Abstract
This paper addresses the influence of organized crime on the performance of democracy in the Czech Republic and seeks to determine which dimensions of its political system (if any) are most endangered. We construe organized crime in terms of corruption networks, questioning in effect the predominant understanding of these two concepts as distinct or even exclusive phenomena. The paper thus construes corruption and organized crime as concepts referring to transgressive acts (i.e., behavior that involves a violation of moral or social boundaries that need not be legally codified), rather than in terms of legal norms. The influence of corruption networks is demonstrated using the “Nagygate” affair, which is analyzed using Maltz’s framework of potential harm. We argue that the debate on organized crime in the Czech Republic is, in fact, inherently tied to the study of corruption, since corruption constitutes an integral part of organized crime activity. Our findings are that transgressive behavior has a mostly negative impact, including loss of trust, the widespread belief that injustice goes unpunished, a weakening of the political system, and degeneration of the democratic regime. Moreover, the Nagygate scandal provides evidence that democratic institutions are not solely victims of organized crime but also a potential source of transgressive acts.
Original reference
Kupka, Petr a Michal Mocht’ak (2014). “Aféra Nagygate mezi korupcí a organizovaným zločinem: Korupční sítě a jejich možný vliv na kvalitu demokracie v České republice”, Středoevropské politické studie 16:4, 237–263.
Acknowledgments
This text was prepared as part of the “Contemporary Challenges to Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe” project, sponsored by the Czech Science Foundation (code GAP408/11/0709).
Funding: This paper was supported by the Czech Science Foundation as a part of the project “Contemporary Challenges to Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe” (code GAP408/11/0709).
References
Aktualne.cz (2013) Razie na mocné 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.aktualne.cz/wiki/domaci/razie-na-mocne-2013/r~i:wiki:3806/.Search in Google Scholar
Aktualne.cz (2014) Katarský princ do Česka nepřiletěl, soud nemohl začít. Retrieved from: http://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/katarsky-princ-do-ceska-nepriletel-soud-nemohl-zacit/r~e217d58cecb811e3a7ff0025900fea04/.Search in Google Scholar
Allum, Felia and Renate Siebert, eds. (2003) Organized Crime and the Challenge to Democracy. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203426418Search in Google Scholar
Anechiarico, Frank and James B. Jacobs (1996) The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity: How Corruption Control Makes Government Ineffective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar
Bataille, Georges (2001 [1957]) Erotismus. Prague: Hermann & synové.Search in Google Scholar
Bek, Lukáš (2010) Kauza Drobil: Přehlídka starých známých praktik, novinky.cz. Retrieved from: http://www.novinky.cz/domaci/220120-kauza-drobil-prehlidka-starych-znamych-praktik.html.Search in Google Scholar
BIS (2011) Výroční Zpráva 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.bis.cz/n/2011-09-07-vyrocni-zprava-2010.html.Search in Google Scholar
Blažek, Pavel (2009) Krach: Temné pozadí Kubiceho zprávy. Brno: Jota.Search in Google Scholar
Blažek, Vojtěch (2014) ProMoPro u soudu. Jedním z klíčových svědků je šedesátiletý rolník z Karibiku. Retrieved from: http://archiv.ihned.cz/c1-63047480-promopro-u-soudu-jednim-z-klicovych-svedku-je-sedesatilety-rolnik-z-karibiku.Search in Google Scholar
Blažek, Vojtěch (2015) Rath chce rozbít soud a začít nový proces. Rozsudek by se oddálil o několik let. Retrieved from: http://archiv.ihned.cz/c1-63406970-rath-chce-rozbit-soud-a-zacit-novy-proces-rozsudek-by-se-oddalil-o-nekolik-let.Search in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre and Loic Wacquant (1992) An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.Search in Google Scholar
Briquett, Jean-Louis and Gilles Favarel-Garrigues, eds. (2010) Organized Crime and States: The Hidden Face of Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230110038Search in Google Scholar
Ceskatelevize.cz (2013a) Nagyovou odhalili při prověřování Grygárka a Janouška. Retrieved from: http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/domaci/231328-nagyovou-odhalili-pri-proverovani-grygarka-a-janouska/.Search in Google Scholar
Ceskatelevize.cz (2013b) Opozice chce předčasné volby, koalice jednání o nástupci Nečase. Retrieved from: http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/jana-nagyova/231525-opozice-chce-predcasne-volby-koalice-jednani-o-nastupci-necase/.Search in Google Scholar
Chambliss, William (1988) On the Take: From Petty Crooks to Presidents. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Chuang, Janie, A. (2006) “The United States as Global Sheriff: Using Unilateral Sanctions to Combat Human Trafficking,” Michigan Journal of International Law, 27(2):437–494.Search in Google Scholar
Clawson, Rosalee A. and Zoe M. Oxley (2012) Public Opinion: Democratic Ideals, Democratic Practice. London: Sage.Search in Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. (1989) Democracy and its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. (2003): Polyarchal Democracy. In: (A. Robert, Ian Shapiro and Jose Antonio Cheibub, eds.) The Democracy Source Book. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Search in Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. (2006) Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, James H. and John A. Ruhe (2003) “Perceptions of Country Corruption: Antecedents and Outcomes,” Journal of Business Ethics, 43(4):275–288.10.1023/A:1023038901080Search in Google Scholar
de Leon, Peter (1993) Thinking About Political Corruption. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.Search in Google Scholar
della Porta, Donatella and Alberto Vannucci (1999) Corrupt Exchanges: Actors, Resources, and Mechanisms of Political Corruption. New York: Walter de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar
Dvořáková, Vladimíra (2012) Rozkládání (rozkrádání) státu. Praha: Universum.Search in Google Scholar
Edwards, Adam and Peter Gill (2003) “After Transnational Organised Crime: the Politics of Public Safety.” In: (Edwards, Adamm and Peter Gill, eds.) Transnational Organised Crime: Perspectives on Global Security. London: Routledge, pp. 264–81.Search in Google Scholar
Ehrenfeld, Rachel (1990) Narcoterrorism. New York: Basic Books.Search in Google Scholar
Ekologický Právní Servis (2011) Potřebují státní a obecní firmy přísnější pravidla? Informační podklad ke konferenci. Retrieved from: http://www.statnifirmy.cz/sites/default/files/soe_konference_informacni_podklad.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Elster, Jon (1989) The Cement of Society: A Study of Social Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Eurobarometer (2014) Standard Eurobarometer. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb_arch_en.htm.Search in Google Scholar
Hagan, John (2010) Who Are the Criminals?: The Politics of Crime Policy from the Age of Roosevelt to the Age of Reagan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.2307/j.ctt7ssh9Search in Google Scholar
Hayward, Keith and Jock Young (2004) “Cultural Criminology: Some Notes on the Script,” Theoretical Criminology, 8(3):259–274.10.1177/1362480604044608Search in Google Scholar
Hobbs, Dick (1998) “Going Down the Glocal: the Local Context of Organized Crime,” Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(4):407–422.10.1111/1468-2311.00109Search in Google Scholar
Hobbs, Dick (2013) Lush Life: Constructing Organized Crime in UK. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199668281.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Hobbs, Dick and Georgis Antonopoulos (2014) “How to Research Organized Crime.” In: (Paoli, Letizia, ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199730445.013.010Search in Google Scholar
Hrad.cz (2013) Amnestie a milosti. Retrieved from: https://www.hrad.cz/cs/prezident-cr/prezidenti-v-minulosti/vaclav-klaus/rozhodnuti-prezidenta/amnestie-a-milosti/index.shtml.Search in Google Scholar
Hubbard, William H. J. (2013) “Another Look at the Eurobarometer Surveys,” Common Market Law Review, 50(1/2):187–206.10.54648/COLA2013043Search in Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel (1968) Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Hyman, Herbert (1959) Political Socialization. New York: Free Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kmenta, Jaroslav (2008) Kmotr Mrázek II: Krakatice. Praha: Nakladatelství JKM.Search in Google Scholar
Kmenta, Jaroslav (2011) Superguru Bárta: Všehoschopní. Praha: Nakladatelství Jaroslav Kmenta.Search in Google Scholar
Kříž, Zdeněk (2001) Armáda v demokracii. Civilní řízení a demokratická kontrola armády. Brno: Vojenská akademie v Brně.Search in Google Scholar
Kubiceho Zpráva (2006) Retrieved from: http://zpravakubice.sweb.cz/http://zpravakubice.sweb.cz/.Search in Google Scholar
Kupka, Petr (2013) “Tenkrát na západě, dnes na východě: Kapitoly z dějin politiky boje proti organizovanému zločinu.” In: (Lupták, Lubomír et al., ed.) Neoliberalismus a marginalita: Studie z českého reálkapitalismu. Brno: Doplněk, pp. 61–84.Search in Google Scholar
Kupka, Petr (2014) Perspektivy výzkumu organizovaného zločinu: “organizovaný zločin” jako relevantní mocenský aktér. In Demokracie jako hodnota a problém II. Liberec: Technická univerzita v Liberci, pp. 181–88.Search in Google Scholar
Kutek, Lukáš (2009) Kongres ODS: Jasná vize, nebo válka s kmotry? Retrieved from: http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/domaci/73115-kongres-ods-jasna-vize-nebo-valka-s-kmotry/.Search in Google Scholar
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf (2008) “The Methodology of the Corruption Perceptions Index 2008,” Transparency International. Retrieved from: www.icgg.org/downloads/Methodology_2008.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Langr, Ivan (2014) “Systémová korupce jako empirický výzkum: případ města Liberec,” Středoevropské politické studie, 16(1):1–28.10.5817/CEPSR.2014.1.1Search in Google Scholar
Leys, Colin (1965) “What is the Problem about Corruption?,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 3(2):215–230.10.1017/S0022278X00023636Search in Google Scholar
Lianos, Michalis and Mary Douglas (2000) “Dangerization and the End of Deviance: the Institutional Environment,” British Journal of Criminology, 40:261–78.10.1093/bjc/40.2.261Search in Google Scholar
Lidovky.cz (2013) V jejich kancelářích a domech zasahuje policie. Kmotři relaxují v Chorvatsku. Retrieved from: http://www.lidovky.cz/v-jejich-kancelarich-a-domech-zasahuje-policie-kmotri-relaxuji-v-chorvatsku-1bb-/zpravy-domov.aspx?c=A130613_143635_ln_domov_khu.Search in Google Scholar
Lidovky.cz (2014a) Documents in the Nagyová case: Když rozvědka slouží milence premiéra, je to protiprávní. Retrieved from: http://www.lidovky.cz/nagyova-vyuzivala-rozvedku-jako-soukromou-firmu-rika-soud-p4u-/zpravy-domov.aspx?c=A140926_195724_ln_domov_sk.Search in Google Scholar
Lidovky.cz (2014b) Novým šéfem vojenského zpravodajství bude Jan Beroun, shodla se vláda. Retrieved from: http://www.lidovky.cz/novym-sefem-vojenskeho-zpravodajstvi-bude-jan-beroun-shodla-se-vlada-122-/zpravy-domov.aspx?c=A141020_175433_ln_domov_hm.Search in Google Scholar
Lidovky.cz (2014c) Otázky a odpovědi: komu Nejvyšší soud pomohl a komu ne. Retrieved from: http://www.lidovky.cz/otazky-a-odpovedi-komu-nejvyssi-soud-pomohl-a-komu-ne-pdj-/zpravy-domov.aspx?c=A130716_215721_ln_domov_mpr.Search in Google Scholar
Longo, Francesca (2010) “Discoursing Organized Crime: Towards a Two-Level Analysis.” In: (Felia Allum, Francesca Longo, Daniela Irrera and Panos Kostakos, eds.) Defining and Defying Organized Crime: Discourse, Perceptions and Reality. Oxon: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Maltz, Michael (1990) Measuring the Effectiveness of Organized Crime Control Efforts. Chicago: University of Illinois, Office of International Criminal Justice.Search in Google Scholar
Maňák, Vratislav (2013) Půl roku od výbuchu Nagygate. Případ se rozvolnil, obžaloby nezazněly. Retrieved from: http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/domaci/254276-pul-roku-od-vybuchu-nagygate-pripad-se-rozvolnil-obzaloby-nezaznely/http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/domaci/254276-pul-roku-od-vybuchu-nagygate-pripad-se-rozvolnil-obzaloby-nezaznely/.Search in Google Scholar
Marchal, Roland (2011) “Somali Piracy: The Local Contexts of an International Obsession.” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, 2(1):31–50.10.1353/hum.2011.0004Search in Google Scholar
Merton, Robert (2000 [1938]) Studie ze sociologické teorie. Praha: SLON.Search in Google Scholar
Ministerstvo vnitra ČR (2005) Lidé mají pocit, že korupční klima posiluje. Korupční klima, komentář. Retrieved from: www.mvcr.cz/soubor/sem6-pdf.aspx.Search in Google Scholar
Nejvyšší soud (2013a) Rozhodnutí NS 3 Tcu 77/2013. Retrieved from: http://www.nsoud.cz/Judikatura/judikatura_ns.nsf/WebSearch/0CFA7542A3467D18C1257BB10033E2FE?openDocument&Highlight=0,imunita.Search in Google Scholar
Nejvyšší soud (2013b) Rozhodnutí NS 3 Tcu 76/2013. Retrieved from: http://www.nsoud.cz/Judikatura/judikatura_ns.nsf/WebSearch/E05696D3BE4C86A2C1257BB000505BFF?openDocument&Highlight=0http://www.nsoud.cz/Judikatura/judikatura_ns.nsf/WebSearch/E05696D3BE4C86A2C1257BB000505BFF?openDocument&Highlight=0.Search in Google Scholar
Nissen, Sylke (2014) “The Eurobarometer and the Process of European Integration. Methodological Foundations and Weaknesses of the Largest European Survey,” Quality & Quantity, 48(2):713–727.10.1007/s11135-012-9797-xSearch in Google Scholar
Novinky.cz (2005) SPECIáL: Úplatkářská aféra Kořistka. Retrieved from: http://www.novinky.cz/specialy/42195-special-uplatkarska-afera-koristka.html.Search in Google Scholar
Novinky.cz (2013) Ústavní právník: Propuštění exposlanců ODS je absurdní interpretace ústavy. Retrieved from: http://www.novinky.cz/domaci/307960-ustavni-pravnik-propusteni-exposlancu-ods-je-absurdni-interpretace-ustavy.html.Search in Google Scholar
Nožina, Miroslav (2003) Mezinárodní organizovaný zločin v České republice. Praha: Themis.Search in Google Scholar
OECD (2004) Measures for Promoting Integrity and Preventing Corruption: How to Assess? GOV/PGC(2004)24. Retrieved from: www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/47/34406951.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
OECD (2010) Corporate Governance: Accountability and Transparency – A Guide for State Ownership. Retrieved from: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/accountability-and-transparency-a-guide-for-state-ownership_9789264056640-en.Search in Google Scholar
Parlamentnilisty.cz (2013a) Lednová amnestie prezidenta Klause se týkala 111 263 osob. Retrieved from: http://www.parlamentnilisty.cz/arena/monitor/Lednova-amnestie-prezidenta-Klause-se-tykala-111-263-osob-298326.Search in Google Scholar
Parlamentnilisty.cz (2013b) Pád vlády ve čtyřech dnech. Co se povedlo Janě Nagyové. Retrieved from: http://www.parlamentnilisty.cz/arena/monitor/Pad-vlady-ve-ctyrech-dnech-Co-se-povedlo-Jane-Nagyove-275886.Search in Google Scholar
Parlamentnilisty.cz (2014) Komentátor se zlobí: Nevládnou nám zvolení zástupci, ale policajti. Retrieved from: http://www.parlamentnilisty.cz/arena/monitor/Komentator-se-zlobi-Nevladnou-nam-zvoleni-zastupci-ale-policajti-305670.Search in Google Scholar
Pashev, Konstantin (2008) “Cross-Border VAT Fraud in an Enlarged Europe.” In: (van Duyne, Peterus, Harvey, Jackie, Maljevic, Almir, von Lampe, Klaus, and Scheinost, Miroslav, eds.) European Crime Markets at Cross-roads. Extended and Extending Criminal Europe. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.Search in Google Scholar
Pouliot, Vincent (2013) “Methodology: Putting Practice Theory Into Practice.” In: (Adler-Nissen, Rebecca, ed.) Bourdieu in International Relations: Rethinking Key Concepts in IR. Oxon: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Rohwer, Anja (2009) “Measuring Corruption: A Comparison Between the Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index and the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators.” CESifo DICE Report 3/2009. Retrieved from: ideas.repec.org/a/ces/ifodic/v7y2009i3p42-52.html.Search in Google Scholar
Rose-Ackerman, Susan (1999) Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139175098Search in Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni, ed. (1984) Social Science Concepts: A Systematic Analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Search in Google Scholar
Schedler, Andreas (1999) “Conceptualizing Accountability.” In: (Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds.) The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 13–28.10.1515/9781685854133-003Search in Google Scholar
Schloenhardt, Andreas (1999) “Organized Crime and the Business of Migrant Trafficking. An Economic Analysis,” Crime, Law & Social Change, 32(3):203–233.10.1023/A:1008340427104Search in Google Scholar
Schmitter, Philippe C. and Terry Lynn Karl (1991) “What Democracy Is… and Is Not,” Journal of Democracy, 2(3):75–88.10.1353/jod.1991.0033Search in Google Scholar
Šmíd, Tomáš and Petr Kupka (2011) Český organizovaný zločin. Od vyděračů ke korupčním sítím. Brno: Muni Press.Search in Google Scholar
Snyder, Richard and Angelica Duran-Martinez (2009) “Does Illegality Breed Violence? Drug Trafficking and State-Sponsored Protection Rackets,” Crime, Law and Social Change, 52(3):253–273.10.1007/s10611-009-9195-zSearch in Google Scholar
Spurný, Jaroslav (2014) Proč byl Martin Barták osvobozen? Respekt.ihned.cz. Retrieved from: http://respekt.ihned.cz/c1-62181770-proc-byl-martin-bartak-osvobozen.Search in Google Scholar
Sung, Hung-en (2004) “State Failure, Economic Failure, and Predatory Organized Crime; A Comparative Analysis,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41(2):111–129.10.1177/0022427803257253Search in Google Scholar
Svěrkák, Antonín (1997) Democratic Control of Armed Forces and the Share of the Civilians in the Management of the Department of Defence, including their Preparation for the Exercising of their Functions in Stabilised Democratic States in Europe (Germany, UK, Norway, Austria) and in the Czech Republic. Final Report. Retrieved from: www.nato.int/acad/fellow/95-97/sverak.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan W. (2012) The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139176040Search in Google Scholar
Syrovátka, Tomáš (2009) Politici a lobbisté ČEZ se „náhodně“ sešli na dovolené, zpravy.idnes.cz. Retrieved from: http://zpravy.idnes.cz/politici-a-lobbiste-cez-se-nahodne-sesli-na-dovolene-fhr-/domaci.aspx?c=A090727_230056_domaci_anv.Search in Google Scholar
Thompson, Dennis F. (1995) Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption. Washington: The Brookings Institution.Search in Google Scholar
Thompson, Theresa and Anwar Shah (2005) “Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index: Whose Perceptions Are They Anyway?” World Bank. Discussion Draft. Retrieved from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBIGOVANTCOR/Resources/TransparencyInternationalCorruptionIndex.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles (1985) War Making and State Making as Organized Crime. In: (Evans, Peter, ed.) Bringing the State Back. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 169–187.10.1017/CBO9780511628283.008Search in Google Scholar
Transparency International (2014a) Corruption Perceptions Index. Retrieved from: http://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview.Search in Google Scholar
Transparency International (2014b) Czech Republic. Corruption Measurement Tools. Retrieved from: http://www.transparency.org/country#CZE_DataResearch.Search in Google Scholar
Transparency International (2014c) Czech Republic. Public Opinion. Retrieved from: http://www.transparency.org/country#CZE_PublicOpinion.Search in Google Scholar
Transparency International (2014d) Czech Republic. Global Corruption Barometer. Retrieved http://www.transparency.org/gcb2013/country/?country=czech_republic.Search in Google Scholar
Týden.cz (2013) Rittig i Janoušek “vyhlížejí” předvolání od policie, ta zve Tomana. Retrieved from: http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/domaci/krimi/rittig-i-janousek-vyhlizeji-predvolani-od-policie-ta-zve-tomana_274268.html?showTab=diskutovane#.VEPYHhbmsjo.Search in Google Scholar
von Lampe, Klaus von (2008) “Organized Crime in Europe: Conceptions and Realities,” Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 2(1):7–17.10.1093/police/pan015Search in Google Scholar
von Lampe, Klaus von (2014) “Definitions of Organized Crime.” Retrieved from: www.organized-crime.de/organizedcrimedefinitions.htm.Search in Google Scholar
Walach, Václav (2014) “Bezpečnost jako konec demokracie? Ke kritice rovnováhy svobody a bezpečnosti.” In: Kolektiv autorů, Sborník konference Demokracie jako hodnota a problém II. Liberec: Technická univerzita v Liberci, pp. 302–310.Search in Google Scholar
Warren, Mark E. (2004) “What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy?,” American Journal of Political Science, 48(2): 328–343.10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00073.xSearch in Google Scholar
Warren, Mark E. (2005) “Democracy against Corruption. Conference on the Quality of Government,” Quality of Government Institute, University of Göteborg. Retrieved from: (http://www.politics.ubc.ca/fileadmin/user_upload/poli_sci/Faculty/warren/Democracy_Against_Corruption_Warren_QOG_Conference_11-17-05.pdf).Search in Google Scholar
Wiki.idnes.cz (2014b) “Vojenské zpravodajství,” Retrieved from: http://wiki.idnes.cz/vojenske-zpravodajstvi-0w3-/firmy.aspx?klic=473439.Search in Google Scholar
Wilhelm, Paul G. (2002): “International Validation of the Corruption Perceptions Index: Implications for Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship Education,” Journal of Business Ethics, 35(3):177–189.10.1023/A:1013882225402Search in Google Scholar
Wilson, Eric (2009) “Deconstructing the Shadows.” In: (Eric Wilson and Tim Lidnsey, eds.) Government of the Shadows: Parapolitics and Criminal Sovereignty. New York: Pluto Press, pp. 13–51.Search in Google Scholar
Woodiwiss, Michael (2001) Organized Crime and American Power: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.10.3138/9781442678125Search in Google Scholar
Woodiwiss, Michael and Dick Hobbs (2009) “Organized Evil and the Atlantic Alliance Moral Panics and the Rhetoric of Organized Crime Policing in America and Britain,” British Journal of Criminology, 49(1):106–128.10.1093/bjc/azn054Search in Google Scholar
Young, Jock (2003) “Merton with Energy, Katz with Structure: The Sociology of Vindictiveness and the Criminology of Transgression,” Theoretical Criminology, 7(3):388–414.10.1177/13624806030073007Search in Google Scholar
Zpravy.idnes.cz (2005) Cesta Grossové od servírky k podnikatelce. Retrieved from: http://zpravy.idnes.cz/domaci.aspx?r=domaci&c=A050221_114114_domaci_mhk.Search in Google Scholar
Zpravy.idnes.cz (2013a) DOKUMENT: Rozhodnutí Nejvyššího soudu o imunitě exposlnoanců. Retrieved from: http://zpravy.idnes.cz/rozhodnuti-nejvyssiho-soudu-o-propusteni-poslancu-z-vazby-kvuli-imunite-1ti-/domaci.aspx?c=A130719_122546_domaci_skr.Search in Google Scholar
Zpravy.idnes.cz (2013b) Jsou trafiky obchod, nebo korupce? hádá se policie s politiky. Retrieved from: http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kde-konci-politicky-obchod-a-kde-zacina-korupce-fq8-/domaci.aspx?c=A130614_153325_domaci_cen.Search in Google Scholar
Zpravy.aktualne.cz (2013) Policie zkoumá vazby Rittiga a Janouška na státní firmy. Retrieved from: http://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/policie-zkouma-vazby-rittiga-a-janouska-na-statni-firmy/r~i:article:783205/.Search in Google Scholar
Zpravy.idnes.cz (2014a) Kauza justiční mafie se chýlí ke konci, znesvářené strany se dohodly. Retrieved from: http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kauza-justicni-mafie-zrejme-konci-smirem-fpf-/domaci.aspx?c=A140925_113038_domaci_jj.Search in Google Scholar
Zpravy.idnes.cz (2014b) MF DNES: Nečas věděl o nelegálním špehování úředníků, tvrdí policie. Retrieved from: http://zpravy.idnes.cz/necas-vedel-o-nelegalnim-spehovani-svych-uredniku-tvrdi-policie-p8m-/domaci.aspx?c=A140519_210039_domaci_zt.Search in Google Scholar
©2015 by De Gruyter