Abstract
This paper studies the transformative character of tourism and travel for a small, but multi-facetted example: Kosovo is a post-socialist transformation society and a post-war country in the process of nation building, a developing country within Europe and a transnational migration society. With quantitative data being unreliable in such contexts, an exemplary, biographical study allows an analysis of cross-system transformations and continuities. Based on narrative interviews, the paper studies travel patterns and narratives of an Albanian woman (anonymized here as Zana Bajrami) from socialist rural Yugoslavia in the 1970s to migratory Europe in the 2000s. After a general introduction, the paper considers public and private tourism in Yugoslavia first, before focusing on the impact of migration on tourist behavior. In trying to contextualize an individual example, it also explores the potential of a biographical approach in tourism research.
About the author
Cord Pagenstecher
Dr. Cord Pagenstecher is historian at the Center for Digital Systems of Freie Universität Berlin. Focusing on oral historiy and digital humanities, he conceptualizes and curates interview archives and educational applications. Before he has worked with Berlin History Workshop and Ravensbrück Memorial Museum. Apart from his PhD thesis on the Visual History of German post-war tourism (2003), he has published on Nazi forced labor, migration, education and remembrance, visual history, and tourism research (see publication list at www.cordpagenstecher.de).
Bibliography
Allcock, J. (1986). Yugoslavia’s tourist trade. Pot of gold or pig in a poke? Annals of Tourism Research, 13, 565–588.10.1016/0160-7383(86)90003-4Search in Google Scholar
Asetet (2015). Asetet kosovare në Mal të Zi në gjendje të mjerueshme. Arbresh.Info. Retrieved from http://www.arbresh.info/lajmet/asetet-kosovare-ne-mal-te-zi-ne-gjendje-te-mjerueshme-foto (accessed 2015/07/18).Search in Google Scholar
Bajramaj, F. (2009). Mein Tor ins Leben. Vom Flüchtling zur Weltmeisterin. München: Südwest Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
BaMF (2015). Entscheiderbrief 6/2015 des Bundesamts für Migration und Flüchtlinge Nürnberg. Retrieved from https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Publikationen/Entscheiderbrief/2015/entscheiderbrief-06-2015.pdf (accessed 2016/05/08).Search in Google Scholar
Becker, C. (1998). Reisebiographien und ihre unendlichen Auswertungsmöglichkeiten. In R. Bachleitner et al. (Eds.), Der durchschaute Tourist. Arbeiten zur Tourismusforschung (pp. 128–137). München: Wien.Search in Google Scholar
Causevic, S., & Lynch, P. (2011). Phoenix tourism. Post-conflict tourism role. Annals of Tourism Research, 38, 780–80010.1016/j.annals.2010.12.004Search in Google Scholar
Desforges, L. (2000). Traveling the world. Identity and travel biography. Annals of Tourism Research, 27, 926–945.10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00125-5Search in Google Scholar
Di Lellio, A., & Schwandner-Sievers, S. (2006). Sacred journey to a Nation. The construction of a shrine in postwar Kosovo. Journeys. The International Journal of Travel and Travel Writing, 7(1), 27–49.10.3167/146526006780457315Search in Google Scholar
Dröge, M. (2011). Einleitung: Die biographische Methode in der Regionalgeschichte. In M. Dröge (Ed.), Die biografische Methode in der Regionalgeschichte (pp. 1–13). Münster: Ardey.Search in Google Scholar
Duda, I. (2010). Workers into Tourists: Entitlements, Desires, and the Realities of Social Tourism under Yugoslav Socialism. In K. Taylor & H. Grandits (Eds.), Yugoslavia’s Sunny Side: A History of Tourism in Socialism (1950s–1980s) (pp. 33–67). Budapest: Central European University Press.10.1515/9786155211874-004Search in Google Scholar
Etzo, I., Massidda, C., & Piras, R. (2014). Migration and outbound tourism: Evidence from Italy. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 235–249.10.1016/j.annals.2014.07.002Search in Google Scholar
Göttsch, S. (2002). „Sommerfrische“. Zur Etablierung einer Gegenwelt am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts. Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde, 98(1), 9–15. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-118115 (accessed 2017/04/03).Search in Google Scholar
Hall, D. (1990). Stalinism and tourism. A Study of Albania and North Korea. Annals of Tourism Research, 17, 36–54.10.1016/0160-7383(90)90113-6Search in Google Scholar
Holert, T., & Terkessidis, M. (2006). Fliehkraft. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.Search in Google Scholar
Koenker, D., & Gorsuch, A. E. (2006). Turizm: Leisure, Travel and Nation Building in Russia, Eastern Europe, and the USSR. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.10.7591/9781501727238Search in Google Scholar
Kosovo in 8 Days (2011). Documentary by Mervete Bobaj, Boris Friele et al. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Tae1eiYcFU (accessed 2015/07/18).Search in Google Scholar
Lajović, V. (2014a). Vlasnici zemljišta u Kamenovu: Pljačkate još jednu generaciju. Vijesti online, 20 Feb. 2014. Retrieved from http://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/vlasnici-zemljista-u-kamenovu-pljackate-jos-jednu-generaciju-180390 (accessed 2015/07/18).Search in Google Scholar
Lajović, V. (2014b). Kamenovo – vruć krompir za Duška Kneževića. Vijesti online, 29 Oct. 2014. Retrieved from http://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/kamenovo-vruc-krompir-za-duska-knezevica-802658 (accessed 2015/07/18).Search in Google Scholar
Lenz, R. (2010). Mobilitäten in Europa. Migration und Tourismus auf Kreta und Zypern im Kontext des europäischen Grenzregimes. Wiesbaden: VS.10.1007/978-3-531-92287-4Search in Google Scholar
Mai, A. (2014). Touristische Räume im 19. Jahrhundert. Zur Entstehung und Ausbreitung von Sommerfrischen. WerkstattGeschichte, 36, 7–23.Search in Google Scholar
Mikola, M. (2010). Highways of Desire: Cross-Border Shopping in Former Yugoslavia, 1960s– 1980s. In K. Taylor & H. Grandits (Eds.), Yugoslavia’s Sunny Side: A History of Tourism in Socialism (1950s–1980s) (pp. 211–238). Budapest: Central European University Press.10.1515/9786155211874-009Search in Google Scholar
Möhring, M. (2014). Tourism and migration: Interrelated forms of mobility. Comparativ, 24(2), 116–122.Search in Google Scholar
Paca, D. (2015). “Schatzi”: Making meaning of Diaspora. JOMEC Journal, 7(June 2015).Retrieved from http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/jomecjournal/7-june2015/ Paca_Schatzi.pdf (accessed 2016/01/16).10.18573/j.2015.10005Search in Google Scholar
Pagenstecher, C. (2012). Der bundesdeutsche Tourismus. Ansätze zu einer Visual History: Urlaubsprospekte, Reiseführer, Fotoalben, 1950–1990, 2nd ed. Hamburg: Kovacs.Search in Google Scholar
Papadogiannis, N. (2014). Travel and the Greek migrant youth residing in West Germany in the 1960s–1970s. Comparativ, 24(2), 67–87.Search in Google Scholar
Peaks (2015). The “Peaks of the Balkans” Trail Trans-border Hiking through Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro. Retrieved from http://www.peaksofthebalkans.com (accessed 2015/12/21).Search in Google Scholar
Pedrotty, K. M. (2010). Yugoslav Unity and Olympic Ideology at the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympic Games. In K. Taylor & H. Grandits (Eds.), Yugoslavia’s Sunny Side: A History of Tourism in Socialism (1950s–1980s) (pp. 335–363). Budapest: Central European University Press.10.1515/9786155211874-013Search in Google Scholar
Perabo, T., & Neziraj, J. (2013). Sehnsucht im Koffer – Geschichten der Migration zwischen Kosovo und Deutschland. Berlin: bebra.Search in Google Scholar
Petritsch, W., Pichler, R., & Procházka, M. (2005). Kosovo-Kosova. Der Lange Weg zum Frieden, 2nd ed. Klagenfurt et al.: Wieser.Search in Google Scholar
Popovič, D. (2010). Youth Labor Action (Omladinska radna akcija, ORA) as Ideological Holiday-Making. In K. Taylor & H. Grandits (Eds.), Yugoslavia’s Sunny Side: A History of Tourism in Socialism (1950s–1980s) (pp. 279–301). Budapest: Central European University Press.10.1515/9786155211874-011Search in Google Scholar
Qendra Multimedia (2009). The History of Kosovo of the 1960s and 1970s Told by Contemporary Witnesses. Retrieved from http://www.kosovarhistory.org/en/temat.html (accessed 2015/09/10).Search in Google Scholar
Rolandi, F. (2014). “Trieste Is Ours”: When the Yugoslavs Were Going Shopping in Italy. In V. Pavlovic (Ed.), Italy’s Balkan Strategies (19th–20th Century) (pp. 293–308). Belgrade: Institute for Balkan Studies.Search in Google Scholar
Schiffauer, W. (1991). Die Migranten aus Subay. Türken in Deutschland: Eine Ethnographie. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.Search in Google Scholar
Schmitt, O. J. (2008). Kosovo. Kurze Geschichte einer zentralbalkanischen Landschaft. Köln & Wien: Böhlau.Search in Google Scholar
Schmitt, O. J. (2015). Historiography in Post-Independence Kosovo. In S. Ramet, A. Simkus & O. Listhaug (Eds.), Civic and Uncivic Values in Kosovo. History, Politics, and Value Transformation (pp. 53–74). Budapest/New York: Central European University Press.10.1515/9789633860748-006Search in Google Scholar
Schwandner-Sievers, S. (2017/in press). Beyond the Family? Making Modernity and New Social Capital in Yugoslav Socialist Kosovo. In K. Clewing & V. Džihic (Eds.), Das neue Kosovo. Eigenstaatlichkeit, Demokratie und „Europa“ im jüngsten Staat des Kontinents (pp. ). Berlin: DeGruyter.Search in Google Scholar
Sterkl, M. (2015). Urlaub bei Flüchtlingen. Zeit Online, 12 Aug. 2015. Retrieved from http://www.zeit.de/2015/33/urlauber-fluechtlinge-zusammentreffen-kos-griechenland (accessed 2015/09/10).Search in Google Scholar
Taylor, K. (2010). My Own Vikendica: Holiday Cottages as Idyll and Investment. In K. Taylor & H. Grandits (Eds.), Yugoslavia’s Sunny Side: A History of Tourism in Socialism (1950s–1980s) (pp. 171–209). Budapest: Central European University Press.10.1515/9786155211874-008Search in Google Scholar
Taylor, K., & Grandits, H. (2010). Tourism and the Making of Socialist Yugoslavia: An Introduction. In K. Taylor & H. Grandits (Eds.), Yugoslavia’s Sunny Side: A History of Tourism in Socialism (1950s–1980s) (pp. 1–30). Budapest: Central European University Press.10.1515/9786155211874Search in Google Scholar
Victor, A. (2014). No Room to Swing a Sunlounger! Daily Mail Online, 7 Sep. 2014. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-2743624/No-room-swing-sunlounger-With-3-5m-summer-visitors-Britain-s-Bournemouth-busiest-beach-IN-THE-WORLD.html (accessed 2015/09/05).Search in Google Scholar
Xharra, B., & Waehlisch, M. (2012). Beyond Remittances: Public Diplomacy and Kosovo’s Diaspora. Pristina: Foreign Policy Club. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2108317 (accessed 2015/07/21).Search in Google Scholar
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston