Abstract
The biological treatment of landfill leachate due to high concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), ammonia, and other toxic compounds is so difficult. One of the leachate treatment technology is the sludge biogranulation, that containing the two aerobic and anaerobic process. The aim of this study was conducted for determining the main factors affecting aerobic granule sludge formation in leachate treatment. In this study, all related papers in international databases were evaluated including Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed, Also Open Access Journal Directory from 1990 until 2020 were investigated. The keywords used included Aerobic Granule Sludge (AGS), leachate treatment, Wastewater treatment, Granular Sequential Batch Reactors (GSBR), Formation Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Overall, 2,658 articles were retrieved of which 71 were selected after revising the titles and abstracts. Aerobic granulation has been only lately studied and a limited number of studies have been devoted to identification aspects of the process such as the organic source, and other factor affecting on formation granules. Some factors as shear stress, settling time, and the effluent discharge site have direct effect on the efficiency of aerobic granules reactor and other factors such as divalent metal ions, dissolved oxygen concentration, the ratio of height to diameter of the reactor, temperature affecting on the granulation process. If suitable conditions provide, the aerobic granule sludge process can be useful for leachate treatment.
Research funding: None declared.
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
References
1. Ren, Y, Ferraz, F, Lashkarizadeh, M, Yuan, Q. Comparing young landfill leachate treatment efficiency and process stability using aerobic granular sludge and suspended growth activated sludge. J Water Process Eng 2018;17:161–7.10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.04.006Search in Google Scholar
2. Alam, P, Sharholy, M, Ahmad, K. A study on the landfill leachate and its impact on groundwater quality of Ghazipur area. New Delhi, India: Recent Developments in Waste Management: Springer; 2020:345–58 pp.book-chapter.10.1007/978-981-15-0990-2_27Search in Google Scholar
3. Gomes, AI, Foco, ML, Vieira, E, Cassidy, J, Silva, TF, Fonseca, A, et al. Multistage treatment technology for leachate from mature urban landfill: full scale operation performance and challenges. Chem Eng J 2019;376:120573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.033.Search in Google Scholar
4. Luo, H, Zeng, Y, Cheng, Y, He, D, Pan, X. Recent advances in municipal landfill leachate: a review focusing on its characteristics, treatment, and toxicity assessment. Sci Total Environ 2019:135468.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135468Search in Google Scholar PubMed
5. Sormunen, K, Ettala, M, Rintala, J. Internal leachate quality in a municipal solid waste landfill: vertical, horizontal and temporal variation and impacts of leachate recirculation. J hazardous mater 2008; 160: 601–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.081.Search in Google Scholar
6. Naveen, B, Mahapatra, DM, Sitharam, T, Sivapullaiah, P, Ramachandra, T. Physico-chemical and biological characterization of urban municipal landfill leachate. Environ Pol 2017; 220: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.002.Search in Google Scholar
7. Aghamohammadi, N, bin Abdul Aziz, H, Isa, MH, Zinatizadeh, AA. Powdered activated carbon augmented activated sludge process for treatment of semi-aerobic landfill leachate using response surface methodology. Biores Technol 2007; 98: 3570–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.037.Search in Google Scholar
8. Roodbari, A, Nodehi, RN, Mahvi, A, Nasseri, S, Dehghani, M, Alimohammadi, M. Use of a sonocatalytic process to improve the biodegradability of landfill leachate. Braz J Chem Eng 2012; 29: 221–30. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-66322012000200003.Search in Google Scholar
9. Hamid, H, Li, LY, Grace, JR. Aerobic biotransformation of fluorotelomer compounds in landfill leachate-sediment. Sci Total Environ 2020:136547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136547.Search in Google Scholar
10. Petry, CT, Costa, DT, Droste, A. Removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from municipal landfill leachate with floating typha domingensis (Typhaceae). Acta Biol Colomb 2020;25. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v25n1.74749.Search in Google Scholar
11. Affam, AC, Ezechi, EH. Application of graded limestone as roughing filter media for the treatment of leachate. handbook of research on resource management for pollution and waste treatment: IGI Global; 2020:176–219 pp.10.4018/978-1-7998-0369-0.ch009Search in Google Scholar
12. Scandelai, APJ, Zotesso, JP, Jegatheesan, V, Cardozo-Filho, L, Tavares, CRG. Intensification of supercritical water oxidation (ScWO) process for landfill leachate treatment through ion exchange with zeolite. Waste Manag 2020; 101: 259–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.005.Search in Google Scholar
13. Xue, WJ, Cui, YH, Liu, ZQ, Yang, SQ, Li, JY, Guo, XL. Treatment of landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate after ultrafiltration by electrochemically assisted heat activation of peroxydisulfate. Separ Purif Technol 2020;231:115928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115928.Search in Google Scholar
14. Fernandes, A, Chamem, O, Pacheco, MJ, Ciríaco, L, Zairi, M, Lopes, A. Performance of electrochemical processes in the treatment of reverse osmosis concentrates of sanitary landfill leachate. Molecules 2019; 24: 2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162905.Search in Google Scholar
15. Hendrych, J, Hejralová, R, Kroužek, J, Špaček, P, Sobek, J. Stabilisation/solidification of landfill leachate concentrate and its residue obtained by partial evaporation. Waste Manag 2019; 95: 560–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.046.Search in Google Scholar
16. Mohajeri, S, Hamidi, A, Isa, M, Zahed, M. Landfill leachate treatment through electro-fenton oxidation. Pollution 2019; 5: 199–209.Search in Google Scholar
17. Segundo, IDB, Silva, TF, Moreira, FC, Silva, GV, Boaventura, RA, Vilar, VJ. Sulphur compounds removal from an industrial landfill leachate by catalytic oxidation and chemical precipitation: from a hazardous effluent to a value-added product. Sci Total Environ 2019; 655: 1249–60.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.274Search in Google Scholar PubMed
18. Azari, M, Walter, U, Rekers, V, Gu, JD, Denecke, M. More than a decade of experience of landfill leachate treatment with a full-scale anammox plant combining activated sludge and activated carbon biofilm. Chemosphere 2017; 174: 117–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.123.Search in Google Scholar
19. Yong, ZJ, Bashir, MJ, Ng, CA, Sethupathi, S, Lim, JW. A sequential treatment of intermediate tropical landfill leachate using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and coagulation. J Environ Manag 2018; 205: 244–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.068.Search in Google Scholar
20. Costa, RH, Martins, CL, Fernandes, H, Velho, VF. Biodegradation and detoxification of sanitary landfill leachate by stabilization ponds system. Water Environ Res 2017; 89: 539–48. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143016x14798353399052.Search in Google Scholar
21. Aluko, OO, Sridhar, MK. Evaluation of leachate treatment by trickling filter and sequencing batch reactor processes in Ibadan, Nigeria. Waste Manag Res 2013; 31: 700–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x13485867.Search in Google Scholar
22. Popa, M, Ungureanu, N, Vladut, V. Applications of rotating biological contactorsin wastewater treatment. Ann Univ Craiova-Agric, Montanology, Cadastre Series 2020; 49: 136–45.Search in Google Scholar
23. Govahi, S, Karimi-Jashni, A, Derakhshan, M. Treatability of landfill leachate by combined upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and aerated lagoon. Internat J Environ Sci Technol 2012; 9: 145–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-011-0021-7.Search in Google Scholar
24. Cortez, S, Teixeira, P, Oliveira, R, Mota, M. Denitrification of a landfill leachate with high nitrate concentration in an anoxic rotating biological contactor. Biodegradation 2011; 22: 661–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-010-9439-8.Search in Google Scholar
25. Arvin, A, Peyravi, M, Jahanshahi, M, Salmani, H. Hydrodynamic evaluation of an anaerobic baffled reactor for landfill leachate treatment. Desalination Water Treat 2016; 57: 19596–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1106347.Search in Google Scholar
26. Di Maria, F, Sisani, F, Contini, S, Ghosh, SK. Impact of different schemes for treating landfill leachate. Waste Manag 2018; 71: 255–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.046.Search in Google Scholar
27. Wang, K, Li, L, Tan, F, Wu, D. Treatment of landfill leachate using activated sludge technology: a review. Archaea. 2018; 2018.10.1155/2018/1039453Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
28. Abbas, AA, Jingsong, G, Ping, LZ, Ya, PY, Al-Rekabi, WS. Review on landwll leachate treatments. J Appl Sci Res 2009; 5: 534–45.Search in Google Scholar
29. Adav, SS, Lee, DJ. Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances from aerobic granule with compact interior structure. J hazardous mater 2008; 154: 1120–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.058.Search in Google Scholar
30. Ramos, C, Suárez-Ojeda, ME, Carrera, J. Long-term impact of salinity on the performance and microbial population of an aerobic granular reactor treating a high-strength aromatic wastewater. Biores Technol 2015; 198: 844–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.084.Search in Google Scholar
31. Wei, Y, Ji, M, Li, R, Qin, F. Organic and nitrogen removal from landfill leachate in aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactors. Waste Manag 2012; 32: 448–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.008.Search in Google Scholar
32. Ren, Y, Ferraz, F, Lashkarizadeh, M, Yuan, Q. Comparing young landfill leachate treatment efficiency and process stability using aerobic granular sludge and suspended growth activated sludge. J Water Proc Eng 2017; 17: 161–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.04.006.Search in Google Scholar
33. Pirsaheb, M, Irandost, M, Asadi, F, Fakhri, Y, Asadi, A. Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish: a review and meta-analysis. Toxin Rev 2018:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2018.1522643.Search in Google Scholar
34. Lili, L, Zhiping, W, Jie, Y, Xiaojun, S, Weimin, C. Investigation on the formation and kinetics of glucose-fed aerobic granular sludge. Enzym Microbial Technol 2005; 36: 487–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.11.009.Search in Google Scholar
35. Wang, Z, Liu, L, Yao, J, Cai, W. Effects of extracellular polymeric substances on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors. Chemosphere 2006; 63: 1728–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.018.Search in Google Scholar
36. Liu, Y. Wastewater purification: aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors: CRC Press; 2007.10.1201/9781420053685Search in Google Scholar
37. Mahdizadeh, M, Shaigan, J. The effect of sulfate concentration on COD removal and sludge granulation in UASB reactors. 2003.Search in Google Scholar
38. Wang, SG, Liu, XW, Zhang, HY, Gong, WX, Sun, XF, Gao, BY. Aerobic granulation for 2, 4-dichlorophenol biodegradation in a sequencing batch reactor. Chemosphere 2007; 69: 769–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.026.Search in Google Scholar
39. Shayegan, J, Yousefnejad, MS, Hemmati, A. A survey of sludge granulation theories under anaerobic conditions. J Water Wastewater 2010; 76: 44–55.Search in Google Scholar
40. Beun, J, Van Loosdrecht, M, Heijnen, J. Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch airlift reactor. Water Res 2002; 36: 702–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00250-0.Search in Google Scholar
41. Li, AJ, Li, XY, Yu, HQ. Effect of the food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio on the formation and size of aerobic sludge granules. Proc Biochem 2011; 46: 2269–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2011.09.007.Search in Google Scholar
42. Tay, JH, Pan, S, He, Y, Tay, STL. Effect of organic loading rate on aerobic granulation. II: characteristics of aerobic granules. J Environ Eng 2004; 130: 1102–9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2004)130:10(1102).10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:10(1102)Search in Google Scholar
43. Wang, H, Li, X, Gong, Z, Wang, X, Liang, H, Gao, D. Co-metabolic substrates enhanced biological nitrogen removal from cellulosic ethanol biorefinery wastewater using aerobic granular sludges. Environ Technol 2020; 41: 389–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1499811.Search in Google Scholar
44. Zheng, YM, Yu, HQ, Liu, SJ, Liu, XZ. Formation and instability of aerobic granules under high organic loading conditions. Chemosphere 2006; 63: 1791–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.055.Search in Google Scholar
45. Tomar, SK, Chakraborty, S. Comparison of rapid granulation developed from the same industrial sludge with two different substrates. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 2019; 142: 218–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.05.024.Search in Google Scholar
46. Muda, K, Aris, A, Salim, MR, Ibrahim, Z, Yahya, A, van Loosdrecht, MC, et al. Development of granular sludge for textile wastewater treatment. Water Res 2010; 44: 4341–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.023.Search in Google Scholar
47. Wagner, J, da Costa, RHR. Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor using real domestic wastewater. J Environ Eng 2013; 139: 1391–6. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000760.Search in Google Scholar
48. Yuan, Q, Gong, H, Xi, H, Xu, H, Jin, Z, Ali, N, et al. Strategies to improve aerobic granular sludge stability and nitrogen removal based on feeding mode and substrate. J Environ Sci 2019; 84: 144–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.006.Search in Google Scholar
49. Mery-Araya, C, Lear, G, Perez-Garcia, O, Astudillo-Garcia, C, Singhal, N. Using carbon substrate as a selection pressure to enhance the potential of aerobic granular sludge microbial communities for removing contaminants of emerging concern. Biores Technol 2019;290:121705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121705.Search in Google Scholar
50. Wang, SG, Liu, XW, Gong, WX, Gao, BY, Zhang, DH, Yu, HQ. Aerobic granulation with brewery wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor. Biores Technol 2007; 98: 2142–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.08.018.Search in Google Scholar
51. Ma, DY, Wang, XH, Song, C, Wang, SG, Fan, MH, Li, XM. Aerobic granulation for methylene blue biodegradation in a sequencing batch reactor. Desalination 2011; 276: 233–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.055.Search in Google Scholar
52. Morales, N, Figueroa, M, Fra-Vázquez, A, Del Río, AV, Campos, J, Mosquera-Corral, A, et al. Operation of an aerobic granular pilot scale SBR plant to treat swine slurry. Proc Biochem 2013; 48: 1216–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2013.06.004.Search in Google Scholar
53. Yang, SF, Tay, JH, Liu, Y. Effect of substrate nitrogen/chemical oxygen demand ratio on the formation of aerobic granules. J Environ Eng 2005; 131: 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2005)131:1(86).10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2005)131:1(86)Search in Google Scholar
54. Lin, YM, Liu, Y, Tay, JH. Development and characteristics of phosphorus-accumulating microbial granules in sequencing batch reactors. Appl Microbio Biotechnol 2003; 62: 430–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1359-7.Search in Google Scholar
55. Tay, JH, Liu, QS, Liu, Y. The effects of shear force on the formation, structure and metabolism of aerobic granules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2001; 57: 227–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530100766.Search in Google Scholar
56. Pan, S, Tay, JH, He, YX, Tay, SL. The effect of hydraulic retention time on the stability of aerobically grown microbial granules. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 38: 158–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.2003.01479.x.Search in Google Scholar
57. Qin, L, Liu, Y, Tay, JH. Effect of settling time on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactor. Biochem Eng J 2004; 21: 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2004.03.005.Search in Google Scholar
58. Wang, ZW, Li, Y, Zhou, JQ, Liu, Y. The influence of short-term starvation on aerobic granules. Proc Biochem 2006; 41: 2373–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2006.06.009.Search in Google Scholar
59. Zhou, J, Wei, S, Li, J, He, M, Hille, A, Horn, H, editors. Notice of retraction: aerobic granulation in a modified continuous flow system. 2011 5th international conference on bioinformatics and biomedical engineering: IEEE; 2011.confproc.10.1109/icbbe.2011.5781158Search in Google Scholar
60. Kishida, N, Kono, A, Yamashita, Y, Tsuneda, S. Formation of aerobic granular sludge in a continuous-flow reactor-control strategy for the selection of well-settling granular sludge. J Water Environ Technol 2010; 8: 251–8. https://doi.org/10.2965/jwet.2010.251.Search in Google Scholar
61. Wang, ZW, Liu, Y, Tay, JH. The role of SBR mixed liquor volume exchange ratio in aerobic granulation. Chemosphere 2006; 62: 767–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.081.Search in Google Scholar
62. Dangcong, P, Bernet, N, Delgenes, JP, Moletta, R. Aerobic granular sludge—a case report. Water Res 1999; 33: 890–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00443-6.Search in Google Scholar
63. Li, XM, Liu, QQ, Yang, Q, Guo, L, Zeng, GM, Hu, JM, et al. Enhanced aerobic sludge granulation in sequencing batch reactor by Mg2+ augmentation. Biores Technol 2009; 100: 64–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.015.Search in Google Scholar
64. Costerton, J. The role of bacterial exopolysaccharides in nature and disease,(Volume 26). J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 1999;22. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900665.Search in Google Scholar
65. Bassin, J, Kleerebezem, R, Dezotti, M, Van Loosdrecht, M. Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphate removal in aerobic granular sludge reactors operated at different temperatures. Water Res 2012; 46: 3805–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.015.Search in Google Scholar
66. Winkler, MK, Bassin, J, Kleerebezem, R, Van der Lans, R, Van Loosdrecht, M. Temperature and salt effects on settling velocity in granular sludge technology. Water Res 2012; 46: 5445–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.022.Search in Google Scholar
67. Muñoz-Palazon, B, Rodriguez-Sanchez, A, Hurtado-Martinez, M, Santana, F, Gonzalez-Lopez, J, Mack, L, et al. Polar arctic circle biomass enhances performance and stability of aerobic granular sludge systems operated under different temperatures. Biores Technol. 2020;300:122650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122650.Search in Google Scholar
68. De Kreuk, M, Pronk, M, Van Loosdrecht, M. Formation of aerobic granules and conversion processes in an aerobic granular sludge reactor at moderate and low temperatures. Water Res 2005; 39: 4476–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.08.031.Search in Google Scholar
69. Yang, S, Li, X, Yu, H. Formation and characterisation of fungal and bacterial granules under different feeding alkalinity and pH conditions. Proc Biochem 2008; 43: 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2007.10.008.Search in Google Scholar
70. Shayegan, J, YousefnejadKebria, MS. Factors involved in sludge granulation under anaerobic conditions. J Water Wastewater. 2010; 77: 68–75.Search in Google Scholar
71. Liu, Q, Tay, J, Liu, Y. Substrate concentration‐independent aerobic granulation in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor. Environ Technol 2003; 24: 1235–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330309385665.Search in Google Scholar
72. Wang, D, Zheng, G, Wang, S, Zhang, D, Zhou, L. Biodegradation of aniline by Candida tropicalis AN1 isolated from aerobic granular sludge. J Environ Sci 2011; 23: 2063–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60501-3.Search in Google Scholar
73. Tay, JH, Ivanov, V, Pan, S, Tay, SL. Specific layers in aerobically grown microbial granules. Lett Appl Microbio 2002; 34: 254–7. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01099.x.Search in Google Scholar
74. Liu, Y, Xu, HL, Yang, SF, Tay, JH. Mechanisms and models for anaerobic granulation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Water Res 2003; 37: 661–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00351-2.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
