 38: 402–411, https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2016.1221836.Search in Google Scholar
Maleki, A., Movahed, H., and Ravaghi, P. (2017). Magnetic cellulose/Ag as a novel eco-friendly nanobiocomposite to catalyze synthesis of chromene-linked nicotinonitriles. Carbohydr. Polym. 156: 259–267, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Maleki, A., Azizi, M., and Emdadi, Z. (2018a). A novel poly (ethyleneoxide)-based magnetic nanocomposite catalyst for highly efficient multicomponent synthesis of pyran derivatives. Green Chem. Lett. Rev. 11: 573–582, https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2018.1547795.Search in Google Scholar
Maleki, A., Firouzi-Haji, R., and Hajizadeh, Z. (2018b). Magnetic guanidinylated chitosan nanobiocomposite: a green catalyst for the synthesis of 1, 4-dihydropyridines. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 116: 320–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.035.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Maleki, A., Hajizadeh, Z., and Firouzi-Haji, R. (2018c). Eco-friendly functionalization of magnetic halloysite nanotube with SO3H for synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 259: 46–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.09.034.Search in Google Scholar
Maleki, A., Hajizadeh, Z., Sharifi, V., and Emdadi, Z. (2019a). A green, porous and eco-friendly magnetic geopolymer adsorbent for heavy metals removal from aqueous solutions. J. Clean. Prod. 215: 1233–1245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.084.Search in Google Scholar
Maleki, A., Panahzadeh, M., and Eivazzadeh-keihan, R. (2019b). Agar: a natural and environmentally-friendly support composed of copper oxide nanoparticles for the green synthesis of 1, 2, 3–triazoles. Green Chem. Lett. Rev. 12: 395–406, https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2019.1679263.Search in Google Scholar
Maleki, A., Hassanzadeh-Afruzi, F., Varzi, Z., and Esmaeili, M.S. (2020). Magnetic dextrin nanobiomaterial: an organic-inorganic hybrid catalyst for the synthesis of biologically active polyhydroquinoline derivatives by asymmetric Hantzsch reaction. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 109: 110502–110515, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110502.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Mazumder, V., Chi, M., More, K.L., and Sun, S. (2010). Core/shell Pd/FePt nanoparticles as an active and durable catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132: 7848–7849, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1024436.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ménager, C., Sandre, O., Mangili, J., and Cabuil, V. (2004). Preparation and swelling of hydrophilic magnetic microgels. Polymer 45: 2475–2481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.02.018.Search in Google Scholar
Mizuta, R., Sasaki, Y., Kawasaki, R., Katagiri, K., Sawada, S.-i., Mukai, S.-a., and Akiyoshi, K. (2019). Magnetically navigated intracellular delivery of extracellular vesicles using amphiphilic nanogels. Bioconjugate Chem. 30: 2150–2155, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00369.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Nabid, M.R., Bide, Y., and Niknezhad, M. (2014). Fe3O4–SiO2–P4VP pH‐sensitive microgel for immobilization of nickel nanoparticles: an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for nitrile reduction in water. ChemCatChem 6: 538–546, https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201300984.Search in Google Scholar
Naseem, K., Begum, R., Wu, W., Irfan, A., and Farooqi, Z.H. (2018a). Advancement in multi-functional poly (styrene)-poly (n-isopropylacrylamide) based core–shell microgels and their applications. Polym. Rev. 58: 288–325, https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2017.1423326.Search in Google Scholar
Naseem, K., Farooqi, Z.H., Begum, R., Wu, W., Irfan, A., and Al‐Sehemi, A.G. (2018b). Silver nanoparticles engineered polystyrene‐poly (n‐isopropylmethacrylamide‐acrylic acid) core shell hybrid polymer microgels for catalytic reduction of Congo red. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 219: 1800211–1800224, https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201800211.Search in Google Scholar
Naseem, K., Begum, R., Wu, W., Irfan, A., Al-Sehemi, A.G., and Farooqi, Z.H. (2019a). Catalytic reduction of toxic dyes in the presence of silver nanoparticles impregnated core-shell composite microgels. J. Clean. Prod. 211: 855–864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.164.Search in Google Scholar
Naseem, K., Begum, R., Wu, W., Usman, M., Irfan, A., Al-Sehemi, A.G., and Farooqi, Z.H. (2019b). Adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions using polystyrene-poly (N-isopropylmethacrylamide-acrylic acid) core/shell gel particles: adsorption isotherms and kinetic study. J. Mol. Liq. 277: 522–531, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.12.054.Search in Google Scholar
Naseem, K., Farooqi, Z.H., Begum, R., Wu, W., Irfan, A., and Ajmal, M. (2020). Systematic study for catalytic degradation of nitrobenzene derivatives using core@ shell composite micro particles as catalyst. Colloid. Surface. Physicochem. Eng. Aspect. 594: 124646–124655, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124646.Search in Google Scholar
Pich, A., Bhattacharya, S., Lu, Y., Boyko, V., and Adler, H.-J.P. (2004). Temperature-sensitive hybrid microgels with magnetic properties. Langmuir 20: 10706–10711, https://doi.org/10.1021/la040084f.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Rahimi, J., Taheri-Ledari, R., Niksefat, M., and Maleki, A. (2020). Enhanced reduction of nitrobenzene derivatives: effective strategy executed by Fe3O4/PVA-10% Ag as a versatile hybrid nanocatalyst. Catal. Commun. 134: 105850–105856.10.1016/j.catcom.2019.105850Search in Google Scholar
Rubio-Retama, J., Zafeiropoulos, N.E., Serafinelli, C., Rojas-Reyna, R., Voit, B., Lopez Cabarcos, E., and Stamm, M. (2007). Synthesis and characterization of thermosensitive PNIPAM microgels covered with superparamagnetic γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Langmuir 23: 10280–10285, https://doi.org/10.1021/la7009594.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Suh, S.K., Yuet, K., Hwang, D.K., Bong, K.W., Doyle, P.S., and Hatton, T.A. (2012). Synthesis of nonspherical superparamagnetic particles: in situ coprecipitation of magnetic nanoparticles in microgels prepared by stop-flow lithography. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134: 7337–7343, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja209245v.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Vangijzegem, T., Stanicki, D., and Laurent, S. (2019). Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery: applications and characteristics. Expet Opin. Drug Deliv. 16: 69–78, https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2019.1554647.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wang, Y., Dong, A., Yuan, Z., and Chen, D. (2012). Fabrication and characterization of temperature-, pH-and magnetic-field-sensitive organic/inorganic hybrid poly (ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 415: 68–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.10.009.Search in Google Scholar
Wen, X., Qiao, X., Han, X., Niu, L., Huo, L., and Bai, G. (2016). Multifunctional magnetic branched polyethylenimine nanogels with in-situ generated Fe3O4 and their applications as dye adsorbent and catalyst support. J. Mater. Sci. 51: 3170–3181, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9627-3.Search in Google Scholar
Wong, J.E., Gaharwar, A.K., Müller-Schulte, D., Bahadur, D., and Richtering, W. (2008). Dual-stimuli responsive PNiPAM microgel achieved via layer-by-layer assembly: magnetic and thermoresponsive. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 324: 47–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.05.024.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Woo, K., Hong, J., Choi, S., Lee, H.-W., Ahn, J.-P., Kim, C.S., and Lee, S.W. (2004). Easy synthesis and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 16: 2814–2818, https://doi.org/10.1021/cm049552x.Search in Google Scholar
Wu, Y., Yang, H., Lin, Y., Zheng, Z., and Ding, X. (2016). Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) modified Fe3O4@ Au nanoparticles with magnetic and temperature responsive properties. Mater. Lett. 169: 218–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.01.127.Search in Google Scholar
Xu, H., Cui, L., Tong, N., and Gu, H. (2006). Development of high magnetization Fe3O4/polystyrene/silica nanospheres via combined miniemulsion/emulsion polymerization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128: 15582–15583, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja066165a.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Xuan, S., Wang, Y.-X.J., Leung, K.C.-F., and Shu, K. (2008). Synthesis of Fe3O4@ polyaniline core/shell microspheres with well-defined blackberry-like morphology. J. Phys. Chem. C 112: 18804–18809, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp807124z.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, J., Wang, D., Liu, W., Zhang, X., Bian, F., and Yu, W. (2013). Palladium supported on a magnetic microgel: an efficient and recyclable catalyst for Suzuki and Heck reactions in water. Green Chem. 15: 3429–3437, https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc40941d.Search in Google Scholar
Yao, J., Gao, F., Liang, X., Li, Y., Mi, Y., Qi, Q., Yao, J., and Cao, Z. (2019). Efficient preparation of carboxyl-functionalized magnetic polymer/Fe3O4 nanocomposite particles in one-pot miniemulsion systems. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 570: 449–461, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.03.055.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, F. and Wang, C.-C. (2009). Preparation of P (NIPAM-co-AA) microcontainers surface-anchored with magnetic nanoparticles. Langmuir 25: 8255–8262, https://doi.org/10.1021/la9004467.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhang, J., Xu, S., and Kumacheva, E. (2004). Polymer microgels: reactors for semiconductor, metal, and magnetic nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126: 7908–7914, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja031523k.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhang, J., Ma, N., Tang, F., Cui, Q., He, F., and Li, L. (2012). pH-and glucose-responsive core–shell hybrid nanoparticles with controllable metal-enhanced fluorescence effects. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4: 1747–1751, https://doi.org/10.1021/am201858u.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhu, H., Tao, J., Wang, W., Zhou, Y., Li, P., Li, Z., Yan, K., Wu, S., Yeung, K.W., and Xu, Z. (2013). Magnetic, fluorescent, and thermo-responsive Fe3O4/rare earth incorporated poly (St-NIPAM) core–shell colloidal nanoparticles in multimodal optical/magnetic resonance imaging probes. Biomaterials 34: 2296–2306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.056.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhu, N., Ji, H., Yu, P., Niu, J., Farooq, M., Akram, M.W., Udego, I., Li, H., and Niu, X. (2018). Surface modification of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanomaterials 8: 810–837, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8100810.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
