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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter March 21, 2022

Normal development of the brain: a survey of joint structural–functional brain studies

  • Roxana Namiranian ORCID logo , Sahar Rahimi Malakshan , Hamid Abrishami Moghaddam EMAIL logo , Ali Khadem and Reza Jafari

Abstract

Joint structural–functional (S-F) developmental studies present a novel approach to address the complex neuroscience questions on how the human brain works and how it matures. Joint S-F biomarkers have the inherent potential to model effectively the brain’s maturation, fill the information gap in temporal brain atlases, and demonstrate how the brain’s performance matures during the lifespan. This review presents the current state of knowledge on heterochronous and heterogeneous development of S-F links during the maturation period. The S-F relationship has been investigated in early-matured unimodal and prolonged-matured transmodal regions of the brain using a variety of structural and functional biomarkers and data acquisition modalities. Joint S-F unimodal studies have employed auditory and visual stimuli, while the main focus of joint S-F transmodal studies has been resting-state and cognitive experiments. However, nonsignificant associations between some structural and functional biomarkers and their maturation show that designing and developing effective S-F biomarkers is still a challenge in the field. Maturational characteristics of brain asymmetries have been poorly investigated by the joint S-F studies, and the results were partially inconsistent with previous nonjoint ones. The inherent complexity of the brain performance can be modeled using multifactorial and nonlinear techniques as promising methods to simulate the impact of age on S-F relations considering their analysis challenges.


Corresponding author: Hamid Abrishami Moghaddam, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, PO Box 16315-1355, Tehran, Iran; and Inserm UMR 1105, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France, E-mail:

Funding source: Cognitive Sciences and Technologies Council

Award Identifier / Grant number: Unassigned

Acknowledgment

We thank Prof. Fabrice Wallois for his valuable suggestions on the initial idea of this paper. We would like also to thank Dr. Farveh Daneshvarfard for her comments on the initial phase of research, and Dr. Shirin Mavandadi for her comments on Figure 2. We would particularly like to thank Cognitive Sciences and Technologies Council (COGC), Iran in the framework of Neurobiom project number 96P97, for their support and guidance.

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: None declared.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

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Received: 2022-02-15
Accepted: 2022-02-17
Published Online: 2022-03-21
Published in Print: 2022-10-26

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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