Abstract
Personal names can be specified as male or female in almost all languages of the world. Languages differ, however, whether the sex of the referent is lexical knowledge or overtly coded in the form of the name. Symmetrical systems – with overt marking on both male and female names – can be distinguished from asymmetrical ones, of which one subtype, overt coding of female names, is by far the most frequent. In addition, the morpho-syntactic system of encoding the sex of the referent can be either limited to personal names or use morphological material also employed on other types of nominals. This paper investigates the morpho-syntactic means used for the classification of personal names in the languages of the world as well as the integration of personal names into classificatory systems used for common nouns, namely gender and classifiers.
Acknowledgment
This work was presented at the workshop “The Grammar of Names” at the annual meeting of the Societas Linguisticea Europaea in September 2017 in Zürich, Switzerland, from which the present volume has originated. I thank the organizers and participants of the workshop for their valuable feedback. The manuscript has greatly profited form the comments on earlier versions by Antje Dammel, Martin Haspelmath and two (somewhat) anonymous reviewers. Particular thanks are due to Anna Pamies, who has studied innumerable grammars on the search for information on names. Needless to say that all remaining errors in the paper are my own responsibility.
Abbreviations
- 1/2/3
1st/2nd/3rd person
- ♀
female (name)
- ♂
male (name)
- abl
ablative case
- acc
accusative case
- art
article
- clf
classifier
- dat
dative case
- decl
declarative clause
- dem
demonstrative
- dep
dependent (verb)
- f
feminine gender
- fin
final particle
- gen
genitive case
- hum
human
- inh.poss
inherent possession modifier
- ipfv
imperfective aspect
- m
masculine gender
- mid
middle voice
- n
neuter gender
- nc
noun class
- neg
negation
- nmlz
nominalizer
- nom
nominative case
- obj
object
- org.
originally
- part. tran.
partially transparent
- phon. patt.
phonological pattern
- pro
pronoun
- prs
present tense
- pst
past tense
- rel
relative clause
- sbj
subject
- seq
sequential
- sg
singular
- spcf
specificity
- ssbj
same subject
- SSN
sex-specific (form of) name
- voc
vocative case
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Appendix
Language | Source | Domain | Boundedness | Transparency | Symmetry |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abaza | Čirikba (2007) | onymic | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
Anywa | Reh (1996) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Arawak | De Goeje (1928) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Akan | Agyekum (2006) | onymic | phon. patt. | opaque | symmetric |
Azerbaijani | Garibova (2007) | compound | bound | transparent | symmetric |
Betta Kurumba | Coelho (2003) | onymic | bound | part. tran. | symmetric |
Chechen | Pleskalová (2007) | onymic | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
Chuvash | Johanson (2007) | onymic | bound | part. tran. | asymmetric |
Dakota | Riggs (1893) | compound | bound | transparent | asymmetric |
Dom | Tida (2006) | onymic | free | transparent | symmetric |
Domari | Matras (2012) | inflection | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Duna | San Roque (2008) | onymic | free | transparent | symmetric |
Garo | Hvenekilde et al. (2000) | onymic | phon. patt. | opaque | symmetric |
Greek (Modern) | Steffen (2007) | inflection | bound | opaque | symmetric |
German | Nübling and Dammel (2007) | onymic | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
Gumuz | Ahland (2012) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Hdi | Frajzyngier (2002) | onymic | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
Hidatsa | Matthews (1873) | compound | bound | transparent | asymmetric |
Iatmul | Jendraschek (2012) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Ibibio | Ekpo (1978) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Icelandic | Kvaran (2007) | onymic | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
Kalmyk | Schorkowitz (2007) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Kaqchikel | Garcia Matzar et al. (1993) | onymic | free | opaque | symmetric |
Kham | Watters (2004) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Kulina | Dienst (2014) | inflection | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
Lahu | Matisoff (1973) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Lango | Noonan (1992) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Latin | Roby (2010 [1862]) | inflection | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Luwo | Storch (2014) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Mamaindê | Eberhard (2009) | derivation | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
Manambu | Aikhenvald (2010) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Mangarayi | Merlan (1989) | inflection | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Mavea | Guérin (2011) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Mongsen Ao | Coupe (2007) | derivation | bound | part. tran. | symmetric |
Nahavaq | Dimock (2009) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Nandi | Creider and Creider (1989) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Neverver | Barbour (2012) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Nuaulu | Ellen (1983) | onymic | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
Sa’a | Ivens (1918) | onymic | free | transparent | symmetric |
Seneca | Chafe (2014) | onymic | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
Serbian | Loma (2007) | onymic | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
Sesotho | Mohome (1972) | onymic | bound | part. tran. | symmetric |
Sivisa Titan | Bowern (2011) | onymic | free | opaque | symmetric |
Slovene | Bergermayer (2007) | onymic | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
Telugu | Krishnamurti and Gwynn (1985) | derivation | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Toba Batak | Van der Tuuk (1971) | onymic | bound | part. tran. | asymmetric |
Toqabaqita | Lichtenberk (2008) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Tundra Nenets | Salminen (2007) | compound | bound | transparent | asymmetric |
Unami | Weslager (1971) | compound | bound | transparent | asymmetric |
Unua | Pearce (2015) | onymic | bound | opaque | symmetric |
Wiru | Strathern (1970) | onymic | bound | opaque | asymmetric |
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