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Estimating stochastic volatility models using realized measures

  • Jeremias Bekierman EMAIL logo and Bastian Gribisch

Abstract

This paper extends the basic stochastic volatility (SV) model in order to incorporate the realized variance (RV) as an additional measure for the latent daily volatility. The particular model we use explicitly accounts for the dependency between daily returns and measurement errors of the realized volatility estimate. Within a simulation study we investigate the form of the dependency. In order to capture the long memory property of asset volatility, we explore different autoregressive dynamics for the latent volatility process, including heterogeneous autoregressive (HAR) dynamics and a two-component approach. We estimate the model using simulated maximum likelihood based on efficient importance sampling (EIS), producing numerically accurate parameter estimates and filtered state sequences. The model is applied to daily asset returns and realized variances of New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) traded stocks. Estimation results indicate that accounting for the dependency of returns and realized measures significantly affects the estimation results and improves the model fit for all autoregressive dynamics.

JEL: C32; C51; C58; G17

Corresponding author: Jeremias Bekierman, Institute of Econometrics and Statistics, University of Cologne, Universitätsstr. 22a, 50937 Cologne, Germany, Phone: +49(0)221-470-2334; Fax: +49(0)221-470-5074, e-mail:

Appendix: Implementation of EIS for the extended SV model with leverage and endogeneity

Since the extended SV model with leverage and endogeneity nests all model specifications discussed in the paper, we restrict our attention to this general specification. The model implies

(46)rt|λt;ωN(0,exp(λt)) (46)
(47)yt|λt,εt;ωN(ξ+λt+σuμt(εt),σu2σt2(εt)) (47)
(48)λt|λt1;ωN(γ+δλt1+ρσηexp(λt1/2)rt1,ση2(1ρ2)), (48)

where ω=(γ, δ, ση, σu, ξ, ρ, θ) denotes the vector of parameters to be estimated. EIS aims to find an auxiliary density m(·) with auxiliary parameters {at}t=1T from which we can easily simulate trajectories {λ˜t(j)} and that provides a good match between the numerator and the denominator of the expression in Eq. (29). This requires to find and appropriate density kernel k for the auxiliary density m. The link between the auxiliary density m, its kernel k and the integrating constant χ is given by

(49)m(λt|Λt1,at)=k(Λt;at)χ(Λt1,at),   with   χ(Λt1,at)=k(Λt;at)dλt. (49)

An appropriate choice for the kernel should provide a good functional approximation to the products χ·f, where f denotes the joint density of R, Y and Λ. We follow the argument of Liesenfeld and Richard (2003) and Richard and Zhang (2007) and choose for m a parametric extension of f(λt|λt−1, Rt−1) such that the resulting kernel kt; at) is Gaussian:

(50)k(Λt;at)=f(λt|λt1,Rt1)ζ(λt,at),   with   ζ(λt,at)=exp(a1,tλt+a2,tλt2). (50)

The explicit form of the chosen kernel is given by

(51)k(Λt,at)exp(12[(γ+δλt1+ρσηeλt1/2rt1ση(1ρ2))22(γ+δλt1+ρσηeλt1/2rt1ση2(1ρ2)+a1,t)λt+(1ση2(1ρ2)2a2,t)λt2]), (51)

with corresponding moments

(52)μt(at)=σt2(γ+δλt1+ρσηeλt1/2rt1ση2(1ρ2)+a1,t) (52)

and

(53)σt2(at)=ση2(1ρ2)12ση2(1ρ2)a2,t. (53)

Integrating kt;at) w.r.t. λt yields

(54)χ(λt1,at)exp(μt22σt2(γ+δλt1+ρσηeλt1/2rt1)22ση2(1ρ2)). (54)

Given the expressions for k, f and χ, the optimal values for at are obtained by a simple backward-recursive least squares sequence:

(55)a^t(ω)=arg minj=1S{log[f(rt,yt,λ˜t(j)(ω)|Λ˜t1(j),Rt1,Yt1,ω)χ(Λ˜t(j);a^t+1(ω))]ctlog[k(Λ˜t1(j);at)]}2, (55)

for t=T→1 and χT; aT+1)≡1. Note that f(λt|λt−1, Rt−1) cancels out in the LS problems. Following Liesenfeld and Richard (2003), the first set of trajectories is based on a Taylor-Series-Expansion of log(f(λt|λt−1, Rt−1)) around zero. The complete EIS-algorithm for evaluating the MC estimate in Eq. (29) reads as follows:

Step 1: Draw S trajectories from the initial sampler obtained by a TSE of log(f(λt|λt−1, Rt−1)).

Step 2: Solve the LS-problems (55) backward-recursively for t=T→1 and obtain optimal values for {a^t}t=1T.

Step 3: Draw a new set of trajectories from m(â) and solve the LS-problems based on the new trajectories.

Step 4: Repeat Step 3 until convergence in order to obtain maximal efficient importance samplers.

Step 5: Use the last set of trajectories to evaluate the likelihood estimate (29).

Changes of the model structure require only minor adjustments of the EIS-algorithm.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Roman Liesenfeld for helpful comments and we would like to thank the editor and two anonymous referees.

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Supplemental Material:

The online version of this article (DOI: 10.1515/snde-2014-0113) offers supplementary material, available to authorized users.


Published Online: 2015-12-17
Published in Print: 2016-6-1

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