Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter May 7, 2021

A systematic review on the metabolic effects of chlorpyrifos

  • Tahereh Farkhondeh , Omid Mehrpour ORCID logo , Mahmood Sadeghi , Michael Aschner , Hamed Aramjoo , Babak Roshanravan and Saeed Samarghandian EMAIL logo

Abstract

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides, including chlorpyrifos (CPF), can alter metabolic hemostasis. The current systematic study investigated blood glucose, lipid profiles, and body weight alterations in rodents and fish exposed to CPF. The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Guidelines, querying online databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus and also search engine including Google Scholar, through January 2021. Studies on rodent and fish exposed to CPF assessing metabolic functions were selected. All studies were in the English language, with other languages being excluded from the review. Two investigators independently assessed each of the articles. The first author’s name, publication date, animal model, age, sample size, gender, dose, duration, and route of exposure and outcomes were extracted from each publication. The present review summarizes findings from 61 publications on glycemic, lipid profile, insulin, and body weight changes in rodents and fish exposed to CPF exposure. Most of the studies reported hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and decreased insulin levels and body weight following exposure to CPF. Additionally, we confirmed that the CPF-induced metabolic alterations were both dose- and time-dependent. Our findings support an association between CPF exposure and metabolic diseases. However, more studies are needed to identify the metabolic-disrupting effects of CPF and their underlying mechanisms.


Corresponding author: Saeed Samarghandian, Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran, E-mail:

  1. Research funding: Not applicable.

  2. Author contributions: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; Saeed Samarghandian, Omid Mehrpour, Tahereh Farkhondeh. The acquisition and analysis of data for the work: Tahereh Farkhondeh, Mahmood Sadeghi, Babak Roshanravan, and Hamed Aramjoo. Interpretation of data for the work: Saeed Samarghandian, Tahereh Farkhondeh. Drafting the work: Tahereh Farkhondeh. Revising manuscript critically for important intellectual content: Micheal Aschenr, Omid Mehrpour, Saeed Samarghandian. Final approval of the version to be published: All author.

  3. Competing interests: None declared.

  4. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  5. Ethical approval: Not applicable.

References

1. Wild, S, Roglic, G, Green, A, Sicree, R, King, H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1047–53. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Costa, LG. Current issues in organophosphate toxicology. Clin Chim Acta 2006;366:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2005.10.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

3. Chemicals I-OPftSMo, Organization WH. WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification 2009. World Health Organization; 2010.Search in Google Scholar

4. Richardson, RJ. Assessment of the neurotoxic potential of chlorpyrifos relative to other organophosphorus compounds: a critical review of the literature. J Toxicol Environ Health 1995;44:135–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399509531952.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Eaton, DL, Daroff, RB, Autrup, H, Bridges, J, Buffler, P, Costa, LG, et al.. Review of the toxicology of chlorpyrifos with an emphasis on human exposure and neurodevelopment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008;38:1–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440802272158.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Ali, SJ, Ellur, G, Patel, K, Sharan, K. Chlorpyrifos exposure induces parkinsonian symptoms and associated bone loss in adult swiss albino mice. Neurotox Res 2019;36:700–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-019-00092-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

7. ur Rahman, HU, Asghar, W, Nazir, W, Sandhu, MA, Ahmed, A, Khalid, N. A comprehensive review on chlorpyrifos toxicity with special reference to endocrine disruption: evidence of mechanisms, exposures and mitigation strategies. Sci Total Environ 2020;75:142649.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142649Search in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Karami-Mohajeri, S, Ahmadipour, A, Rahimi, H-R, Abdollahi, M. Adverse effects of organophosphorus pesticides on the liver: a brief summary of four decades of research. Arh Hig Rad Toksikol 2017;68:261–75. https://doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2989.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

9. Wang, X, Shen, M, Zhou, J, Jin, Y. Chlorpyrifos disturbs hepatic metabolism associated with oxidative stress and gut microbiota dysbiosis in adult zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019;216:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.11.010.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Acker, CI, Nogueira, CW. Chlorpyrifos acute exposure induces hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in rats. Chemosphere 2012;89:602–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.059.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

11. Ibrahim, KA, Khwanes, SA, El-Desouky, MA, Elhakim, HK. Propolis relieves the cardiotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in diabetic rats via alleviations of paraoxonase-1 and xanthine oxidase genes expression. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019;159:127–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.06.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Rodríguez-Lara, A, Mesa, MD, Aragón-Vela, J, Casuso, RA, Casals Vázquez, C, Zúñiga, JM, et al.. Acute/subacute and sub-chronic oral toxicity of a hidroxytyrosol-rich virgin olive oil extract. Nutrients 2019;11:2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092133.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Ndonwi, EN, Atogho-Tiedeu, B, Lontchi-Yimagou, E, Shinkafi, TS, Nanfa, D, Balti, EV, et al.. Metabolic effects of exposure to pesticides during gestation in female Wistar rats and their offspring: a risk factor for diabetes? Toxicol Res 2020;36:249–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-019-00028-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

14. Newairy, A, Abdou, H. Effect of propolis consumption on hepatotoxicity and brain damage in male rats exposed to chlorpyrifos. Afr J Biotechnol 2013;12:5232–43. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb12.2797.Search in Google Scholar

15. Paul, S, Kundu, T, Dutta, S, Khargharia, S, Mandal, TK, AK, C. Effects of simultaneous administration of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on pharmacokinetic and biochemical profiles in Swiss albino mice. Pharmacologyonline 2009;1:469–75.Search in Google Scholar

16. Kondakala, S, Lee, JH, Ross, MK, Howell, GEIII. Effects of acute exposure to chlorpyrifos on cholinergic and non-cholinergic targets in normal and high-fat fed male C57BL/6J mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017;337:67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2017.10.019.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Ibrahim, KA, Khwanes, SA, El-Desouky, MA, Elhakim, HKA. Propolis relieves the cardiotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in diabetic rats via alleviations of paraoxonase-1 and xanthine oxidase genes expression. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019;159:127–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.06.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Orabi, SH, Elbialy, BE, Shawky, SM. Ameliorating and hypoglycemic effects of zinc against acute hepatotoxic effect of chlorpyrifos. Sigma 2013;4:2.Search in Google Scholar

19. Wang, HP, Liang, YJ, Long, DX, Chen, JX, Hou, WY, Wu, YJ. Metabolic profiles of serum from rats after subchronic exposure to chlorpyrifos and carbaryl. Chem Res Toxicol 2009;22:1026–33. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx8004746.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Hamza, RZ, Diab, A, Abd El-Aziz, E. Hyperglycemic effect of chlorpyrifos, profenofos and possible ameliorative role of propolis and ginseng. Sci Agric 2014;5:9–14.Search in Google Scholar

21. Samarghandian, S, Foadoddin, M, Zardast, M, Mehrpour, O, Sadighara, P, Roshanravan, B, et al.. The impact of age-related sub-chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos on metabolic indexes in male rats. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 2020;27:22390–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08814-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Akhtar, N, Srivastava, MK, Raizada, RB. Assessment of chlorpyrifos toxicity on certain organs in rat, Rattus norvegicus. J Environ Biol 2009;30:1047–53.Search in Google Scholar

23. Ambali, SF, Abubakar, AT, Kawu, MU, Uchendu, C, Shittu, M, Salami, SO. Biochemical alterations induced by subchronic chlorpyrifos exposure in Wistar rats: ameliorative effect of zinc. DOAJ; 2011.10.4061/2011/214924Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

24. Fang, B, Li, JW, Zhang, M, Ren, FZ, Pang, GF. Chronic chlorpyrifos exposure elicits diet-specific effects on metabolism and the gut microbiome in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2018;111:144–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

25. Ambali, SF, Onukak, C, Idris, SB, Yaqub, LS, Mu, S, Aliyu, H, et al.. Vitamin C attenuates short-term hematological and biochemical alterations induced by acute chlorpyrifos exposure in Wistar rats. J Med Med Sci 2010;1:465–77.Search in Google Scholar

26. El-Tawil, MF. Toxicological effects of short-term feeding with chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl insecticides on adult albino rats. Middle East J Agric Res 2014;3:208–20.Search in Google Scholar

27. Elsharkawy, EE, Yahia, D, El-Nisr, NA. Sub-chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos induces hematological, metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in rat: attenuation by glutathione. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013;35:218–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2012.12.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Goel, A, Dani, V, Dhawan, D. Chlorpyrifos-induced alterations in the activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in rat liver: the role of zinc. Toxicol Lett 2006;163:235–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.11.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Uchendu, C, Ambali, SF, Ayo, JO, Esievo, KA. The protective role of alpha-lipoic acid on long-term exposure of rats to the combination of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin pesticides. Toxicol Ind Health 2017;33:159–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233715616553.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Banaee, M, Akhlaghi, M, Soltanian, S, Sureda, A, Gholamhosseini, A, Rakhshaninejad, M. Combined effects of exposure to sub-lethal concentration of the insecticide chlorpyrifos and the herbicide glyphosate on the biochemical changes in the freshwater crayfish Pontastacus leptodactylus. Ecotoxicology 2020;29:1500–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02233-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Bhatnagar, A, Cheema, N, Yadav, AS. Alterations in haematological and biochemical profile of freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2017;16:1189–94.Search in Google Scholar

32. Ghayyur, S, Tabassum, S, Ahmad, MS, Akhtar, N, Khan, MF. Effect of chlorpyrifos on hematological and seral biochemical components of fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Pakistan J Zool 2019;51:1047–52. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.3.1047.1052.Search in Google Scholar

33. Hatami, M, Banaee, M, Nematdoost Haghi, B. Sub-lethal toxicity of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with polyethylene glycol to common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Chemosphere 2019;219:981–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.077.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Kokushi, E, Uno, S, Pal, S, Koyama, J. Effects of chlorpyrifos on the metabolome of the freshwater carp, Cyprinus carpio. Environ Toxicol 2015;30:253–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.21903.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

35. Majumder, R, Kaviraj, A. Acute and sublethal effects of organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos on freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019;42:487–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2018.1425425.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Narra, MR, Rajender, K, Reddy, RR, Murty, US, Begum, G. Insecticides induced stress response and recuperation in fish: biomarkers in blood and tissues related to oxidative damage. Chemosphere 2017;168:350–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.066.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Narra, MR, Rajender, K, Rudra Reddy, R, Rao, JV, Begum, G. The role of vitamin C as antioxidant in protection of biochemical and haematological stress induced by chlorpyrifos in freshwater fish Clarias batrachus. Chemosphere 2015;132:172–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Nwani, C, Ugwu, D, Okeke, O, Onyishi, G, Ekeh, F, Atama, C, et al.. Toxicity of the chlorpyrifos-based pesticide Termifos®: effects on behaviour and biochemical and haematological parameters of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Afr J Aquat Sci 2013;38:255–62. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2013.780153.Search in Google Scholar

39. Banaee, M, Haghi, BN, Ibrahim, ATA. Sub-lethal toxicity of chlorpyrifos on Common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758): biochemical response. Int J Aquat Biol 2014;1:281–8.Search in Google Scholar

40. Mokhbatly, A-AA, Assar, DH, Ghazy, EW, Elbialy, Z, Rizk, SA, Omar, AA, et al.. The protective role of spirulina and β-glucan in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) against chronic toxicity of chlorpyrifos: hemato-biochemistry, histopathology, and oxidative stress traits. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 2020;27:31636–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09333-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Ramesh, M, Saravanan, M. Haematological and biochemical responses in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to chlorpyrifos. Int J Integr Biol 2008;3:80–3.Search in Google Scholar

42. EL, SG. Effect of garlic consumption on blood lipid and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in rat males exposed to chlorpyrifos. Slovak J Anim Sci 2009;42:111–7.Search in Google Scholar

43. Joshi, SC, Mathur, R, Gulati, N. Testicular toxicity of chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate pesticide) in albino rat. Toxicol Ind Health 2007;23:439–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233707080908.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Ncibi, S, Othman, MB, Akacha, A, Krifi, MN, Zourgui, L. Opuntia ficus indica extract protects against chlorpyrifos-induced damage on mice liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:797–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.047.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Tanvir, E, Afroz, R, Chowdhury, M, Gan, S, Karim, N, Islam, M, et al.. A model of chlorpyrifos distribution and its biochemical effects on the liver and kidneys of rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016;35:991–1004. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327115614384.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

46. Tanvir, E, Afroz, R, Chowdhury, MAZ, Khalil, MI, Hossain, MS, Rahman, MA, et al.. Honey has a protective effect against chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity on lipid peroxidation, diagnostic markers and hepatic histoarchitecture. Eur J Integr Med 2015;7:525–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2015.04.004.Search in Google Scholar

47. Uzun, FG, Kalender, Y. Chlorpyrifos induced hepatotoxic and hematologic changes in rats: the role of quercetin and catechin. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;55:549–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.056.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Deveci, HA, Karapehlivan, M. Chlorpyrifos-induced parkinsonian model in mice: behavior, histopathology and biochemistry. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2018;144:36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.11.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Hamza, RZ. Protective role of black berry juice against hepatotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of chlorpyrifos in male rats. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia; 2013, 10:961–71 pp.Search in Google Scholar

50. Uchendu, C, Ambali, SF, Ayo, JO, Esievo, KAN. Chronic co-exposure to chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin pesticides induces alterations in serum lipids and oxidative stress in Wistar rats: mitigating role of alpha-lipoic acid. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 2018;25:19605–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2185-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

51. CLEQM QM. Biomarker studies of potential hazards of chlorpyrifos to Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Int J Environ 2014;3:94–105.Search in Google Scholar

52. Karami, A, Goh, YM, Jahromi, MF, Lazorchak, JM, Abdullah, M, Courtenay, SC. Diploid and triploid African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) differ in biomarker responses to the pesticide chlorpyrifos. Sci Total Environ 2016;557–558:204–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.030.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

53. Abdel-Daim, MM, Dawood, MAO, Elbadawy, M, Aleya, L, Alkahtani, S. Spirulina platensis reduced oxidative damage induced by chlorpyrifos toxicity in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Animals (Basel) 2020;10;473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030473.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

54. Akil, K, Lakhan, S, Monika, P, Saurabh, S. Chronic toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides chlorpyrifos and its impacts on serum biochemical alterations in the fresh water fish Clarias batrachus. J Exp Zool India 2014;17:309–11.Search in Google Scholar

55. Ezzi, L, Salah, IB, Haouas, Z, Sakly, A, Grissa, I, Chakroun, S, et al.. Histopathological and genotoxic effects of chlorpyrifos in rats. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 2016;23:4859–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5722-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Howell, GEIII, Kondakala, S, Holdridge, J, Lee, JH, Ross, MK. Inhibition of cholinergic and non-cholinergic targets following subacute exposure to chlorpyrifos in normal and high fat fed male C57BL/6J mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018;118:821–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.051.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

57. Liang, Y, Zhan, J, Liu, D, Luo, M, Han, J, Liu, X, et al.. Organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos intake promotes obesity and insulin resistance through impacting gut and gut microbiota. Microbiome 2019;7:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0635-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

58. Mansour, SA, Mossa, A-TH. Oxidative damage, biochemical and histopathological alterations in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and the antioxidant role of zinc. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2010;96:14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.08.008.Search in Google Scholar

59. Dutta, AL, Sahu, CR. Emblica officinalis Garten fruits extract ameliorates reproductive injury and oxidative testicular toxicity induced by chlorpyrifos in male rats. SpringerPlus 2013;2:541. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-541.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

60. Mosbah, R, Yousef, MI, Maranghi, F, Mantovani, A. Protective role of Nigella sativa oil against reproductive toxicity, hormonal alterations, and oxidative damage induced by chlorpyrifos in male rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2016;32:1266–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233714554675.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Chebab, S, Mekircha, F, Leghouchi, E. Potential protective effect of Pistacia lentiscus oil against chlorpyrifos-induced hormonal changes and oxidative damage in ovaries and thyroid of female rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017;96:1310–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.081.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

62. Peiris, DC, Dhanushka, T. Low doses of chlorpyrifos interfere with spermatogenesis of rats through reduction of sex hormones. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 2017;24:20859–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9617-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

63. Mandal, T, Das, N. Testicular gametogenic and steroidogenic activities in chlorpyrifos insecticide-treated rats: a correlation study with testicular oxidative stress and role of antioxidant enzyme defence systems in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Andrologia 2012;44:102–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2010.01110.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

64. Ehrich, M, Hancock, S, Ward, D, Holladay, S, Pung, T, Flory, L, et al.. Neurologic and immunologic effects of exposure to corticosterone, chlorpyrifos, and multiple doses of tri-ortho-tolyl phosphate over a 28-day period in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part A. 2004;67:431–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390490273497.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

65. Nishi, K, Hundal, SS. Chlorpyrifos induced toxicity in reproductive organs of female Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;62:732–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

66. ElMazoudy, RH, Attia, AA, El-Shenawy, NS. Protective role of propolis against reproductive toxicity of chlorpyrifos in male rats. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2011;101:175–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.09.003.Search in Google Scholar

67. Meggs, WJ, Brewer, KL. Weight gain associated with chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos in rats. J Med Toxicol 2007;3:89–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03160916.Search in Google Scholar

68. Yano, BL, Young, JT, Mattsson, JL. Lack of carcinogenicity of chlorpyrifos insecticide in a high-dose, 2-year dietary toxicity study in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Sci 2000;53:135–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/53.1.135.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

69. de Oca, LM, Moreno, M, Cardona, D, Campa, L, Suñol, C, Galofré, M, et al.. Long term compulsivity on the 5-choice serial reaction time task after acute chlorpyrifos exposure. Toxicology letters 2013;216:73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

70. Ibrahim, RE, El-Houseiny, W, Behairy, A, Mansour, MF, Abd-Elhakim, YM. Ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera seeds and leaves on chlorpyrifos-induced growth retardation, immune suppression, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 2019;505:225–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.02.050.Search in Google Scholar

71. Huynh, HP, Nugegoda, D. Effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on growth and food utilization in Australian catfish, Tandanus tandanus. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012;88:25–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0431-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

72. Duttaroy, A, Zimliki, CL, Gautam, D, Cui, Y, Mears, D, Wess, J. Muscarinic stimulation of pancreatic insulin and glucagon release is abolished in m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-deficient mice. Diabetes 2004;53:1714–20. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1714.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

73. Anuradha, R, Saraswati, M, Kumar, KG, Rani, SH. Apoptosis of beta cells in diabetes mellitus. DNA Cell Biol 2014;33:743–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2014.2352.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

74. Enan, E, Berberian, I, El‐Fiki, S, El‐Masry, M, Enan, O. Effects of two organophosphorus insecticides on some biochemical constituents in the nervous system and liver of rabbits. J Environ Sci Health Part B 1987;22:149–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601238709372551.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

75. Kalender, S, Ogutcu, A, Uzunhisarcikli, M, Açikgoz, F, Durak, D, Ulusoy, Y, et al.. Diazinon-induced hepatotoxicity and protective effect of vitamin E on some biochemical indices and ultrastructural changes. Toxicology 2005;211:197–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2005.03.007.Search in Google Scholar

76. Aldana, L, de Mejıa, EG, Craigmill, A, Tsutsumi, V, Armendariz-Borunda, J, Panduro, A, et al.. Cypermethrin increases apo A-1 and apo B mRNA but not hyperlipidemia in rats. Toxicol Lett 1998;95:31–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00013-7.Search in Google Scholar

77. Kissebah, AH, Alfarsi, S, Evans, DJ, Adams, PW. Integrated regulation of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride and apolipoprotein-B kinetics in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1982;31:217–25. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.31.3.217.Search in Google Scholar

78. Taskinen, M-R. Quantitative and qualitative lipoprotein abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1992;41:12–7. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.41.2.s12.Search in Google Scholar

79. Civen, M, Brown, CB, Morin, RJ. Effects of organophosphate insecticides on adrenal cholesteryl ester and steroid metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 1977;26:1901–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(77)90164-2.Search in Google Scholar

80. Bulka, CM, Daviglus, ML, Persky, VW, Durazo-Arvizu, RA, Avilés-Santa, ML, Gallo, LC, et al.. Occupational exposures and metabolic syndrome among hispanics/latinos: cross-sectional results from the hispanic community health study/study of latinos (HCHS/SOL). J Occup Environ Med 2017;59:1047. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000001115.Search in Google Scholar


Supplementary Material

The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0150).


Received: 2020-11-15
Accepted: 2021-04-07
Published Online: 2021-05-07
Published in Print: 2022-03-28

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 28.3.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2020-0150/pdf
Scroll to top button