Abstract
This paper explores the effects of fiscal policy in an economy based on indirect taxes, and one that is constrained to taxing all (labor and capital) income at the same rate. The focus of the paper is on the relative importance of consumption vs. income taxation, as well as on the provision of utility-enhancing public services. To this end, a Real-Business-Cycle model, calibrated to Bulgarian data (1999–2014), was set up with a richer public finance side. Bulgarian economy was chosen as a case study due to its major dependence on consumption taxation as a source of tax revenue. To illustrate the effects of fiscal policy, two regimes were compared and contrasted to one another - exogenous vs. optimal (Ramsey) policy case. The main findings from the computational experiments performed are: (i) The optimal steady-state (capital and labor income) tax rate is zero, as it is the most distortionary tax to use; (ii) The optimal steady-state consumption tax (the only source of revenue) has to almost double to finance the optimally-set level of government purchases.
Appendix: Derivation of the welfare gain measure
In this section we derive the formula behind the steady-state consumption gain measure,
where “e” denotes an allocation from the exogenous (or “observed”) policy case, while “o” is an allocation obtained under the optimal policy case. Since we focus on the long-run consumption gain, it follows that
or
Cancel the common multiplier to obtain
Rearrange terms, and after some algebra one can obtain
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