Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter January 26, 2019

Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol: an overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation processes

  • Bodjui Olivier Abo , Ming Gao , Yonglin Wang , Chuanfu Wu , Hongzhi Ma and Qunhui Wang EMAIL logo

Abstract

Bioethanol is currently the only alternative to gasoline that can be used immediately without having to make any significant changes in the way fuel is distributed. In addition, the carbon dioxide (CO2) released during the combustion of bioethanol is the same as that used by the plant in the atmosphere for its growth, so it does not participate in the increase of the greenhouse effect. Bioethanol can be obtained by fermentation of plants containing sucrose (beet, sugar cane…) or starch (wheat, corn…). However, large-scale use of bioethanol implies the use of very large agricultural surfaces for maize or sugarcane production. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) such as agricultural residues for the production of bioethanol seems to be a solution to this problem due to its high availability and low cost even if its growth still faces technological difficulties. In this review, we present an overview of lignocellulosic biomass, the different methods of pre-treatment of LCB and the various fermentation processes that can be used to produce bioethanol from LCB.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge all laboratories and schools.

  1. Research funding: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Informed consent: Informed consent is not applicable.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

References

1. Australian Academy of Science. The science of climate change: questions and answers. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science; 2015.Search in Google Scholar

2. Bai FW, Anderson WA, Moo-Young M. Ethanol fermentation technologies from sugar and starch feedstocks. Biotechnol Adv 2008;26(1):89–105.10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.09.002Search in Google Scholar

3. Commission E. Report from the commission to the European parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. Brussels: Commission European; 2015.Search in Google Scholar

4. Chang VS, Holtzapple MT. Fundamental factors affecting biomass enzymatic reactivity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2000;84–86(1–9):5–38.10.1007/978-1-4612-1392-5_1Search in Google Scholar

5. Jørgensen H, Kristensen JB, Felby C. Enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars: challenges and opportunities. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefining 2007;1(2):119–34.10.1002/bbb.4Search in Google Scholar

6. Moon SK, Kim SW, Choi GW. Simultaneous saccharification and continuous fermentation of sludge-containing mash for bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae CHFY0321. J Biotechnol 2012;157(4):584–9.10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.009Search in Google Scholar

7. Balat M. Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway: a review. Energy Convers Manag 2011;52(2):858–75.10.1016/j.enconman.2010.08.013Search in Google Scholar

8. Balat M, Balat H. Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel. Appl Energy 2009;86(11):2273–82.10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.03.015Search in Google Scholar

9. Zabed H, Sahu JN, Boyce AN, Faruq G. Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: an overview on feedstocks and technological approaches. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;66:751–74.10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.038Search in Google Scholar

10. Galbe M, Zacchi G. Pretreatment: the key to efficient utilization of lignocellulosic materials. Biomass Bioenergy 2012;46:70–8.10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.03.026Search in Google Scholar

11. Menon V, Rao M. Trends in bioconversion of lignocellulose: biofuels, platform chemicals & biorefinery concept. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2012;38(4):522–50.10.1016/j.pecs.2012.02.002Search in Google Scholar

12. Lee J. Biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. J Biotechnol 1997;56(1):1–24.10.1016/S0168-1656(97)00073-4Search in Google Scholar

13. Liu CF, Sun RC. Cellulose. 1st ed. Cereal Straw as a Resource for Sustainable Biomaterials and Biofuels. Oxford: Elsevier; 2010:131–67.10.1016/B978-0-444-53234-3.00005-5Search in Google Scholar

14. Lavoine N, Desloges I, Dufresne A, Bras J. Microfibrillated cellulose –– its barrier properties and applications in cellulosic materials: a review. Carbohydr Polym 2012;90(2):735–64.10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.026Search in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Nishiyama Y, Sugiyama J, Chanzy H, Langan P. Crystal structure and hydrogen bonding system in cellulose Iα from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 2003;125(47):14300–6.10.1021/ja037055wSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Bochek AM. Effect of hydrogen bonding on cellulose solubility in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents. Russ J Appl Chem 2003;76(11):1711–9.10.1023/B:RJAC.0000018669.88546.56Search in Google Scholar

17. Satgé C, Granet R, Verneuil B, Branland P, Krausz P. Synthesis and properties of biodegradable plastic films obtained by microwave-assisted cellulose acylation in homogeneous phase. Comptes Rendus Chim 2004;7(2):135–42.10.1016/j.crci.2003.11.003Search in Google Scholar

18. Ren JL, Sun RC. Hemicelluloses. 1st ed. Cereal Straw as a Resource for Sustainable Biomaterials and Biofuels. Oxford: Elsevier; 2010:73–130.10.1016/B978-0-444-53234-3.00004-3Search in Google Scholar

19. Buranov AU, Mazza G. Lignin in straw of herbaceous crops. Ind Crops Prod 2008;28(3):237–59.10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.03.008Search in Google Scholar

20. Lu F, Ralph J. Lignin. 1st ed. Cereal Straw as a Resource for Sustainable Biomaterials and Biofuels. Oxford: Elsevier; 2010:169–207.10.1016/B978-0-444-53234-3.00006-7Search in Google Scholar

21. Clarke S, Fernando P. Characteristics of biomass combustion. Available at:http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/french/engineer/facts/11-034.htm.Search in Google Scholar

22. Limayem A, Ricke SC. Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production: current perspectives, potential issues and future prospects. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2012;38(4):449–67.10.1016/j.pecs.2012.03.002Search in Google Scholar

23. Sassner P, Galbe M, Zacchi G. Techno-economic evaluation of bioethanol production from three different lignocellulosic materials. Biomass Bioenergy 2008;32(5):422–30.10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.10.014Search in Google Scholar

24. Talebnia F, Karakashev D, Angelidaki I. Production of bioethanol from wheat straw: an overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. Bioresour Technol 2010;101(13):4744–53.10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.080Search in Google Scholar

25. Chiaramonti D, Prussi M, Ferrero S, Oriani L, Ottonello P, Torre P, et al. Review of pretreatment processes for lignocellulosic ethanol production, and development of an innovative method. Biomass Bioenergy 2012;46:25–35.10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.04.020Search in Google Scholar

26. Alvira P, Tomás-Pejó E, Ballesteros M, Negro MJ. Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: a review. Bioresour Technol 2010;101(13):4851–61.10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.093Search in Google Scholar

27. Fatih Demirbas M, Balat M, Balat H. Biowastes-to-biofuels. Energy Convers Manag 2011;52(4):1815–28.10.1016/j.enconman.2010.10.041Search in Google Scholar

28. Hamelinck CN, Van Hooijdonk G, Faaij APC. Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: techno-economic performance in short-, middle- and long-term. Biomass Bioenergy 2005;28(4):384–410.10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.09.002Search in Google Scholar

29. Zhu JY, Pan XJ. Woody biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production: technology and energy consumption evaluation. Bioresour Technol 2010;101(13):4992–5002.10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.007Search in Google Scholar

30. Elgharbawy AA, Alam MZ, Moniruzzaman M, Goto M. Ionic liquid pretreatment as emerging approaches for enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Biochem Eng J 2016;109:252–67.10.1016/j.bej.2016.01.021Search in Google Scholar

31. Paulová L, Patáková P, Rychtera M, Additional KM. Production of 2nd generation of liquid biofuels chapter. Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels. London: Intech Open Access; 2013:47–78.10.5772/53492Search in Google Scholar

32. Mosier N, Wyman C, Dale B, Elander R, Lee YY, Holtzapple M, et al. Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 2005;96(6):673–86.10.1016/j.biortech.2004.06.025Search in Google Scholar

33. Sun Y, Cheng J. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresour Technol 2002;83(1):1–11.10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00212-7Search in Google Scholar

34. Szczodrak J, Fiedurek J. Technology for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. Biomass Bioenergy 1996;10(5–6):367–75.10.1016/0961-9534(95)00114-XSearch in Google Scholar

35. Ibrahim HAH. Pretreatment of straw for bioethanol production. Energy Procedia 2012;14:542–51.10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.973Search in Google Scholar

36. Jonsson LJ, Alriksson B, Nilvebrant NO. Bioconversion of lignocellulose: inhibitors and detoxification. Biotechnol Biofuels 2013;6(1):1–10.10.1186/1754-6834-6-16Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

37. Prasad S, Singh A, Joshi HC. Ethanol as an alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and urban residues. Resour Conserv Recycl 2007;50(1):1–39.10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.05.007Search in Google Scholar

38. Zhang Y, Chen H. Multiscale modeling of biomass pretreatment for optimization of steam explosion conditions. Chem Eng Sci 2012;75:177–82.10.1016/j.ces.2012.02.052Search in Google Scholar

39. Sun Y, Cheng JJ. Dilute acid pretreatment of rye straw and bermudagrass for ethanol production. Bioresour Technol 2005;96(14):1599–606.10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.022Search in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Chen H, Han Y, Xu J. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of steam exploded wheat straw pretreated with alkaline peroxide. Process Biochem 2008;43(12):1462–6.10.1016/j.procbio.2008.07.003Search in Google Scholar

41. Sánchez ÓJ, Cardona CA. Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks. Bioresour Technol 2008;99(13):5270–95.10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.013Search in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Pérez JA, Ballesteros I, Ballesteros M, Sáez F, Negro MJ, Manzanares P. Optimizing Liquid Hot Water pretreatment conditions to enhance sugar recovery from wheat straw for fuel-ethanol production. Fuel 2008;87(17–18):3640–7.10.1016/j.fuel.2008.06.009Search in Google Scholar

43. Silverstein RA, Chen Y, Sharma-Shivappa RR, Boyette MD, Osborne J. A comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for improving saccharification of cotton stalks. Bioresour Technol 2007;98(16):3000–11.10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.022Search in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Sarkar N, Ghosh SK, Bannerjee S, Aikat K. Bioethanol production from agricultural wastes: an overview. Renew Energy 2012;37(1):19–27.10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.045Search in Google Scholar

45. Galbe M, Zacchi G. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials for efficient bioethanol production. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology. Berlin: Springer; 2007:41–65.10.1007/10_2007_070Search in Google Scholar

46. Mosier N, Hendrickson R, Ho N, Sedlak M, Ladisch MR. Optimization of pH controlled liquid hot water pretreatment of corn stover. Bioresour Technol 2005;96(18):1986–93.10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.013Search in Google Scholar

47. Ziemiński K, Romanowska I, Kowalska M. Enzymatic pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve biogas production. Waste Manag 2012;32(6):1131–7.10.1016/j.wasman.2012.01.016Search in Google Scholar

48. Haghighi Mood S, Hossein Golfeshan A, Tabatabaei M, Salehi Jouzani G, Najafi GH, Gholami M, et al. Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;27:77–93.10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.033Search in Google Scholar

49. Wan C, Li Y. Microbial pretreatment of corn stover with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production. Bioresour Technol J 2010;101(16):6398–403.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.070Search in Google Scholar

50. Gupta VK, Tuohy MG. Biofuel technologies, recent development. Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.10.1007/978-3-642-34519-7Search in Google Scholar

51. Nazhad MM, Ramos LP, Paszner L, Saddler JN. Structural constraints affecting the initial enzymatic hydrolysis of recycled paper. Enzyme Microb Technol 1995;17(1):68–74.10.1016/0141-0229(94)00057-XSearch in Google Scholar

52. Guibet J-C, Chauvel A. Using oxygenated organic products as fuels in engines. Part two: different systems for producing alcohol fuels. Technico-economic analysis. Oil Gas Sci Technol 2006;36(6):685–733.Search in Google Scholar

53. Binod P, Janu KU, Sindhu R, Pandey A. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. Alternative Feedstocks and Conversion Processes. Waltham: Academic Press; 2011:229–50.10.1016/B978-0-12-385099-7.00010-3Search in Google Scholar

54. Himmel ME, Ding S, Johnson DK, Adney WS, Nimlos MR, Brady JW, et al. Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science 2007;315(5813):804–7.10.1126/science.1137016Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Gonçalves DL, Matsushika A, de Sales BB, Goshima T, Bon EPS, Stambuk BU. Xylose and xylose/glucose co-fermentation by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing individual hexose transporters. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014;63:13–20.10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.05.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Schmid RD. Pocket Atlas of biotechnology and genetic engineering. Ballan-Miré, French: Pocket Atlas; 2005.Search in Google Scholar

57. Dragone G, Silva DP, De Almeida E Silva JB. Factors influencing ethanol production rates at high-gravity brewing. LWT – Food Sci Technol 2004;37(7):797–802.10.1016/j.lwt.2004.03.006Search in Google Scholar

58. Aldiguier AS, Alfenore S, Cameleyre X, Goma G, Uribelarrea JL, Guillouet SE, et al. Synergistic temperature and ethanol effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae dynamic behaviour in ethanol bio-fuel production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2004;26(4):217–22.10.1007/s00449-004-0352-6Search in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Buzás Z, Dallmann K, Szajáni B. Influenc of pH on the growth and ethanol production of free and immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989;34(6):882–4.10.1002/bit.260340620Search in Google Scholar PubMed

60. Rosa MF, Sá-Correia I. Intracellular acidification does not account for inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth in the presence of ethanol. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996;135(2–3):271–4.10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08000.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Tavva SSMD, Deshpande A, Durbha SR, Palakollu VAR, Goparaju AU, Yechuri VR, et al. Bioethanol production through separate hydrolysis and fermentation of Parthenium hysterophorus biomass. Renew Energy 2016;86:1317–23.10.1016/j.renene.2015.09.074Search in Google Scholar

62. Ask M, Olofsson K, Di Felice T, Ruohonen L, Penttilä M, Lidén G, et al. Challenges in enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of pretreated Arundo donax revealed by a comparison between SHF and SSF. Process Biochem 2012;47(10):1452–9.10.1016/j.procbio.2012.05.016Search in Google Scholar

63. Alfani F, Gallifuoco A, Saporosi A, Spera A, Cantarella M. Comparison of SHF and SSF processes for the bioconversion of steam-explode wheat straw. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2000;25(4):184–92.10.1038/sj.jim.7000054Search in Google Scholar

64. Kang KE, Chung DP, Kim Y, Chung BW, Choi GW. High-titer ethanol production from simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using a continuous feeding system. Fuel 2015;145:18–24.10.1016/j.fuel.2014.12.052Search in Google Scholar

65. Li H, Kim NJ, Jiang M, Kang JW, Chang HN. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic residues pretreated with phosphoric acid-acetone for bioethanol production. Bioresour Technol 2009;100(13):3245–51.10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.021Search in Google Scholar PubMed

66. Lu J, Li X, Yang R, Yang L, Zhao J, Liu Y, et al. Fed-batch semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of reed pretreated with liquid hot water for bio-ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioresour Technol 2013;144:539–47.10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.007Search in Google Scholar

67. Koo BW, Kim HY, Park N, Lee SM, Yeo H, Choi IG. Organosolv pretreatment of Liriodendron tulipifera and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation for bioethanol production. Biomass Bioenergy 2011;35(5):1833–40.10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.014Search in Google Scholar

68. Öhgren K, Rudolf A, Galbe M, Zacchi G. Fuel ethanol production from steam-pretreated corn stover using SSF at higher dry matter content. Biomass Bioenergy 2006;30(10):863–9.10.1016/j.biombioe.2006.02.002Search in Google Scholar

69. Scordia D, Cosentino SL, Jeffries TW. Effectiveness of dilute oxalic acid pretreatment of Miscanthus×giganteus biomass for ethanol production. Biomass Bioenergy 2013;59:540–8.10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.09.011Search in Google Scholar

70. Sipos B, Kreuger E, Svensson SE, Réczey K, Björnsson L, Zacchi G. Steam pretreatment of dry and ensiled industrial hemp for ethanol production. Biomass Bioenergy 2010;34(12):1721–31.10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.07.003Search in Google Scholar

71. Olofsson K, Wiman M, Lidén G. Controlled feeding of cellulases improves conversion of xylose in simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation for bioethanol production. J Biotechnol 2010;145(2):168–75.10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.11.001Search in Google Scholar

72. Tomás-Pejó E, Oliva JM, Ballesteros M, Olsson L. Comparison of SHF and SSF processes from steam-exploded wheat straw for ethanol production by xylose-fermenting and robust glucose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;100(6):1122–31.10.1002/bit.21849Search in Google Scholar

73. Khramtsov N, McDade L, Amerik A, Yu E, Divatia K, Tikhonov A, et al. Industrial yeast strain engineered to ferment ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 2011;102(17):8310–3.10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.075Search in Google Scholar

74. Krishna SH, Reddy TJ, Chowdary GV. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic wastes to ethanol using a thermotolerant yeast. Bioresour Technol 2001;77(2):193–6.10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00151-6Search in Google Scholar

75. Linde M, Galbe M, Zacchi G. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of steam-pretreated barley straw at low enzyme loadings and low yeast concentration. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007;40(5):1100–7.10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.08.014Search in Google Scholar

76. Paulova L, Patakova P, Branska B, Rychtera M, Melzoch K. Lignocellulosic ethanol: technology design and its impact on process efficiency. Biotechnol Adv 2015;33(6):1091–107.10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.002Search in Google Scholar

77. Roca C, Olsson L. Increasing ethanol productivity during xylose fermentation by cell recycling of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003;60(5):560–3.10.1007/s00253-002-1147-9Search in Google Scholar

78. Triwahyuni E, Muryanto, Sudiyani Y, Abimanyu H. The effect of substrate loading on simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process for bioethanol production from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Energy Procedia 2015;68:138–46.10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.242Search in Google Scholar

79. Kim SR, Lee KS, Choi JH, Ha SJ, Kweon DH, Seo JH, et al. Repeated-batch fermentations of xylose and glucose-xylose mixtures using a respiration-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae engineered for xylose metabolism. J Biotechnol 2010;150(3):404–7.10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.962Search in Google Scholar

80. Niklitschek T, Salazar O, Carmona R, Garcia A, Lienqueo ME. Comparison of shf and ssf processes from forest residues pretreated with ionic liquid to obtain bioethanol. J Biotechnol 2010;150:181–181.10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.08.472Search in Google Scholar

81. Rana V, Eckard AD, Ahring BK. Comparison of SHF and SSF of wet exploded corn stover and loblolly pine using in-house enzymes produced from T. reesei RUT C30 and A. saccharolyticus. J Korean Phys Soc 2014;3(1):1–13.10.1186/2193-1801-3-516Search in Google Scholar

82. Cantarella M, Cantarella L, Gallifuoco A, Spera A, Alfani F. Comparison of different detoxification methods for steam-exploded poplar wood as a substrate for the bioproduction of ethanol in SHF and SSF. Process Biochem 2004;39(11):1533–42.10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00285-1Search in Google Scholar

83. Manzanares P, Negro MJ, Oliva JM, Saéz F, Ballesteros I, Ballesteros M, et al. Different process configurations for bioethanol production from pretreated olive pruning biomass. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2011;86(6):881–7.10.1002/jctb.2604Search in Google Scholar

84. Wu Z, Lee YY. Nonisothermal simultaneous saccharification and fermentation for direct conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol A: Enzym Eng Biotechnol 1998;7072:479–92.10.1007/978-1-4612-1814-2_44Search in Google Scholar

85. Mesa L, González E, Romero I, Ruiz E, Cara C, Castro E. Comparison of process configurations for ethanol production from two-step pretreated sugarcane bagasse. Chem Eng J 2011;175(1):185–91.10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.092Search in Google Scholar

86. Öhgren K, Bengtsson O, Gorwa-Grauslund MF, Galbe M, Hahn-Hägerdal B, Zacchi G. Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation of glucose and xylose in steam-pretreated corn stover at high fiber content with Saccharomyces cerevisiae TMB3400. J Biotechnol 2006;126(4):488–98.10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.05.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

87. Zerva A, Savvides AL, Katsifas EA, Karagouni AD, Hatzinikolaou DG. Evaluation of Paecilomyces variotii potential in bioethanol production from lignocellulose through consolidated bioprocessing. Bioresour Technol 2014;162:294–9.10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.137Search in Google Scholar PubMed

88. Agbor V, Carere C, Cicek N, Sparling R, Levin D. Biomass pretreatment for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). Advances in Biorefineries. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2014:234–58.10.1533/9780857097385.1.234Search in Google Scholar

89. Chinn MS, Nokes SE, Strobel HJ. Screening of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria for solid substrate cultivation on lignocellulosic substrates. Biotechnol Prog 2006;22(1):53–9.10.1021/bp050163xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

90. Inokuma K, Takano M, Hoshino K. Direct ethanol production from N-acetylglucosamine and chitin substrates by Mucor species. Biochem Eng J 2013;72:24–32.10.1016/j.bej.2012.12.009Search in Google Scholar

91. Mizuno R, Ichinose H, Honda M, Takabatake K, Sotome I, Takai T, et al. Use of whole crop sorghums as a raw material in consolidated bioprocessing bioethanol production using flammulina velutipes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009;73(7):1671–3.10.1271/bbb.90099Search in Google Scholar PubMed

92. Flores JA, Gschaedler A, Amaya-Delgado L, Herrera-López EJ, Arellano M, Arrizon J. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of agave tequilana fructans by kluyveromyces marxianus yeasts for bioethanol and tequila production. Bioresour Technol 2013;146:267–73.10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.078Search in Google Scholar PubMed

93. Yuan WJ, Chang BL, Ren JG, Liu JP, Bai FW, Li YY. Consolidated bioprocessing strategy for ethanol production from Jerusalem artichoke tubers by Kluyveromyces marxianus under high gravity conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2012;112(1):38–44.10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05171.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

94. Hu N, Yuan B, Sun J, Wang SA, Li FL. Thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains representing potentials for bioethanol production from Jerusalem artichoke by consolidated bioprocessing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012;95(5):1359–68.10.1007/s00253-012-4240-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed

95. Brethauer S, Studer MH. Consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose by a microbial consortium. Energy Environ Sci 2014;7(4):1446–53.10.1039/c3ee41753kSearch in Google Scholar

96. Zuroff TR, Xiques SB, Curtis WR. Consortia-mediated bioprocessing of cellulose to ethanol with a symbiotic Clostridium phytofermentans/yeast co-culture. Biotechnol Biofuels 2013;6(1):1–12.10.1186/1754-6834-6-59Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

97. Wen Z, Wu M, Lin Y, Yang L, Lin J, Cen P. Artificial symbiosis for acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation from alkali extracted deshelled corn cobs by co-culture of Clostridium beijerinckii and Clostridium cellulovorans. Microb Cell Fact 2014;13(1):1–11.10.1186/s12934-014-0092-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

98. Wen Z, Wu M, Lin Y, Yang L, Lin J, Cen P. A novel strategy for sequential co-culture of Clostridium thermocellum and Clostridium beijerinckii to produce solvents from alkali extracted corn cobs. Process Biochem 2014;49(11):1941–9.10.1016/j.procbio.2014.07.009Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2018-08-29
Accepted: 2018-12-17
Published Online: 2019-01-26
Published in Print: 2019-03-26

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 28.3.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2018-0054/html
Scroll to top button