Abstract
This article discusses a number of linguistic aspects of the internationalisation and anglicisation of higher education in Flanders. We aim to combine an overview of the applicable legal measures with the most detailed and complete information to date on the actual linguistic practices in universities and university colleges. To this end, we collected the most recent available data from a variety of official reports and databases on parameters including the number of English bachelor and master programmes currently on offer, the relative share of students involved in these international programmes, as well as the extent to which students and professors meet official language requirements. Next to these English-focused aspects, we also supply new figures on the required mother tongue proficiency to enrol in the regular Dutch-based curriculum (theory versus practice). The situation in the Dutch-speaking community of Belgium is then compared to that of the French-speaking Community, once again based on figures and data that were collated from a variety of official sources. All data indicate that the actual impact of anglicisation in Flemish universities and university colleges remains limited and unproblematic, compared to the situation in many other medium-sized language communities. The closing discussion advocates a language policy for higher education in Flanders that combines a strong focus on mother tongue proficiency with a solid training in English for academic purposes.
7 References
Boemer, Magali/Darquennes, Jeroen (2012): Towards a Historical Sociolinguistic Account of Language-in-Education Policy in the German-Speaking Community of Belgium. In: Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 1, 219–235.10.1075/dujal.1.2.04boeSearch in Google Scholar
Cajot, Guido/Heeren, Jordi/Vrijders, Joke (2018): Academische taalvaardigheid in het hoger onderwijs: een sleutel voor een succesvolle overgang [Academic language proficiency in higher education: key to a succesful transition]. Presentation at Forum Taalbeleid Hoger Onderwijs VLOR, 24 October 2018. https://assets.vlor.be/www.vlor.be/attachment/Academische%20Taalvaardigheid_Presentatie%20VLOR%20241018_0.pdf; last access on 7 May 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Codex Hoger Onderwijs (2013–2019): Besluit van de Vlaamse Regering tot codificatie van de decretale bepalingen betreffende het hoger onderwijs [Decree of the Flemish Government on the codification of the legal regulations regarding higher education]. https://data-onderwijs.vlaanderen.be/edulex/document.aspx?docid=14650; last access on 7 May 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Conseil (2015): État des lieux et analyse critique des évolutions relatives à la langue d’enseignement dans l’enseignement supérieur. Pour une politique linguistique de l’enseignement supérieur en Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles. In: Conseil de la langue française et de la politique linguistique. Bilan 2015. Bruxelles: Ministère de la Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, 23–37.Search in Google Scholar
Conseil (2019): Conseil de la langue française et de la politique linguistique. Bilan – 2018 à septembre 2019. Bruxelles: Ministère de la Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles.Search in Google Scholar
Décret Paysage (2013): Décret définissant le paysage de l'enseignement supérieur et l'organisation académique des études. http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=fr&la=F&cn=2013110750&table_name=loi; last access on 7 May 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Deneckere, Gita/De Wever, Bruno/Vrints, Antoon (2016): Verengelsing maakt onderwijs slechter [Anglicisation makes education worse]. In: De Standaard, 1 December 2016, 38.Search in Google Scholar
Deneckere, Gita/De Wever, Bruno/Vrints, Antoon (2017a): Good morning, take your books. In: De Standaard, 14 April 2017, 38.Search in Google Scholar
Deneckere, Gita/De Wever, Bruno/Vrints, Antoon (2017b): Mind the gap! In: De Standaard, 6 November 2017, 30.Search in Google Scholar
Deneckere, Gita/De Wever, Bruno/Maddens, Bart/Sinardet, Dave/Vos, Hendrik/Vrints, Antoon (2020): Gelijke kansen? Forget it [Equal chances? Forget it]. In: De Standaard, 14 January 2020, 33.Search in Google Scholar
Dhondt, Johan (ed.) (2016): Verslag over de werkzaamheden van de Regeringscommissarissen in 2015 [Report on the activities of the Government’s commisioners in 2015]. Brussel: Vlaams Ministerie van Onderwijs en Vorming.Search in Google Scholar
Gutwirth, Serge (2013): De taaltest voor professoren: strijdig met dertig jaar beleid zonder, tergend, overbodig en flamingant [The language test for professors: at odds with 30 years of policy without, painstaking, unnecessary and 'flamingant']. In: De Wereld Morgen, 30 September 2013. https://www.dewereldmorgen.be/artikel/2013/09/30/de-taaltest-voor-professoren-strijdig-met-dertig-jaar-beleid-zonder-tergend-overbodig-en-flamingant/; last access on 7 May 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Janssens, Rudi (2018): Meertaligheid als opdracht. Een analyse van de Brusselse taalsituatie op basis van taalbarometer 4 [Multilingualism as a task. An analysis of the language situation in Brussels based on ‘language barometer’ 4]. Brussel: VUB Press.Search in Google Scholar
KNAW (2017): Nederlands en/of Engels? Taalkeuze met beleid in het Nederlands hoger onderwijs [Dutch and/or English? Language choice with policy in Dutch higher education]. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.Search in Google Scholar
Maes, Hugo/Van Besien, Dirk/Duchateau, Ghislain/Laureys, Godelieve/De Moor, An/Storme, Matthias/Becue, Paul/Roukens, Jan/Fleerackers, Frank/Coninx, Ivo/Ponette, Eric/Daelemans, Bernard/De Haes, Dirk/De Waele, Willy/De Wit, Wim (2020): Het is onaanvaardbaar dat er nog maar gedacht kan worden aan het verder verengelsen van het onderwijs [It is unacceptable that one could even think of a further anglicization of education]. In: Knack Online, 4 March 2020. https://www.knack.be/nieuws/belgie/het-is-onaanvaardbaar-dat-er-nog-maar-gedacht-kan-worden-aan-het-verder-verengelsen-van-het-onderwijs/article-opinion-1572193.html; last access on 7 May 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Marchal, Nathalie (2015): L'usage des langues dans les universités en Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles. In: Actes du Séminaire de l'EFNIL, Florence 27 & 28 septembre 2014. s. l.: European Federation of National Institutions for Language, 187–204.Search in Google Scholar
Memorie (2020): Memorie van Toelichting bij voorontwerp van decreet XXX over het onderwijs [Explanatory memorandum on the preliminary draft of Education Decree XXX]. Brussel: Vlaams Parlement.Search in Google Scholar
Ministerie (2015): Hoger onderwijs in cijfers. Aantal inschrijvingen op 31 oktober 2015. Academiejaar 2015–2016 [Higher education in figures. Enrolment figures on 31 October 2015. Academic year 2015–2016]. Brussel: Ministerie van Onderwijs en Vorming.Search in Google Scholar
Oosterhof, Albert/Martin, Willy/Roukens, Jan/Ruijsendaal, Els (eds.) (2010): Nederlands in hoger onderwijs en wetenschap? Gent: Academia Press.Search in Google Scholar
Standaard (2015): 1 op de 10 Vlaamse professoren zakt voor Engelse taaltest [1 out of 10 Flemish professors fails English language test]. In: De Standaard, 20 February 2015.Search in Google Scholar
Taalverslag (2018): Taalverslag Academiejaar 2015–2016 [Language report academic year 2015–2016]. Brussel: Departement Onderwijs en Vorming.Search in Google Scholar
Vandenbroucke, Frank (2008): Antwoord op vraag nr. 286 van 12 juni 2008 van Piet De Bruyn [Answer to question nr. 286 from 12 June 2008 by Piet De Bruyn]. Brussel: Vlaams Parlement.Search in Google Scholar
Vandenbussche, Wim (2008): CVN-rapport over het Engels in het hoger onderwijs [CVN-report on English in higher education]. In: Ons Erfdeel 51, 1, 186–187.Search in Google Scholar
Vandenbussche, Wim (2011): Immersie of inertie? Vlaanderen als land van belofte voor meertalig onderwijs. [Immersion or inertia? Flanders as the promised land for multilingual education]. In: Ons Erfdeel 54, 3, 4–11.Search in Google Scholar
Vandenbussche, Wim (2020): Van taalbewuste Vlaming naar meertalige Europeër? [From language-conscious Fleming to multilingual European?]. In: Knack Online, 8 March 2020. https://www.knack.be/nieuws/belgie/van-taalbewuste-vlaming-naar-meertalige-europeer/article-opinion-1573165.html; last access on 7 May 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Van Splunder, Frank/Engelen, Christine (2018): Ruimte voor creatieve oplossingen. Taal in het Vlaamse hoger onderwijs: beleid en praktijk [Space for creative solutions. Language in Flemish higher education: policy and practice]. In: Th&ma 3, 19–23.Search in Google Scholar
Vila, F. Xavier (2015): Language policy in higher education in medium-sized language communities: An introduction. In: Vila, F. Xavier/Bretxa, Vanessa (eds.) (2015): Language policy in higher education. The case of medium-sized languages. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 1–14.10.21832/9781783092765-003Search in Google Scholar
Vila, F. Xavier/Bretxa, Vanessa (eds.) (2015): Language policy in higher education. The case of medium-sized languages. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781783092765Search in Google Scholar
VLIR (2018): Wees wijs. Investeer in grijs. Verkiezingsmemorandum 2019 van de Vlaamse universiteiten [Be wise. Invest in grey. Election memorandum 2019 of the Flemish universities]. Brussel: Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad.Search in Google Scholar
VLOR (2017). Advies taalbeleid in het Vlaamse hoger onderwijs [Advice on language policy in Flemish higher education]. Brussel: Vlaamse Onderwijsraad.Search in Google Scholar
Wet (1963): Wet houdende taalregeling in het onderwijs. https://data-onderwijs.vlaanderen.be/edulex/document.aspx?docid=12391; last access on 7 May 2020.Search in Google Scholar
Witte, Els/Van Velthoven, Harry (1999): Language and politics. The Belgian case study in a historical perspective. Brussel: VUB Press.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston