Abstract
This study compares compositional processes involved in syntax on the one hand and word formation on the other hand within the Generative Lexicon framework. It first shows how semantic types incorporated in a structured lexical entry are acted on by different compositional mechanisms in predicates headed by verbs and in modification constructions, and then analyzes non-evaluative suffixation in Spanish in order to determine how the head suffix interacts with the meaning of the base word. It is concluded that different parts of the lexical entry of the selected component (syntactic argument or morphological base) can be accessed in both phrase construction and word formation, but the mechanisms underlying complex syntactic and morphological structures differ in significant ways.
Funding source: BBVA Foundation
Acknowledgments
The core ideas discussed in this paper were first presented at the Workshop “Morphology and Syntax”, held at Universitat de Girona in July 2017. I would like to thank Josefa Martín and the anonymous reviewers of this journal for their many insightful comments on an earlier version of this paper, which contributed to improve it significantly. I am also grateful to James Pustejovsky for useful remarks on the material presented here and related issues, and to Núria Bel and Marta Villegas for giving me access to the Spanish PAROLE-SIMPLE lexicon. Special thanks go to Isabel Pujol and Elisabeth Gibert for their continued support and their effort as editors. All remaining errors and inconsistencies are, of course, my own. This research was partially supported by a Leonardo fellowship (2019) from the BBVA Foundation.
Appendix: Analyzed derivatives
1. Noun derivatives
| Meaning of the suffix or suffix cluster | Suffixes | Words derived from dots | Words derived from artifactuals |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blow or other sudden action performed with N | -ada | Guantada, gorrada, campanada | |
| -(et)azo: | librazo (phys_obj), botellazo (container), ventanazo (phys_obj), portazo (phys_obj) | pincelazo, hachazo, llavazo, zapatazo, guantazo, cucharetazo, pistoletazo, bocinazo | |
| Unit of measurement or content of N | -ado/-ada | cestada (phys_obj) | nidada, cucharada, hornada, lanchada, esquifada, camionada |
| Quality, state or condition of N (+place of N or group of N in some cases), activity sector of N, doctrine of N | -ía | maestría, abogacía, carpintería, alcaldía | |
| -ería | hechicería (event•proposition) | albañilería | |
| -ato/-ado | alumnado, consulado, rabinato | ||
| -dura/-tura | colegiatura (organization•human group) | jefatura | |
| -ismo | colorismo (attribute) | motorismo, mosaicismo, abogadismo, rabinismo | |
| Sickness or addiction related to N | -ismo | cafeísmo (liquid) | |
| Place (of production, sale, consumption, containment, adjacency) of N, set of N, condition of N, service of N | -ería | librería (phys_obj•info), mensajería (phys_obj/ phys_obj•info), bolsería (container), cestería (container), cafetería (liquid), retratería (phys_obj•info), barrilería (container), coctelería (food), pulpería (food) | jabonería, papelería, zapatería, ropería, cervecería, silería, mueblería, litería, guantería, gorrería, joyería, armería, quesería, chocolatería, mantequería, vinería, vinatería, licorería, sidrería, whiskería |
| -ía | acería | ||
| -ero/-era | botellero (container), cartelera (phys_obj), fichero (phys_obj), copero (container), merendero (event), cancionero (info), pollero (animal), conejera (animal), atunara (animal•food) | jabonera, pincelero, hachero, llavero, papelera, zapatero, ropero, leñera, sillera, pantalonero, guantera, cucharero, pistolera, cochera, joyero, armero, panera, sopera, quesera, chocolatera, mantequera, tortero, licorera | |
| -ario | leccionario (info), sermonario (info) | campanario | |
| -ar | conejar (animal) | ||
| Occupation related to N (producer of N, seller of N), [regular] user of N, instrument related to N, place (of production, sale, containment) of N | -(ic/at/ad/ot)ero | hospitalero (organization•location), banquero (organization), iglesiero (location), librero (phys_obj•info), cartero (phys_obj), mensajero (phys_obj•info), bolsero (container), botillero (container•content), cafetera (liquid), tetera (liquid), pinero (product), ventanero (phys_obj•aperture/ phys_obj), cafetero (aggregate•liquid•plant), almuercero (food), escudero (phys_obj), cartelero (phys_obj), botero (container), cestero (container), saquero (container), barrilero (container), remolachero (producer• product), ajero (producer• product), cacaotero (aggregate•plant), portero (phys_obj•aperture), coctelera (food), consejero (event• proposition), coplero (sound•info•event), pollero (animal•food), conejero (animal), atunero (animal•food), atunera (animal) | jabonero, papelero/a, pincelero, llavero, zapatero, ropero, cervecero, acequiero, leñero, sillero, literero, cunera, faldera, pantalonero, guantero, gorrero, cucharero, pistolero, campanero, hornero, bocinero, barquero, lanchero, cochero, balsero, canoero, camionero, armero, panadero, chocolatero, mantequero, tortero, vinatero, licorero, sidrero |
| -dor/-dora | tuneladora | ||
| Occupation related to N (producer of N, seller of N), [regular] user of N, someone/something aimed at N, someone/something inclined to N, supporter of N, worker of N | -ista | colorista (attribute), leccionista (event•info), oficinista (organization), clubista (organization•human group), congresista (organization•human group), folletista (info), retratista (phys_obj•info), cartelista (info), diccionarista (info), ebanista (product), cancionista (sound•info•event), baladista (sound•info•event), sinfonista (sound•info•event) | pianista, cementista, papelista, acerista, mueblista, motorista, tanquista, canoísta, mosaicista, licorista |
| Set of N (+place of N in some cases) | -(at/ot/et)al/ar | platanar (producer), pinar (producer), pinatar (producer), cafetal (producer), maizal (producer), pepinar (producer), ajar (producer), hayal (producer), cacaotal (plant) | |
| -edo/-eda | pineda/o (producer), robleda/o (producer) | ||
| -ado/-ada | poblada (human_group), pollada (animal) | bancada | |
| -aje | ventanaje (phys_obj•aperture), corderaje (animal) | ropaje, mueblaje | |
| -amen | botamen (container) | papelamen | |
| -ería | saquería/o (container), barrilería (container) | sillería, licorería | |
| -dura | armadura, brochadura | ||
| -ero | medallero | ||
| Substance related to N | -ina | cafeína (aggregate•liquid•plant), teína (aggregate•liquid•plant), corderina (animal) | |
| -eno | cedreno (producer) | ||
| Entity containing N | -ado/-ada | mantecado, chocolatada | |
| Tax for using N | -azgo | pontazgo, portazgo | |
| -aje | acequiaje, barcaje, lanchaje | ||
| Time period related to N | -dad | hospitalidad (location) | |
| Action related to production, use or consumption of N | -eo | cerveceo | |
| -ción/-zón | pollazón (animal) | nidación | |
| -aje | barcaje, lanchaje, canotaje | ||
| Action typical of an N | -ada | payasada, alcaldada |
2. Adjectival derivatives
| Qualifying (Q) or relational (R) | Meaning of the suffix or suffix cluster | Suffixes | Words derived from dots | Words derived from artifactuals |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q | Having (a lot of) N | -oso | pinoso (producer), populoso (human_group), sentencioso (proposition) | jabonoso, mantecoso, zumoso |
| -ado | ajado (product) | acerado, chocolateado | ||
| -udo | zapatudo, faldudo | |||
| Q | Having the characteristics of N | -oso | cementoso, felposo, panoso, mantecoso, vinoso, licoroso | |
| -izo | roblizo (producer•product) | |||
| -ado, -udo | acerado, felpudo, campanudo | |||
| Q | Fond of N | -ero | panero, sopero, quesero, chocolatero | |
| -(l)ento/-(l)iento | vinolento | |||
| R | Relating to (production, sale, consumption, constitution, etc.) of N | -ístico | pianístico, | |
| -ico | sinfónico (sound•info•event), rítmico (attribute or value), dramático (event•info) | asfáltico, vínico, rabínico | ||
| -ario | hospitalario (organization•location), bancario (organization), sermonario (event•info) | portuario, vinario | ||
| -ero | cafetero (aggregate•liquid•plant), platanero (producer•product), cartelero (phys_obj •info), maicero (producer•product), remolachero (producer•product), hechicero (event•proposition), atunero (animal•food), pulpero (animal•food), | jabonero, cementero, papelero, zapatero, cervecero, camisero, faldero, campanero, sopero, quesero, mantequero, tortero, vinatero, licorero, sidrero | ||
| -eo, -áceo | platáneo (producer), platanáceo (producer), pináceo (producer), ebenáceo (producer), teáceo (plant) | |||
| -al | municipal (location•organizaton•human_group), senatorial (location•organizaton•human_group), colegial (location•organizaton•human_group), teatral (location•organizaton•human_group), congresual (location•organizaton•human_group), colonial (location• human_group), documental (phys_obj•info), dimensional (attribute), posicional (attribute), formal (attribute) | magistral, maestral | ||
| -ar | escolar (location•organizaton•human_group), popular (human_group) | consular | ||
| -ano/ -eno/-ino/ -eño | ciudadano (location•human_group), aldeano (location•human_group), paisano (location•human_group), hayeno (producer•product), cedrino (producer•product), corderino (animal) | porteño, huertano | ||
| -ense | circense (location•organizaton•human_group) | hortense | ||
| Q/R | Relating to N, having properties of N, being similar to N | -esco | libresco (info), oficinesco (organizaton) | abogadesco |
| -uno | ajuno (product), conejuno (animal) | |||
| -il | corderil (animal) | abogadil, carpinteril |
3. Verbal derivatives
| Meaning of the suffix or suffix cluster | Suffixes | Words derived from dots | Words derived from artifactals |
|---|---|---|---|
| Act using N (usually as an instrumental) | -ar | escudar (phys_obj) | pincelar, bocinar |
| -ear | cacear (container) | llavear, zapatear, hachear, guantear, cucharear, campanear, hornear, barquear, cochear, balsear | |
| Consume N regularly or heavily | -ear | cafetear (liquid), copear (content) | cervecear |
| Put N onto something (locatum) | -ear | colorear (attribute/ value), cartelear (phys_obj) | puentear |
| -ar | poblar (human group), documentar (info), ritmar (value), dimensionar (value), posicionar (value), formar (value) | jabonar, cementar, techar, acerar, felpar, barnizar, asfaltar, mitrar, armar | |
| -izar | colonizar (human group) | motorizar, caramelizar | |
| Put something into N (location) | -izar | hospitalizar (organization•location) | |
| -ar | colegiar (organization•human group), retratar (phys_obj•info), agendar (phys_obj•info), catalogar (info), fichar (phys_obj•info), | esquifar | |
| -ear | mapear (info) | ||
| Subject someone to N, bring about N | -ar | examinar (event), merendar (event•food), ordenar (event•proposition), sentenciar (event•proposition), hechizar (event•proposition) | |
| -ear | sermonear (event•proposition) | ||
| Create N, turn into N | -ar | acequiar, sopar, merengar | |
| -ear | coplear (sound•event•info) | quesear | |
| -izar | caramelizar | ||
| -ificar | nidificar, panificar | ||
| Act as N | -ear | maestrear, payasear, albañilear, carpinterear |
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