Abstract
Occurrences of high-Mg andesite (HMA) in modern volcanic arcs raise the possibility that significant volumes of continental crust could be directly derived from Earth’s mantle. Such rocks are commonly associated with subduction of young, warm oceanic lithosphere or occur in areas heated by mantle convection. A relatively rare occurrence near Mt. Shasta in the Cascades volcanic arc has been considered to represent one such primary mantle-derived magma type, from which more evolved andesitic and dacitic magmas are derived. Recognition that the Shasta area HMA is actually a hybrid mixed magma, calls into question this notion as well as the criteria upon which it is based. We report new chemical and mineralogical data for samples of the Shasta HMA that bear on the components and processes involved in its formation. Several generations of pyroxenes and olivines are present along with different generations of oxide minerals and melt inclusions. The most magnesian olivines (Fo93) exhibit disequilibria textures, exotic melt inclusions, and reaction rims of Fo87 composition; these crystals along with spongy, ~Mg# 87 orthopyroxene crystals are interpreted to be xenocrystic and do not signify a primitive mantle derivation. The groundmass is andesitic with moderate MgO content, and melt inclusions of similar compositions are hosted by equilibrium olivine (~Fo87). The bulk magma (whole rock) is more magnesian, but primarily due to incorporation of mafic minerals and ultramafic xenolith debris. We propose that the exotic crystal and lithic debris in these rocks is derived from (1) dacitic magmas of possible crustal derivation, (2) prograded ultramafic rocks in the underlying crust, and (3) random lithic debris and crystals derived from conduit wall rocks and earlier intruded magmas within the feeder plexus beneath Shasta. The HMA is inferred to represent a mixture between evolved dacitic and primitive basaltic magmas as well as incorporation of xenolithic crystal cargo. There is no compelling evidence that HMA is present in large volumes, and it is not considered to be an important parental liquid to more evolved magmas at Shasta.
† Special collection papers can be found online at http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/special-collections.html.
Acknowledgments
We are especially grateful to Arnaud Agranier, John Chesley, and Cin-Ty Lee for support both with analytical work and for helpful discussions during the course of this investigation. We thank Chris Heinrich for facilitating access to the LA-ICP-MS facility within the Mineral Resource group at ETH and Marcel Guillong for his analytical expertise and help with the laser analyses. Tim Grove kindly provided a split of sample 85-41b for comparative analysis. We also benefitted from communications with Fred Anderson, Ilya Bindeman, Tim Grove, Peter Kelemen, Marion Le Voyer, Dan Ruscitto, Paul Wallace, and many others. We note that Dan Ruscitto and Paul Wallace shared unpublished data on B contents of their melt inclusions. Finally, we thank M. Rowe and S. DeBari for very useful reviews of the paper, and S. Straub for being a sympathetic editor. This work was partly supported by National Science Foundation grants EAR00-03612 and EAR04-09423 to W.P.L. and by grant EAR03-37556 to M.J.S.
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