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Publicly Available Published by De Gruyter December 9, 2019

Synthesis and characterization of K5Sn2OF11

  • Christiane Stoll , Markus Seibald and Hubert Huppertz EMAIL logo

Abstract

The potassium oxidofluoridostannate(IV) fluoride K5Sn2OF11 was synthesized via a solid-state route at T = 300°C in arc-weldeded copper ampoules. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system in the acentric space group Ama2 (no. 40) with a unit cell volume of V = 2.5727(4) nm3. The cell parameters are a = 1758.3(2), b = 2452.3(2) and c = 596.7(1) pm. As a main structural motif, K5Sn2OF11 exhibits two different kinds of dinuclear [Sn2OF11]5‒ units, which are embedded into a matrix consisting of potassium cations and fluoride anions. The substance was characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, as well as by FT-IR spectroscopy.

1 Introduction

Oxidofluoridometallates are a fascinating class of compounds with a wide variety of structural motifs, ranging from tetrahedral, pentahedral and octahedral complex units to hepta-, octa- and nona-coordinated anions [1]. Octahedra are the most commonly observed units, whether in isolated or condensed format [1]. As a consequence, the structural motifs range from 0-dimensional (quasi-isolated) units to 3-dimensional networks [1]. Octahedral units like [MoOF5] in K3MoOF7 [2], corner-sharing units like [Eu2O10F]5‒ in K5Eu2FSi4O13 [3], and edge-sharing building blocks like [Ti2O8F2]10− in Ba2Ti2Si2O9F2 are observed [4]. These units have a finite length. Even though a large number of transition metal oxidofluorides are known, just a few oxyfluoride compounds of main group elements have been characterized based on single-crystal data. Within this group, compounds incorporating tin as their central cation are scarcely mentioned. Crystal structures of oxidofluoridostannates show 0-dimensional quasi-isolated anions, layers of edge- and corner-sharing octahedra, and 3-dimensional networks with bridging oxygen and fluorine atoms [5], [6], [7]. A complex 3-dimensional motif has been observed within the structure of Sn4OF6. The network consists of [Sn3OF3] anions arranged in columns, which are additionally interconnected by [Sn2F6]2+ cations [5]. A 2-dimensional motif has been observed in Sn4O2F10. Within this structure, tin is octahedrally coordinated by both oxygen and fluorine atoms. These octahedra are interconnected in [Sn3O2F10]2‒ units, which are assembled in layers [6]. The dimeric quasi-isolated [Sn2O2F4]2‒ motif was discovered in the form of edge-sharing bipyramids in [Sn2O2F4]Sn2 [5], [7]. Few other reports refer to tin oxyfluoride compounds. For example, Kolditz and Preiss reported on K4Sn2OF10 in 1963 [8]. They proposed a dinuclear [Sn2OF11]5‒ anion with a bridging oxygen atom as the structural unit for this compound, but a crystal structure analysis had not been carried out [8].

Within this contribution, we report on K5Sn2OF11, a potassium oxidofluoridostannate(IV) fluoride exhibiting two different kinds of quasi-isolated dinuclear [Sn2OF11]5‒ units with oxygen as the bridging atom.

2 Experimental section

2.1 Synthesis

K5Sn2OF11 was synthesized via a solid-state reaction carried out in closed copper ampoules. KHF2 (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, USA, 99+%) and SnO2 (Strem Chemicals, Newburyport, USA, 99.9%) with a molar ratio of 2:1 were weighed in and ground together under inert gas atmosphere in a glove box (MBraun Inertgas-System GmbH, Germany). The as prepared mixture was subsequently transferred into a copper ampoule, which was sealed in a miniaturized arc-welding equipment [9]. The ampoule was placed into a silica tube (400 mbar argon) and positioned into a tube furnace and heated at a rate of 3 K min−1 to a temperature of 300°C, held for 96 h, and cooled down to 250°C with a rate of 0.1 K min−1. At this temperature, the sample was annealed for another 24 h. Finally, the sample was cooled down to 100°C with a rate of 0.1 K min−1, followed by quenching to room temperature. A colorless sample was obtained as needle-shaped crystals (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1: Needle-shaped crystals of K5Sn2OF11 (indicated by red arrows) viewed through a polarization microscope.
Fig. 1:

Needle-shaped crystals of K5Sn2OF11 (indicated by red arrows) viewed through a polarization microscope.

2.2 X-ray structure determination

Analysis of the powder sample was carried out using a STOE Stadi P powder diffractometer. A molybdenum radiation source Mo1 (λ=70.93 pm) in combination with a Ge(111) primary beam monochromator and a Mythen 2 DCS4 detector enabled the detection of the diffraction data. Measurements were taken within the 2θ range of 2.0–40.4° with a step size of 0.015°.

Single-crystal analysis was carried out on a needle-shaped crystal. The sample was covered with perfluoropolyalkylether and a crystal was isolated with the help of a polarization microscope. For the collection of the intensity data, a Bruker D8 Quest diffractometer (Bruker, Billerica, USA) was used. It is equipped with a Photon 100 detector and an Incoatec microfocus X-ray tube (Incoatec, Geesthacht, Germany) using Mo radiation (λ=71.07 pm). The measurement was conducted at T=183(2) K. The intensity data was corrected by multi-scan absorption correction, using Sadabs 2014/5. The space groups Cmc21 (no. 36), Cmcm (no. 63), and Ama2 (no. 40) were considered for the structure solution (Shelxtl-xt-2014/4) and refinement based on the extinction conditions. Ama2 (no. 40) was found to be correct. Parameter refinement (full-matrix least-squares against F2) was carried out with Shelxl-2013 [10], [11] (implemented in the WinGX-2013.3 [12] suite). The anisotropic refinement led to values of 0.0389 and 0.0443 for R1 and wR2 (all data), respectively. The final solution was checked with Platon [13] (implemented in the WinGX-2013.3 [12] suite) to ensure that no higher symmetry was overlooked.

Further information on the crystal structure investigation can be obtained from the joint CCDC/FIZ Karlsruhe deposition service on quoting the deposition number CCDC 1956612 for K5Sn2OF11.

2.3 EDX spectroscopy

The chemical composition was analysed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) using a SUPRA™35 scanning electron microscope (SEM, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany, field emission) equipped with a Si/Li EDX detector (Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, Great Britain, model 7426).

2.4 Vibrational spectroscopy

A Bruker Alpha-P spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, USA), equipped with a DTGS detector and a 2×2 mm diamond ATR-crystal, was used for the characterization of K5Sn2OF11 by FTIR-ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) spectroscopy. The handling of the data was carried out using the Opus 7.2 software.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Crystal structure

K5Sn2OF11 crystallizes in the orthorhombic system in the non-centrosymmetric space group Ama2 (no. 40) with cell parameters of a=1758.3(2), b=2452.3(2) and c=596.7(1) pm and a volume of V=2.5727(4) nm3. The unit cell is assembled from eight formula units and contains 152 atoms. The asymmetric unit consists of 23 different positions. Sn1, Sn2, K1, K2, K3, and F1 to F10 are located at general positions (Wyckoff sites 8c), whereas K4, K5, K6, K7, and O1 are located at special positions on the Wyckoff site 4b, as well as F11 and F12. Furthermore, O2 is located on a special position (Wyckoff site 4a). The structure was refined as an inversion twin, with a ratio of 0.31(4) to 0.69(4). Details on the structural refinement can be found in Table 1. Important distances, as well as angles, the atomic positions, and anisotropic displacement parameters, are reported in Tables 25.

Table 1:

Crystal data and structure refinement of K5Sn2OF11.

Empirical formulaK5Sn2OF11
Molar mass, g mol−1657.88
Crystal systemOrthorhombic
Space groupAma2 (no. 40)
Powder data
 Powder diffractometerStoe Stadi P
 Radiation; λ, pmMo1; 70.93
 Temperature, K293(2)
a, pm1764.7(5)
b, pm2458.3(7)
c, pm600.4(2)
V, nm32.605(2)
Single-crystal data
 Single-crystal diffractometerBruker D8 Quest Photon 100
 Radiation; λ, pmMo; 71.07
a, pm1758.3(2)
b, pm2452.3(2)
c, pm596.7(1)
V, nm32.5727(4)
 Formula units per cell, Z8
 Calculated density, g cm−33.40
 Temperature, K183(2)
 Absorption coefficient, mm−15.6
F(000), e2416
 2θ range, deg4.6–60.0
 Range in hkl±22, ±31, ±7
 Total no. of reflections48348
 Independent reflections/ref. parameters/Rint3051/184/0.0804
 Reflections with I>2 σ(I)2759
 Goodness-of fit on Fi21.123
 Absorption correctionSemi-empirical (from equivalents)
 Final R1/wR2 (I>2σ(I))0.0314/0.0431
 Final R1/wR2 (all data)0.0389/0.0443
 Largest diff. peak/hole, e Å−30.93/−1.04
 BASF0.31(4)/0.69(4)
Table 2:

Wyckoff positions, atomic coordinates, and equivalent isotropic displacement parameters Ueq2) of K5Sn2OF11.

AtomWyckoff positionxyzUeq
Sn18c0.07798(2)0.04528(2)0.1378(2)0.0081(1)
Sn28c0.14523(2)0.28975(2)0.1220(2)0.0087(1)
K18c0.0914(1)0.44303(7)0.1791(3)0.0225(5)
K28c0.10286(7)0.14492(5)0.6256(5)0.0122(3)
K38c0.52856(8)0.19893(6)0.1262(5)0.0185(3)
K44b¼0.1564(1)0.0829(5)0.0238(8)
K54b¼0.25727(8)0.6203(6)0.0139(5)
K64b¼0.4136(2)0.6871(5)0.0242(8)
K74b¼0.5398(1)0.0649(4)0.0121(5)
F18c0.0255(3)0.0608(2)0.4226(8)0.026(2)
F28c0.0334(2)0.3050(2)0.111(2)0.020(1)
F38c0.0334(3)0.6116(2)0.4993(9)0.028(2)
F48c0.1173(4)0.2359(3)0.3599(9)0.021(2)
F58c0.1414(3)0.5403(2)0.3648(8)0.020(2)
F68c0.1561(5)0.3471(4)0.352(2)0.047(2)
F78c0.1567(3)0.0932(2)0.2648(8)0.022(2)
F88c0.6189(4)0.2680(3)0.3979(9)0.018(2)
F98c0.6371(3)0.0141(2)0.2779(9)0.023(2)
F108c0.6551(4)0.1611(3)0.3636(9)0.028(2)
F114b¼0.4318(3)0.188(2)0.036(3)
F124b¼0.6508(2)0.157(2)0.018(2)
O14b¼0.2634(3)0.116(2)0.021(2)
O24a000.000(2)0.018(2)
  1. Ueq is defined as one third of the trace of the orthogonalized Uij tensor (standard deviations in parentheses).

Table 3:

Anisotropic displacement parameters Uij in Å2 (standard deviations in parentheses).

AtomU11U22U33U23U13U12
Sn10.0075(2)0.0092(2)0.0075(2)0.0000(3)0.0003(3)−0.0021(2)
Sn20.0083(2)0.0120(2)0.0058(2)0.0003(4)0.0006(3)0.0041(1)
K10.027(1)0.024(1)0.016(2)−0.0013(8)−0.0050(8)−0.0103(8)
K20.0082(7)0.0125(7)0.0158(8)−0.002(2)0.003(2)0.0000(5)
K30.0178(7)0.0236(8)0.0142(8)0.000(2)−0.004(1)−0.0088(6)
K40.023(2)0.013(2)0.036(2)0.012(2)00
K50.014(1)0.018(2)0.010(2)−0.001(2)00
K60.016(2)0.016(2)0.041(2)0.004(2)00
K70.008(2)0.014(2)0.014(2)−0.0002(9)00
F10.019(3)0.038(3)0.019(3)−0.016(2)0.008(2)−0.015(2)
F20.007(2)0.022(2)0.030(3)−0.004(3)0.005(3)0.004(2)
F30.035(3)0.016(3)0.034(3)0.015(2)0.008(2)0.010(2)
F40.016(4)0.030(5)0.017(3)0.012(3)0.005(3)0.004(4)
F50.017(2)0.029(3)0.015(2)−0.003(2)0.011(2)−0.005(2)
F60.054(5)0.049(5)0.039(4)−0.025(4)−0.009(4)0.026(4)
F70.017(3)0.031(3)0.021(3)−0.007(2)0.003(2)−0.014(2)
F80.018(4)0.015(4)0.021(3)0.011(3)0.001(3)0.001(3)
F90.016(3)0.024(3)0.029(3)−0.011(2)0.000(2)−0.008(2)
F100.024(4)0.028(4)0.033(4)−0.017(3)−0.011(3)0.011(3)
F110.030(4)0.017(4)0.061(7)−0.010(4)00
F120.012(3)0.011(3)0.032(5)−0.008(4)00
O10.005(3)0.023(4)0.037(5)0.003(7)00
O20.022(5)0.019(5)0.012(4)00−0.009(4)
Table 4:

Interatomic distances in pm (standard deviations in parentheses).

Sn1–O2194.7(3)Sn2–O1195.3(2)K1–F1256.4(5)K2–F12259.8(2)
–F7196.8(5)–F10196.4(6)–F9273.4(5)–F3267.0(6)
–F1197.1(5)–F6197.5(7)–F5277.3(5)–F7267.2(5)
–F9197.5(4)–F4200.1(6)–F11280.2(2)–F2269.3(4)
–F5197.7(4)–F8200.1(6)–F6281.1(8)–F8269.9(6)
–F3198.6(5)–F2200.3(4)–O2286.4(5)–F4274.8(7)
–F3320.4(6)–F1275.2(5)
–F10336.4(7)–F5301.2(6)
K3–F3251.9(5)K4–F7250.4(5)K5–F12261.9(6)K6–F102.692(7)
–F4274.1(7)–F12254(1)–F4285.2(7)–F92.717(5)
–F10279.6(7)–O1263.0(7)–F8290.5(7)–F113.014(9)
–F2282.2(4)–F8315.8(7)–O1296(2)–F113.020(9)
–F8283.2(7)–F10298.3(8)–F63.062(8)
–F2289.8(9)–O1301(2)
–F6300(1)–F6318.2(8)
–F8303.9(7)K7–F52.617(4)
–F4305.6(7)–F112.747(7)
–F2307.4(9)–F72.759(6)
–F122.778(6)
–F92.937(5)
Table 5:

Bond angles in deg (standard deviations in parentheses).

O2–Sn1–F7177.4(2)O2–Sn1–F198.3(2)O1–Sn2–F1096.1(4)
F1–Sn1–F5170.4(2)F7–Sn1–F183.2(2)O1–Sn2–F699.0(4)
F9–Sn1–F3171.1(2)O2–Sn1–F997.4(2)F10–Sn2–F695.8(3)
Ø180173.0F7–Sn1–F984.7(2)O1–Sn2–F491.4(4)
F1–Sn1–F991.4(2)F6–Sn2–F490.0(3)
O2–Sn1–F590.8(2)O1–Sn2–F888.4(4)
F7–Sn1–F587.6(2)F10–Sn2–F886.0(3)
F10–Sn2–F4169.6(3)F9–Sn1–F590.4(2)F4–Sn2–F887.1(2)
F6–Sn2–F8172.1(4)O2–Sn1–F390.8(2)F10–Sn2–F287.0(3)
O1–Sn2–F2171.0(3)F7–Sn1–F387.0(2)F6–Sn2–F289.1(3)
Ø180170.9F1–Sn1–F390.9(2)F4–Sn2–F284.5(3)
F5–Sn1–F386.0(2)F8–Sn2–F283.3(3)
Ø9089.9Ø9089.8

The main structural motifs of K5Sn2OF11 are two different [Sn2OF10]4‒ units. Building unit 1 (BU1, Fig. 2, left) consists of two identical octahedra built up of Sn1 as central cation, which is coordinated by five fluorine atoms (F1, F3, F5, F7, F9) and one oxygen atom (O2). The two octahedra share the bridging oxygen atom (O2) and are tilted (Sn1–O2–Sn1=130.04(1)°) and twisted against each other (dihedral angle F5–Sn1–Sn1–F5≈52°). The second [Sn2OF10]4‒ unit (BU2) is built up of two identical [Sn2OF5]3‒ octahedra (Fig. 2, right), which share a common corner (O1). These two octahedra are tilted towards each other with an Sn2‒O1‒Sn2 angle of 141.23(1)°. Within both units (BU1 and BU2), the Sn‒F bond lengths vary between 196.4(6) and 200.3(4) pm, while the Sn‒O bond lengths are slightly shorter with 194.7(3) and 195.3(2) pm for Sn1‒O2 and Sn2‒O1, respectively. The more covalent character of the Sn‒O bond in comparison to the Sn‒F bond may lead to this effect. These two building units are imbedded into a matrix consisting of potassium cations and fluoride anions.

Fig. 2: Octahedral coordination spheres of Sn1 (left, top) and Sn2 (right, top) and the connection of two similar octahedra via a bridging oxygen atom to [Sn2OF10]4− units (bottom).
Fig. 2:

Octahedral coordination spheres of Sn1 (left, top) and Sn2 (right, top) and the connection of two similar octahedra via a bridging oxygen atom to [Sn2OF10]4 units (bottom).

Within the structure, there are seven crystallographically independent potassium positions and two independent fluoride positions. K2, K6, and K7 are eightfold coordinated and K3 is tenfold coordinated solely by fluorine atoms. In comparison, K1 is eightfold coordinated by one oxygen and seven fluorine atoms, K4 sixfold by one oxygen and five fluorine atoms, and K5 11-fold by two oxygen and nine fluorine atoms. The coordination spheres of all potassium cations are depicted in Fig. 3. The K‒F bond lengths range from 250.4(5) to 336.4(7) pm and the K‒O bond lengths range from 263.0(7) to 301(2) pm.

Fig. 3: Coordination spheres of the potassium cations in K5Sn2OF11 (bond lengths are given in pm).
Fig. 3:

Coordination spheres of the potassium cations in K5Sn2OF11 (bond lengths are given in pm).

The atoms F11 and F12 are solely coordinated by potassium cations. In detail, F11 is fivefold coordinated (Fig. 4, left) and F12 exhibits a 5+1 coordination (Fig. 4, right).

Fig. 4: Coordination spheres of F11 (left) and F12 (right) in the structure of K5Sn2OF11 (bond lengths are given in pm).
Fig. 4:

Coordination spheres of F11 (left) and F12 (right) in the structure of K5Sn2OF11 (bond lengths are given in pm).

A unit cell of the layer-like crystal structure is depicted in Fig. 5 (left). Layers consisting of quasi-isolated BU1 (Fig. 5, marked blue) entities alternate with layers consisting of quasi-isolated BU2 units (Fig. 5, marked green). These layers are stacked along the crystallographic b axis and are separated by independent fluorine and potassium atoms (Fig. 5, left). Within the layer of the BU1 units, the building blocks (BU1) are tilted alternatingly left and right along the a axis. In contrast, the BU2 units point alternatingly up- or downwards within their layer. Within this set-up, every second layer made up by BU1 or BU2, respectively, is shifted by half a unit cell along the c axis (Fig. 5, right).

Fig. 5: Unit cell and adjacent octahedra of K5Sn2OF11 viewed approx. along [001] (left), and a doubled unit cell viewed along [1̅00] (right). Layers built up of BU1 are marked in blue; layers consisting of BU2 are marked in green.
Fig. 5:

Unit cell and adjacent octahedra of K5Sn2OF11 viewed approx. along [001] (left), and a doubled unit cell viewed along [1̅00] (right). Layers built up of BU1 are marked in blue; layers consisting of BU2 are marked in green.

The structure model was confirmed by bond-length/bond-strength (BLBS) [14], [15] and charge distribution (CHARDI) [16] calculations (Table 6). The highest discrepancy is found at F11 with ‒0.48 and ‒0.58 for BLBS and CHARDI, respectively. This low value can likely be attributed to the uncommon pyramidal coordination of F11 (Fig. 4, left).

Table 6:

Values of the charge contributions according to both the bond valence sums (∑V) and the CHARDI (∑Q) concept.

Sn1Sn2K1K2K3K4K5K6K7
BLBS+4.39+4.25+0.89+1.13+1.02+1.07+0.96+0.82+1.03
CHARDI+3.95+3.94+1.11+0.99+0.97+0.97+1.01+1.06+1.05
F1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9
BLBS−1.05−1.04−1.12−1.07−1.06−0.97−1.25−1.09−1.05
CHARDI−1.01−1.02−1.01−1.05−1.03−1.00−1.20−1.05−1.07
F10F11F12O1O2
BLBS−1.08−0.48−0.92−2.22−2.06
CHARDI−1.10−0.58−0.85−1.81−1.67

The chemical composition of K5Sn2OF11 regarding the cations was confirmed by EDX spectroscopy to be 5:1.8(4) (potassium to tin). An SEM image of a polycrystalline part of the sample is depicted in (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6: SEM image of a polycrystalline sample of K5Sn2OF11.
Fig. 6:

SEM image of a polycrystalline sample of K5Sn2OF11.

Powder XRD analysis via the Rietveld technique showed that K5Sn2OF11 could be synthesized as the main component (68 wt.-%), but not phase pure (Fig. 7). Along with an unknown side phase (purple asterisks, Fig. 7), SnO2 could be identified as residual starting material (32 wt.-%, black tickmarks, bottom, Fig. 7). The lattice parameters determined by the Rietveld technique are listed in Table 1. They cannot be compared directly with the ones obtained by the single-crystal measurements, as the powder data were recorded at room temperature, whereas the single-crystal data were recorded at T=183(2) K.

Fig. 7: Rietveld analysis of a PXRD pattern of the synthesized sample. Measured data is plotted as black crosses, the calculated curve in red and the difference curve in blue. Reflection positions originating from K5Sn2OF11 are shown in black (top tick marks below the difference curve in blue), and the ones originating from SnO2 are also marked in black (bottom tick marks). Additionally, purple asterisks mark reflections of an unknown side phase.
Fig. 7:

Rietveld analysis of a PXRD pattern of the synthesized sample. Measured data is plotted as black crosses, the calculated curve in red and the difference curve in blue. Reflection positions originating from K5Sn2OF11 are shown in black (top tick marks below the difference curve in blue), and the ones originating from SnO2 are also marked in black (bottom tick marks). Additionally, purple asterisks mark reflections of an unknown side phase.

The substance was further characterized by infrared spectroscopy (Fig. 8, black line). The spectrum shows an intense absorption band at approx. 518 cm‒1, which has also been described for K4Sn2OF10 (strong band at 530 cm‒1) [8]. Two sharp maxima are located at approx. 608 cm‒1 and 803 cm‒1, which are also in accordance with K4Sn2OF10 (medium strong band at 610 cm‒1; medium strong band at 845 cm‒1) [8]. Two bands at 518 cm‒1 and 608 cm‒1 are observed for SnO2 (Fig. 8, red line) and two broad absorption bands at approx. 1500 cm‒1 and 3300 cm‒1 can likely be attributed to water, which starts to intercalate into the structure, as the substance seems to be sensitive to moisture.

Fig. 8: FT-IR spectrum in the range of 400 to 4000 cm‒1. The black line shows the spectrum of the sample; the red line gives the spectrum of SnO2, which is present as a residual starting material.
Fig. 8:

FT-IR spectrum in the range of 400 to 4000 cm‒1. The black line shows the spectrum of the sample; the red line gives the spectrum of SnO2, which is present as a residual starting material.

4 Conclusion

K5Sn2OF11 was successfully characterized by means of single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data. It exhibits two different kinds of dinuclear [Sn2OF11]5‒ units, which are built up of corner-sharing [SnOF5]3− octahedra. These structural units are imbedded into a matrix consisting of potassium cations and fluoride anions. BLBS and CHARDI calculations confirmed the structural model. As the structure crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric space group, it would be quite interesting to analyze the NLO properties of a phase-pure sample of K5Sn2OF11. Additionally, the [Sn2OF11]5‒ units might qualify for a partial substitution with Mn4+ to yield a red luminescent material as described for other oxidofluoridometallates like K3WOF7 [17].


Dedicated to: Professor Arndt Simon on the occasion of his 80th birthday.


Acknowledgment

We want to express our gratitude to Assoc.-Prof. Dr. Gunter Heymann for the collection of the single-crystal data and to Dr. Klaus Wurst for the help with the crystal structure refinement. We also want to thank Christian Koch for the EDX and SEM measurements.

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Received: 2019-09-30
Accepted: 2019-10-20
Published Online: 2019-12-09
Published in Print: 2020-02-25

©2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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