Abstract
Conversion of hydrotalcite (Ht) to saponite was observed by hydrothermal alkaline alteration of metal oxides. The conversion was through a pathway of hydration-dissolution-precipitation. It involved several critical steps, including the construction of Ht from metal oxides, dissolution of Al3+ from Ht, condensation of metasilicate anions with Ht, and finally crystallization of saponite. The condensation was favored by relatively low Mg/Al ratios of Ht, along with high concentrations of Al3+ and silicate oligomers in the environment, resulting in highly crystalline saponite. The latter conversion was greatly accelerated by the isomorphous substitution of Al3+ for Si4+ in silicate oligomers. The substitution generated the extra negative charge and led to the aforementioned condensation with Ht surface, thereby promoting the formation of saponite TOT layers. During the process, CO2 is an indispensable component. Initially intercalated as
Funding: This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 41772039 and 41530313), CAS Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences (grant number QYZDJSSW-DQC023-1), and Guangdong Provincial Youth Top-notch Talent Support Program (grant number 2015TQ01Z797). One of us (S.K.) was supported by the College of Agricultural Sciences under Station Research Project No. PEN04566.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Hexiong Yang at the University of Arizona, and the reviewers for constructive comments and suggestions.
References cited
Abdelouas, A., Crovisier, J.L., Lutze, W., Fritz, B., Mosser, A., and Mueller, R. (1994) Formation of hydrotalcite-like compounds during R7T7 nuclear waste glass and basaltic glass alteration. Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 526–533.10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420503Search in Google Scholar
Allen, C.C., Gooding, J.L., Jercinovic, M., and Keil, K. (1981) Altered basaltic glass: A terrestrial analog to the soil of Mars. Icarus, 45, 347–369.10.1016/0019-1035(81)90040-3Search in Google Scholar
Auerbach, S.M., Carrado, K.A., and Dutta, P.K. (2004) Handbook of Layered Materials. Marcel Dekker.10.1201/9780203021354Search in Google Scholar
Baskaran, T., Kumaravel, R., Christopher, J., and Sakthivel, A. (2013) Silicate anion-stabilized layered magnesium-aluminium hydrotalcite. RSC Advances, 3, 16392–16398.10.1039/c3ra42563kSearch in Google Scholar
Bisio, C., Gatti, G., Boccaleri, E., Marchese, L., Superti, G., Pastore, H.O., and Thommes, M. (2008) Understanding physico-chemical properties of saponite synthetic clays. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 107, 90–101.10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.05.038Search in Google Scholar
Botha, G.A., and Hughes, J.C. (1992) Pedogenic palygorskite and dolomite in a Late Neogene sedimentary succession, northwestern Transvaal, South Africa. Geoderma, 53, 139–154.10.1016/0016-7061(92)90027-5Search in Google Scholar
Dehouck, E., Gaudin, A., Mangold, N., Lajaunie, L., Dauzères, A., Grauby, O., and Le Menn, E. (2014) Weathering of olivine under CO2 atmosphere: A martian perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 135, 170–189.10.1016/j.gca.2014.03.032Search in Google Scholar
Duan, X., and Evans, D.G. (2006) Layered Double Hydroxides. Springer.10.1007/b100426Search in Google Scholar
Ehlmann, B.L., and Edwards, C.S. (2014) Mineralogy of the martian surface. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 42, 291–315.10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-055024Search in Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C. (1974) The Infrared Spectra of Minerals. Monograph, Mineralogical Society of London.10.1180/mono-4Search in Google Scholar
Fyfe, C.A., Fu, G., and Grondey, H. (1994) Pillaring of layered double hydroxides with cage-like polysilicates: A possible new class of base catalysts or catalyst precursors. In A.K. Cheetham, C.J. Brinker, M.L. Mecartney, C. Sanchez, Eds., Better Ceramics through Chemistry VI, p. 907–913. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh.10.1557/PROC-346-907Search in Google Scholar
Golden, D.C., Ming, D.W., Morris, R.V., and Mertzman, S.A. (2005) Laboratory-simulated acid-sulfate weathering of basaltic materials: Implications for formation of sulfates at Meridiani Planum and Gusev crater, Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 110, 1–15.10.1029/2005JE002451Search in Google Scholar
Gooding, J.L., and Keil, K. (2013) Alteration of glass as a possible source of clay minerals on Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 5, 727–730.10.1029/GL005i008p00727Search in Google Scholar
He, H.P., Li, T., Tao, Q., Chen, T.H., Zhang, D., Zhu, J.X., Yuan, P., and Zhu, R.L. (2014) Aluminum ion occupancy in the structure of synthetic saponites: Effect on crystallinity. American Mineralogist, 99, 109–116.10.2138/am.2014.4543Search in Google Scholar
Huang, J., Chu, X., Lyons, T.W., Planavsky, N.J., and Wen, H. (2013) A new look at saponite formation and its implications for early animal records in the Ediacaran of South China. Geobiology, 11, 3–14.10.1111/gbi.12018Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ishihara, S., Sahoo, P., Deguchi, K., Ohki, S., Tansho, M., Shimizu, T., Labuta, J., Hill, J.P., Ariga, K., Watanabe, K., Yamauchi, Y., Suehara, S., and Iyi, N. (2013) Dynamic breathing of CO2 by hydrotalcite. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135(48), 18,040–18,043.10.1021/ja4099752Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Jacquat, O., Voegelin, A., Villard, A., Marcus, M.A., and Kretzschmar, R. (2008) Formation of Zn-rich phyllosilicate, Zn-layered double hydroxide and hydrozincite in contaminated calcareous soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 5037–5054.10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.024Search in Google Scholar
Jacquat, O., Voegelin, A., and Kretzschmar, R. (2009) Soil properties controlling Zn speciation and fractionation in contaminated soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, 5256–5272.10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.066Search in Google Scholar
Kahle, C. (1965) Possible roles of clay minerals in the formation of dolomite. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 35, 448–453.Search in Google Scholar
Lipsicas, M., Raythatha, R.H., Pinnavaia, T. J., Johnson, I.D., Giese, R.F. Jr., Costanzo, P.M., and Robert, J.-L. (1984) Silicon and aluminium site distributions in 2:1 layered silicate clays. Nature, 309, 604–607.10.1038/309604a0Search in Google Scholar
Liu, D., Xu, Y., Papineau, D., Yu, N., Fan, Q., Qiu, X., and Wang, H. (2019) Experimental evidence for abiotic formation of low-temperature proto-dolomite facilitated by clay minerals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 247, 83–95.10.1016/j.gca.2018.12.036Search in Google Scholar
Martín-Pérez, A., Alonso-Zarza, A.M., Iglesia, A.L., and Martín-García, R. (2015) Do magnesian clays play a role in dolomite formation in alkaline environments? An example from Castañar Cave, Cáceres (Spain). Geogaceta, 57, 15–18.Search in Google Scholar
Milesi, V.P., Jezequel, D., Debure, M., Marty, N., Guyot, F.J., Claret, F., Virgone, A., Gaucher, E., and Ader, M. (2018) Formation of Mg-aluminosilicates during early diagenesis of carbonate sediments in the volcanic crater lake of Dziani Dzaha (Mayotte - Indian Ocean). Sedimentology, 10.1111/sed.12531.Search in Google Scholar
Peretyazhko, T.S., Niles, P.B., Sutter, B., Morris, R.V., Agresti, D.G., Le, L., and Ming, D.W. (2018) Smectite formation in the presence of sulfuric acid: Implications for acidic smectite formation on early Mars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 220, 248–260.10.1016/j.gca.2017.10.004Search in Google Scholar
Polyak, V. J., and Güven, N. (2000) Authigenesis of trioctahedral smectite in magnesium-rich carbonate speleothems in Carlsbad cavern and other caves of the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 317–321.10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480302Search in Google Scholar
Schutz, A., and Biloen, P. (1987) Interlamellar chemistry of hydrotalcites: I. Polymerization of silicate anions. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 68, 360–368.10.1016/0022-4596(87)90323-9Search in Google Scholar
Setti, M., Marinoni, L., and Lopez-Galindo, A. (2004) Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics (major, minor, trace elements and REE) of detrital and authigenic clay minerals in a Cenozoic sequence from Ross Sea, Antarctica. Clay Minerals, 39, 405–421.10.1180/000985503540143Search in Google Scholar
Shao, H., and Pinnavaia, T.J. (2010) Synthesis and properties of nanoparticle forms saponite clay, cancrinite zeolite and phase mixtures thereof. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 133, 10–17.10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.04.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Smith, K.A., Kirkpatrick, R.J., Oldfield, E., and Henderson, D.M. (1983) Highresolution Si-29 nuclear magnetic-resonance spectroscopic study of rockforming silicates. American Mineralogist, 68, 1206–1215.Search in Google Scholar
Tao, Q., Zhu, J.X., Frost, R.L., Bostrom, T.E., Wellard, R.M., Wei, J.M., Yuan, P., and He, H.P. (2010) Silylation of layered double hydroxides via a calcination-rehydration route. Langmuir, 26, 2769–2773.10.1021/la902812gSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Tao, Q., Zhu, J.X., Wellard, R.M., Bostrom, T.E., Frost, R.L., Yuan, P., and He, H.P. (2011) Silylation of layered double hydroxides via an induced hydrolysis method. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21, 10,711–10,719.10.1039/c1jm10328hSearch in Google Scholar
Tao, Q., Fang, Y., Li, T., Zhang, D., Chen, M.Y., Ji, S.C., He, H.P., Komarneni, S., Zhang, H.B., Dong, Y., and Noh, Y.D. (2016) Silylation of saponite with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Applied Clay Science, 132-133, 133–139.10.1016/j.clay.2016.05.026Search in Google Scholar
Tao, Q., Chen, M.Y., He, H.P., and Komarneni, S. (2018) Hydrothermal transformation of mixed metal oxides and silicate anions to phyllosilicate under highly alkaline conditions. Applied Clay Science, 156, 224–230.10.1016/j.clay.2018.02.013Search in Google Scholar
Tosca, N.J. (2015) Geochemical pathways to Mg-clay formation. In M. Pozo and E. Galán, Eds., Magnesian Clays: Characterization, origins and applications. AIPEA Special Publications, 2, 283–329.Search in Google Scholar
Tosca, N.J., Miliken, R.E., and Michel, F.M. (2008) Smectite formation on early Mars: Experimental constraints. Workshop on Martian Phyllosilicates: Recorders of Aqueous Processes, Paris, 77–78.Search in Google Scholar
Vogels, R.J.M.J., Kloprogge, J.T., and Geus, J.W. (2005) Synthesis and characterization of saponite clays. American Mineralogist, 90, 931–944.10.2138/am.2005.1616Search in Google Scholar
Wanas, H.A., and Sallam, E. (2016) Abiotically-formed, primary dolomite in the mid-Eocene lacustrine succession at Gebel El-Goza El-Hamra, NE Egypt: an approach to the role of smectitic clays. Sedimentary Geology, 343, 132–140.10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.08.003Search in Google Scholar
Wray, J.J., Murchie, S.L., Bishop, J.L., Ehlmann, B.L., Milliken, R.E., Wilhelm, M.B., Seelos, K.D., and Chojnacki, M. (2016) Orbital evidence for more widespread carbonate-bearing rocks on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 121, 652–677.10.1002/2015JE004972Search in Google Scholar
Yun, S.K. (1995) Synthesis and catalytic properties of silicate-intercalated layered double hydroxides formed by intragallery hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 503–510.10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430415Search in Google Scholar
Zeyen, N., Daval, D., Lopez-Garcia, P., Moreira, D., Gaillardet, J., and Benzerara, K. (2017) Geochemical conditions allowing the formation of modern lacustrine microbialites. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 17, 380–383.10.1016/j.proeps.2016.12.096Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
