Abstract
Toxic air pollutants are one of the most agent that have many acute, chronic and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) on human health under long or short-term exposure has been raised from the past to the present. The aim of this study was investigation effect of long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants on the increased risk of malignant brain tumors. Databases used to for searched were the PubMed, Web of Science, Springer and Science Direct (Scopus) and Google Scholar. 71 papers based on abstract and article text filtered. In the end after sieve we selected 7 papers. Identify all relevant studies published 1970–2022. The literature showed that exposure to toxic air pollutants and their respiration can cause disorders in different parts of the brain by transmission through the circulatory system and other mechanisms. Various unpleasant abnormalities are caused by the inhalation of toxic air pollutants in the human body that some of the most common of them include chronic lung disease, coronary heart disease and heart attacks, strokes and brain diseases (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and multiple Sclerosis), cancers (liver, blood, prostate and brain) and eventually death. According to the finding brain health and proper functioning can be easily disrupted by various genetic or external factors such as air pollution, causing a wide range of abnormalities in the brain and malignant brain tumors. The results of this study showed that reducing the concentration of toxic pollutants in the air, that exposure to them play an increasing role in the development of brain diseases can slow down the process of abnormalities in the brain and will have significant impacts on reducing the number of people affected by them.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences for providing necessary facilities to perform this research.
-
Research funding: This work wasn’t financially supported.
-
Author contributions : YN, M-JM, HY, SM, and MT were principal investigators of the study and drafted the manuscript. M-JM, SM and MT were advisors of the study. YN, M-JM, HY, SM and MT performed the statistical analysis. All authors contributed to the design and data analysis and assisted in the preparation of the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
-
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.
-
Disclosure statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
-
Consent to participate: ’Not applicable’ for that specific section.
References
1. Effatpanah, M, Effatpanah, H, Jalali, S, Parseh, I, Goudarzi, G, Barzegar, G, et al.. Hospital admission of exposure to air pollution in Ahvaz megacity during 2010–2013. Clin Epidemiology Glob Health 2020;8:550–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2019.12.001.Search in Google Scholar
2. Hoek, G, Krishnan, RM, Beelen, R, Peters, A, Ostro, B, Brunekreef, B, et al.. Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio-respiratory mortality: a review. Environ Health 2013;12:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-12-43.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
3. Yousefi, H, Lak, E, Mohammadi, MJ, Shahriyari, HA. Carcinogenic risk assessment among children and adult due to exposure to toxic air pollutants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2022;29:23015–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17300-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
4. Mohammadi, MJ, Godini, H, Tobeh Khak, M, Daryanoosh, SM, Dobaradaran, S, Goudarzi, G. An association between air quality and COPD in Ahvaz, Iran. Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care 2015;4:e26621. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjcdc.26621.Search in Google Scholar
5. Lee, BJ, Kim, B, Lee, K. Air pollution exposure and cardiovascular disease. Toxicol Res 2014;30:71–5. https://doi.org/10.5487/tr.2014.30.2.071.Search in Google Scholar
6. Dastoorpoor, M, Sekhavatpour, Z, Masoumi, K, Mohammadi, MJ, Aghababaeian, H, Khanjani, N, et al.. Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Ahvaz, Iran. Sci Total Environ 2019;652:1318–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.285.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Yousefi, H, Asadollahi, K, Daliri, S, Cheraghi, M, Rostami, C. Mapping of incidence of skin cancer in Khuzestan Province, Iran. Int J Educ Appl Sci 2021;3:92–100.Search in Google Scholar
8. Bolouki, A. Neurobiological effects of urban built and natural environment on mental health: systematic review. Rev Environ Health 2023;38:169–79. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0137.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
9. Hardell, L, Carlberg, M. Lost opportunities for cancer prevention: historical evidence on early warnings with emphasis on radiofrequency radiation. Rev Environ Health 2021;36:585–97. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0168.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
10. Khaefi, M, Goudarzi, G, Yari, AR, Geravandi, S, Dobaradaran, S, Idani, E, et al.. An association between ambient pollutants and hospital admitted respiratory cases in Ahvaz, Iran. Fresenius Environ Bull 2016;25:3955–61.Search in Google Scholar
11. Lak, E, Mohammadi, MJ, Yousefi, H. Impact of COVID-19 acute respiratory disease on the risk factors attributed to cancer patients. Toxicol Rep 2022;9:46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.12.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
12. Sharafi, SM, Ebrahimpour, K, Nafez, A. Environmental disinfection against COVID-19 in different areas of health care facilities: a review. Rev Environ Health 2021;36:193–8. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0075.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Borsi, SH, Goudarzi, G, Sarizadeh, G, Dastoorpoor, M, Geravandi, S, Shahriyari, HA, et al.. Health endpoint of exposure to criteria air pollutants in ambient air of on a populated in Ahvaz City, Iran. Front Public Health 2022;10:869656. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.869656. 35425736.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
14. Frackowiak, RS. Human brain function, 2nd ed. London, England: Elsevier; 2004:161–98 pp. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=AoWD2S8759kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Human+brain+function&ots=EYxrduaZ34&sig=aeNaFP1tXx-xdiSEGmMJ6voew2M#v=onepage&q=Human%20brain%20function&f=false.Search in Google Scholar
15. Gómez-Pinilla, F. Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:568–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2421.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
16. Lassen, NA, Ingvar, DH, Skinhøj, E. Brain function and blood flow. Sci Am 1978;239:62–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1078-62.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
17. Biswal, BB, Mennes, M, Zuo, XN, Gohel, S, Kelly, C, Smith, SM, et al.. Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci Unit States Am 2010;107:4734–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911855107.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
18. Licher, S, Darweesh, SK, Wolters, FJ, Fani, L, Heshmatollah, A, Mutlu, U, et al.. Lifetime risk of common neurological diseases in the elderly population. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2019;90:148–56. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-318650.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
19. Kapoor, S, Banerjee, A. Prevalence of common neurological diseases in a rural community of India. Indian J Community Med 1989;14:171.Search in Google Scholar
20. Neisi, A, Vosoughi, M, Shirmardi, M, Idani, E, Goudarzi, G, Hazrati, S, et al.. Concentration of air pollutants as toxic matter in urban and rural areas of Ahvaz. Toxin Rev 2018;37:243–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2017.1337796.Search in Google Scholar
21. Suh, HH, Bahadori, T, Vallarino, J, Spengler, JD. Criteria air pollutants and toxic air pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108:625–33. https://doi.org/10.2307/3454398.Search in Google Scholar
22. Dobaradaran, S, Soleimani, F, Nabipour, I, Saeedi, R, Mohammadi, MJ. Heavy metal levels of ballast waters in commercial ships entering Bushehr port along the Persian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull 2018;126:74–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.094.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
23. Bateson, TF, Schwartz, J. Children’s response to air pollutants. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part A 2007;71:238–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390701598234.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
24. Goudarzi, G, Geravandi, S, Alavi, N, Idani, E, Salmanzadeh, S, Yari, AR, et al.. Association between cancer risk and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons’ exposure in the ambient air of Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Int J Biometeorol 2018;62:1461–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1543-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
25. Dastoorpoor, M, Riahi, A, Yazdaninejhad, H, Borsi, SH, Khanjani, N, Khodadadi, N, et al.. Exposure to particulate matter and carbon monoxide and cause-specific cardiovascular-respiratory disease mortality in Ahvaz. Toxin Rev 2020:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1716256.Search in Google Scholar
26. Curtis, L, Rea, W, Smith-Willis, P, Fenyves, E, Pan, Y. Adverse health effects of outdoor air pollutants. Environ Int 2006;32:815–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.03.012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
27. Jedrychowski, W, Flak, E, Mróz, E. The adverse effect of low levels of ambient air pollutants on lung function growth in preadolescent children. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107:669–74. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107669.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
28. Mejía, JF, Choy, SL, Mengersen, K, Morawska, L. Methodology for assessing exposure and impacts of air pollutants in school children: data collection, analysis and health effects–a literature review. Atmos Environ 2011;45:813–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.009.Search in Google Scholar
29. Delfino, RJ, Gong, HJr, Linn, WS, Pellizzari, ED, Hu, Y. Asthma symptoms in Hispanic children and daily ambient exposures to toxic and criteria air pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:647–56. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5992.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
30. Vieira, SE, Stein, RT, Ferraro, AA, Pastro, LD, Pedro, SSC, Lemos, M, et al.. Urban air pollutants are significant risk factors for asthma and pneumonia in children: the influence of location on the measurement of pollutants. Arch Bronconeumol 2012;48:389–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbr.2012.08.002.Search in Google Scholar
31. Zeki, S. A vision of the brain, 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell scientific publications; 1993:182–366 pp. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-98252-000.Search in Google Scholar
32. Jernigan, TL, Archibald, SL, Fennema-Notestine, C, Gamst, AC, Stout, JC, Bonner, J, et al.. Effects of age on tissues and regions of the cerebrum and cerebellum. Neurobiol Aging 2001;22:581–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(01)00217-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
33. Aldraihem, MO, Al-Ghamdi, F, Murtaza, G, Bashir, S. Air pollution and performance of the brain. Arabian J Geosci 2020;13:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06119-7.Search in Google Scholar
34. Patel, MM, Goyal, BR, Bhadada, SV, Bhatt, JS, Amin, AF. Getting into the brain. CNS Drugs 2009;23:35–58. https://doi.org/10.2165/0023210-200923010-00003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
35. Janda, M, Steginga, S, Langbecker, D, Dunn, J, Walker, D, Eakin, E. Quality of life among patients with a brain tumor and their carers. J Psychosom Res 2007;63:617–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.06.018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
36. Dewan, MC, Rattani, A, Gupta, S, Baticulon, RE, Hung, Y-C, Punchak, M, et al.. Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2018;130:1080–97. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.10.jns17352.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
37. Mallhi, TH, Butt, MH, Ahmad, A, Misbah, S, Atique, S, Khan, YH. Air pollutants and neurological disorders: from exposure to preventive interventions. In: Akash, MSH, Rehman, K, editors. Environmental contaminants and neurological disorders. Emerging contaminants and associated treatment technologies. Cham: Springer; 2021:31–47 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66376-6_2.10.1007/978-3-030-66376-6_2Search in Google Scholar
38. Wrensch, M, Bondy, ML, Wiencke, J, Yost, M. Environmental risk factors for primary malignant brain tumors: a review. J Neuro Oncol 1993;17:47–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01054274.Search in Google Scholar
39. Saki, H, Goudarzi, G, Jalali, S, Barzegar, G, Farhadi, M, Parseh, I, et al.. Study of relationship between nitrogen dioxide and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Bushehr, Iran. Clin Epidemiology Glob Health 2020;8:446–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2019.10.006.Search in Google Scholar
40. Mir, RH, Sawhney, G, Pottoo, FH, Madishetti, S, Jachak, SM, Ahmed, Z, et al.. Role of environmental pollutants in alzheimer’s disease: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 2020;27:44724–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09964-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
41. Aleya, L, Uddin, MS. Environmental pollutants and the risk of neurological disorders. Environ Sci Pollut Res; 2020;27:44657–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11272-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
42. Carpenter, DO. Human health effects of environmental pollutants: new insights. In: Trends in levels and effects of persistent toxic substances in the great lakes, 1st ed. Ontario: Springer Dordrecht; 1998:245–58 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5290-7_11.10.1007/978-94-011-5290-7_11Search in Google Scholar
43. Baudouin, C, Charveron, M, Tarroux, R, Gall, Y. Environmental pollutants and skin cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol 2002;18:341–8. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1019540316060.10.1023/A:1019540316060Search in Google Scholar PubMed
44. Long, DM. Capillary ultrastructure and the blood-brain barrier in human malignant brain tumors. J Neurosurg 1970;32:127–44. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1970.32.2.0127.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
45. Rankin, LC, Artis, D. Beyond host defense: emerging functions of the immune system in regulating complex tissue physiology. Cell 2018;173:554–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
46. Kim, HB, Shim, JY, Park, B, Lee, YJ. Long-term exposure to air pollutants and cancer mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2018;15:2608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112608.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
47. Migliaccio, M, Williams, S, Caracciolo, V. Environmental pollutants and brain cancers: where do we stand? Ann Res Oncol 2021;1:226–41. https://doi.org/10.48286/aro.2021.30.Search in Google Scholar
48. Pedram, M, Alghasi, A, Salari, F, Yousefi, H, Aminasnafi, A, Jaseb, K, Ghanbari, S. Retinoblastoma in southwest Iran. Iranian J Blood Cancer 2015;7:143–8. http://ijbc.ir/article-1-618-en.html.Search in Google Scholar
49. Casazza, M, VARCHETTA, G, Pirozzi, N, Teta, R, Ulgiati, S, Lega, M. A survey method towards an effective emission monitoring within the urban environment: a case study in the port of Naples (Italy). Int J Environ Impacts 2017;1:1–13. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-1-13.Search in Google Scholar
50. Poulsen, AH, Hvidtfeldt, UA, Sørensen, M, Puett, R, Ketzel, M, Brandt, J, et al.. Intracranial tumors of the central nervous system and air pollution–a nationwide case-control study from Denmark. Environ Health 2020;19:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-020-00631-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
51. Barnholtz-Sloan, JS, Ostrom, QT, Cote, D. Epidemiology of brain tumors. Neurol Clin 2018;36:395–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2018.04.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
52. Laws, ERJr, Thapar, K. Brain tumors. CA Cancer J Clin 1993;43:263–71. https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.43.5.263.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
53. DeAngelis, LM. Brain tumors. N Engl J Med 2001;344:114–23. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200101113440207.Search in Google Scholar
54. Black, PM. Benign brain tumors: meningiomas, pituitary tumors, and acoustic neuromas. Neurol Clin 1995;13:927–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(18)30026-4.Search in Google Scholar
55. Cha, S. Update on brain tumor imaging: from anatomy to physiology. Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:475–87.Search in Google Scholar
56. Black, PM. Brain tumors. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1555–64. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199105303242205.Search in Google Scholar
57. Grieg, NH, Ries, LG, Yancik, R, Rapoport, SI. Increasing annual incidence of primary malignant brain tumors in the elderly. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:1621–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.20.1621.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
58. Chandana, SR, Movva, S, Arora, M, Singh, T. Primary brain tumors in adults. Am Fam Physician 2008;77:1423.Search in Google Scholar
59. Ostrom, QT, Adel Fahmideh, M, Cote, DJ, Muskens, IS, Schraw, JM, Scheurer, ME, et al.. Risk factors for childhood and adult primary brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 2019;21:1357–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz123.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
60. Thomas, TL, Waxweiler, RJ. Brain tumors and occupational risk factors: a review. Scand J Work Environ Health 1986;12:1–15. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40965276.10.5271/sjweh.2168Search in Google Scholar PubMed
61. Connelly, JM, Malkin, MG. Environmental risk factors for brain tumors. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007;7:208–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-007-0032-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
62. Lemke, DM. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with metastatic cancer and high-grade gliomas of the central nervous system. J Infusion Nurs 2004;27:263–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129804-200407000-00012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
63. Piepmeier, JM. Brain tumors: practical guide to diagnosis and treatment, 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2013:121–224 pp.Search in Google Scholar
64. Flores, LE, Williams, DL, Bell, BA, O’Brien, M, Ragab, AH. Delay in the diagnosis of pediatric brain tumors. Am J Dis Child 1986;140:684–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140210082031.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
65. Perkins, A, Liu, G. Primary brain tumors in adults: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2016;93:211–7.Search in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
