The dynamics of Fe oxidation in riebeckite: A model for amphiboles

Giancarlo Della Ventura; Boriana Mihailova; Umberto Susta; Mariangela Cestelli Guidi; Augusto Marcelli; Jochen Schlüter; Roberta Oberti

doi:10.2138/am-2018-6382

Published by De Gruyter July 2, 2018

The dynamics of Fe oxidation in riebeckite: A model for amphiboles

Giancarlo Della Ventura , Boriana Mihailova , Umberto Susta , Mariangela Cestelli Guidi , Augusto Marcelli , Jochen Schlüter and Roberta Oberti

From the journal American Mineralogist

https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-6382

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Abstract

In this work, we investigate the oxidation behavior of a nearly end-member riebeckite, ideally Na₂(Fe32+Fe23+) Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂, by using vibrational FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. Combining these results with previous studies performed on the same sample by single-crystal structure refinement and Mössbauer spectroscopy, we conclude that iron oxidation in riebeckite is a multi-step process. (1) In the ~523 K < T < 623 K temperature range, the O-H bond lengthens and both the electrons and the hydrogen cations delocalize. Raman analysis shows that this step is reversible upon cooling to room temperature. (2) In the 623 K < T < 723 K range, the kinetic energy increases so that the electrons can be ejected from the crystal; beyond 723 K an irreversible oxidation of Fe occurs that couples with irreversible changes in the SiO₄ double-chains leading to a contraction of the unit-cell volume, i.e., to structural changes detectable at the long-range scale. (3) Beyond 823 K, the irreversible oxidation is completed and H⁺ ions are forced to leave the crystal bulk. Because of this multi-step process, the onset of the deprotonation process is detected at ~700 K by single-crystal XRD analysis of the unit-cell parameters, but starts at 623 K as indicated by Mössbauer spectroscopy on powders (and by changes in the cation distribution observed by structure refinement). Also, Raman scattering shows that the release of H⁺ from the crystal surface starts ~100 K before the complete deprotonation of the crystal bulk is witnessed by FTIR absorption. Hence, the oxidation of Fe starts at the crystal surface and induces electron and H⁺ migration from the crystal interior to the rim and thus subsequent oxidation through the crystal bulk. No deprotonation is observed by FTIR either in powders embedded in KBr or in crystals heated in N₂ atmosphere, implying that the release of H⁺ needs surficial (atmospheric) oxygen to form H₂O molecules. Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺ oxidation produces a flux of electrons throughout the crystal matrix, which generates electrical conductivity across the amphibole. An important implication of this work, which might have interesting applications in material science, is that iron oxidation in riebeckite (and possibly in other Fe-rich silicates) is reversible in a given range of temperature. Also, this work shows that complex processes cannot be fully understood or even monitored accurately without using a proper combination of independent techniques.

Keywords: Riebeckite; HT spectroscopy; FTIR; Raman; iron oxidation; deprotonation

Acknowledgments

Financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1127/7-2) to B.M. and J.S. is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are due to Thomas Malcherek (Hamburg), for verifying the crystallinity and determining the crystallographic orientation of the samples that were subjected to in situ high-temperature Raman spectroscopy. Positive criticism of D. Jenkins and M.D. Dyar improved the clarity of our manuscript.

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Received: 2017-11-14

Accepted: 2018-03-10

Published Online: 2018-07-02

Published in Print: 2018-07-26

The dynamics of Fe oxidation in riebeckite: A model for amphiboles

Abstract

Acknowledgments

References cited

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