Abstract
Textural and chemical heterogeneities in igneous quartz crystals preserve unique records of silicic magma evolution, yet their origins and applications are controversial. To improve our understanding of quartz textures and their formation, we examine those in crystal-laden rhyolites produced by the 74 ka Toba supereruption (>2800 km3) and its post-caldera extrusions. Quartz crystals in these deposits can reach unusually large sizes (10–20 mm) and are rife with imperfections and disequilibrium features, including embayments, melt inclusions, titanomagnetite and apatite inclusions, spongy morphologies, hollow faces, subgrain boundaries, multiple growth centers, and Ti-enriched arborescent zoning. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses (petrography, CL, EBSD, X‑ray CT, LA-ICP-MS), we determine that those textures commonly thought to signify crystal resorption, crystal deformation, synneusis, or fluctuating P–T conditions are here a consequence of rapid disequilibrium crystal growth. Most importantly, we discover that an overarching process of disequilibrium crystallization is manifested among these crystal features. We propose a model whereby early skeletal to dendritic quartz growth creates a causal sequence of textures derived from lattice mistakes that then proliferate during subsequent stages of slower polyhedral growth. In a reversed sequence, the same structural instabilities and defects form when slow polyhedral growth transitions late to fast skeletal-dendritic growth. Such morphological transitions result in texture interdependencies that become recorded in the textural-chemical stratigraphy of quartz, which may be unique to each crystal. Similar findings in petrologic experimental studies allow us to trace the textural network back to strong degrees of undercooling and supersaturation in the host melt, conditions likely introduced by dynamic magmatic processes acting on short geologic timescales. Because the textural network can manifest in single crystals, the overall morphology and chemistry of erupted quartz can reflect not only its last but its earliest growth behavior in the melt. Thus, our findings imply that thermodynamic disequilibrium crystallization can account for primary textural and chemical heterogeneities preserved in igneous quartz and may impact the application of quartz as a petrologic tool.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the EIU Geology Department for use of sample preparation equipment and supplies. Carrie Brugger-Schorr is thanked for her enthusiasm and encouragement during many insightful discussions on crystal growth. We thank the UCLA EPSS SEM lab and Rita Economos for assistance with CL imaging. Caroline Bouvet de Maisonneuve is thanked for hosting O.B. at the Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS). Help from Gareth Fabbro, Jason Herrin, and Dawn Ruth while using instrumentation at EOS is appreciated. Assistance was provided graciously by Rachel Beane during EBSD analyses; Guil Gualda and Lydia Harmon during X‑ray CT analyses; and Marcel Guillong and Oscar Laurent during LA-ICP-MS analyses. This work benefited from conversations with Alfred Anderson, Kendra Lynn, Michael Ort, Amber Gullikson, Mary Reid, Jorge Vazquez, Jim Wittke, Fidel Costa, Guil Gualda, Olivier Bachmann, Josef Dufek, and Benoit Welsch. Suggestions from Benoit Welsch, Guil Gualda, and Eva Hartung on an earlier version of this manuscript are appreciated. Susanne Seitz and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for constructive reviews, and we are grateful to Christy Till for editorial handling.
Funding
This work was supported by a National Science Foundation East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes Award OISE-1514964 and Geological Society of America Graduate Student Research Grant to O.B.; EIU Council on Faculty Research Grant to C.C.; and National Science Foundation Grant EAR-1249821 to C.D. Support for O.B. was also provided by Nanyang Technological University and the EOS.
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