Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter January 23, 2020

Dissolution of poorly soluble uranyl phosphate phases in the Metaautunite Subgroup under uranyl peroxide cage cluster forming conditions

  • Haylie L. Lobeck , Enrica Balboni , Connor J. Parker , Tsuyoshi A. Kohlgruber , Mengyu Xu , Sara Boukdad , Henry M. Ridder , Hrafn Traustason , Jordan K. Isner , Ewa A. Dzik and Peter C. Burns EMAIL logo
From the journal American Mineralogist

Abstract

Uranyl phosphate minerals are widespread in uranium deposits and normally exhibit very low solubility in aqueous systems. Uranyl phosphates of the autunite group and metaautunite subgroup impact the mobility of uranium in the environment and have inspired groundwater remediation strategies that emphasize their low solubility. The importance of soluble uranium-bearing macro-anions, including nanoscale uranyl peroxide cage clusters, is largely unexplored relative to solubilization of normally low-solubility uranium minerals. Eight synthetic analogs of metaautunite subgroup minerals have been prepared and placed in various alkaline aqueous solutions containing hydrogen peroxide and tetraethylammonium hydroxide. Each uranyl phosphate studied has a topologically identical anionic sheet of uranyl square bipyramids and phosphate tetrahedra combined with various cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+) and water in the interlayer. Uranyl peroxides formed under many of the experimental conditions examined, including solid studtite [(UO2)(O2)(H2O)2](H2O)2 and soluble uranyl peroxide cage clusters containing as many as 28 uranyl ions. Uranyl phosphate solids in contact with solutions in which uranyl peroxide cage clusters formed dissolved extensively or completely. The greatest dissolution of uranyl phosphates occurred in systems that contained cations with larger hydrated radii, Li+ and Na+. The details of the uranium speciation in solution depended on the pH and counter cations provided from the interlayers of the uranyl phosphate solids.


Orcid 0000-0002-2319-9628

† Present Address: Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, U.S.A.

Present Address: Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, U.S.A.


Acknowledgments and Funding

This research was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration (DE-NA0003763). We thank the Center for Environmental Science and Technology, Materials Characterization Facility, and Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility at the University of Notre Dame for the instrumentation used in this work. Additional thanks are extended to Aaron S. Donahue for his assistance with MATLAB and development of the color plot figures.

References cited

Abrefah, J., Marschman, S.C., and Jenson, E.D. (1998) Examination of the surface coatings removed from K-East basin fuel elements. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Report-11806.10.2172/291174Search in Google Scholar

Armstrong, C.R., Nyman, M., Shvareva, T., Sigmon, G.E., Burns, P.C., and Navrotsky, A. (2012) Uranyl peroxide enhanced nuclear fuel corrosion in seawater. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 1874–1877.10.1073/pnas.1119758109Search in Google Scholar

Astilleros, J.M., Pinto, A.J., Goncalves, M.A., Sanchez-Pastor, N., and Fernandez-Diaz, L. (2013) In situ nanoscale observations of metatorbernite surfaces interacted with aqueous solutions. Environmental Science & Technology, 47, 2636–2644.10.1021/es302781kSearch in Google Scholar

Bartlett, J.R., and Cooney, R.P. (1989) On the determination of uranium oxygen bond lengths in dioxouranium(VI) compounds by Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Molecular Structure, 193, 295–300.10.1016/0022-2860(89)80140-1Search in Google Scholar

Buck, E.C., Brown, N.R., and Dietz, N.L. (1996) Contaminant uranium phases and leaching at the Fernald site in Ohio. Environmental Science & Technology, 30, 81–88.10.1021/es9500825Search in Google Scholar

Burns, P.C. (2005) U6+ minerals and inorganic compounds: Insights into an expanded structural hierarchy of crystal structures. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 1839–1894.10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.1839Search in Google Scholar

Burns, P.C. (2011) Nanoscale uranium-based cage clusters inspired by uranium mineralogy. Mineralogical Magazine, 75, 1–25.10.1180/minmag.2011.075.1.1Search in Google Scholar

Burns, P.C., and Hughes, K.A. (2003) Studtite, [(UO2(O2(H2O)2(H2O)2 The first structure of a peroxide mineral. American Mineralogist, 88, 1165–1168.10.2138/am-2003-0725Search in Google Scholar

Burns, P.C., and Nyman, M. (2018) Captivation with encapsulation: a dozen years of exploring uranyl peroxide capsules. Dalton Transactions, 47, 5916–5927.10.1039/C7DT04245KSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Burns, P.C., Ewing, R.C., and Navrotsky, A. (2012) Nuclear fuel in a reactor accident. Science, 335, 1184–1188.10.1126/science.1211285Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Clarens, F., de Pablo, J., Casas, I., Gimenez, J., Rovira, M., Merino, J., Cera, E., Bruno, J., Quinones, J., and Martinez-Esparza, A. (2005) The oxidative dissolution of unirradiated UO2 by hydrogen peroxide as a function of pH. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 345, 225–231.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2005.06.002Search in Google Scholar

Colmenero, F., Bonales, L.J., Cobos, J., and Timon, V. (2017) Study of the thermal stability of studtite by in situ Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Spetrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 174, 245–253.10.1016/j.saa.2016.11.040Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Conway, B.E. (1981) Ionic Hydration in Chemistry and Biophysics. Elsevier.Search in Google Scholar

Dal Bo, F., Hatert, F., Mees, F., Philippo, S., Baijot, M., and Fontaine, F. (2016) Crystal structure of bassetite and saléeite: new insight into autunite-group minerals. European Journal of Mineralology, 28, 663–675.10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2527Search in Google Scholar

Dembowski, M., Colla, C.A., Yu, P., Qiu, J., Szymanowski, J.E.S., Casey, W.H., and Burns, P.C. (2017a) The propensity of uranium-peroxide systems to preserve nanosized assemblies. Inorganic Chemistry, 56, 9602–9608.10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01095Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Dembowski, M., Bernales, V., Qiu, J.E., Hickam, S., Gaspar, G., Gagliardi, L., and Burns, P.C. (2017b) Computationally-guided assignment of unexpected signals in the Raman spectra of uranyl triperoxide complexes. Inorganic Chemistry, 56, 1574–1580.10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02666Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Dzik, E.A., Lobeck, H.L., Zhang, L., and Burns, P.C. (2017a) Thermodynamic properties of phosphate members of the meta-autunite group: A high-temperature calorimetric study. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 114, 165–171.10.1016/j.jct.2017.07.007Search in Google Scholar

Dzik, E.A., Lobeck, H.L., Zhang, L., and Burns, P.C. (2017b) Thermodynamic characterization of synthetic autunite. American Mineralogist, 102, 1977–1980.10.2138/am-2017-6109Search in Google Scholar

Eysel, H.H., and Thym, S. (1975) Raman-spectra of peroxides. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, 411, 97–102.10.1002/zaac.19754110202Search in Google Scholar

Falaise, C., and Nyman, M. (2016) The key role of U-28 in the aqueous self-assembly of uranyl peroxide nanocages. Chemistry—a European Journal, 22, 14678–14687.10.1002/chem.201602130Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Fanizza, M.F., Yoon, H., Zhang, C.Y., Oostrom, M., Wietsma, T.W., Hess, N.J., Bowden, M.E., Strathmann, T.J., Finneran, K.T., and Werth, C.J. (2013) Pore-scale evaluation of uranyl phosphate precipitation in a model groundwater system. Water Resources Research, 49, 874–890.10.1002/wrcr.20088Search in Google Scholar

Fernelius, W.C., and Detling, K.D. (1934) Preparation of crystals of sparingly soluble salts. Journal of Chemical Education, 176–178.10.1021/ed011p176Search in Google Scholar

Flynn, S.L., Szymanowski, J.E.S., Gao, Y.Y., Liu, T.B., Burns, P.C., and Fein, J.B. (2015) Experimental measurements of U60 nanocluster stability in aqueous solution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 156, 94–105.10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.021Search in Google Scholar

Forbes, T.Z., Horan, P., Devine, T., McInnis, D., and Burns, P.C. (2011) Alteration of dehydrated schoepite and soddyite to studtite, [(UO2(O2(H2O)2(H2O)2 American Mineralogist, 96, 202–206.10.2138/am.2011.3517Search in Google Scholar

Fuller, C.C., Bargar, J.R., Davis, J.A., and Piana, M.J. (2002) Mechanisms of uranium interactions with hydroxyapatite: Implications for groundwater remediation. Environmental Science & Technology, 36, 158–165.10.1021/es0108483Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Gao, Y.Y., Haso, F., Szymanowski, J.E.S., Zhou, J., Hu, L., Burns, P.C., and Liu, T.B. (2015) Selective permeability of uranyl peroxide nanocages to different alkali ions: Influences from Surface Pores and Hydration Shells. Chemistry—a European Journal, 21, 18785–18790.10.1002/chem.201503773Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Göb, S., Gühring, J.E., Bau, M., and Markl, G. (2013) Remobilization of U and REE and the formation of secondary minerals in oxidized U deposits. American Mineralogist, 98, 530–548.10.2138/am.2013.4275Search in Google Scholar

Gorman-Lewis, D., Shvareva, T., Kubatko, K.A., Burns, P.C., Wellman, D.M., McNamara, B., Szymanowski, J.E.S., Navrotsky, A., and Fein, J.B. (2009) Thermodynamic properties of autunite, uranyl hydrogen phosphate, and uranyl orthophosphate from solubility and calorimetric measurements. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 7416–7422.10.1021/es9012933Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Gudavalli, R., Katsenovich, Y., and Wellman, D. (2018) Quantification of kinetic rate law parameters for the dissolution of natural autunite in the presence of aqueous bicarbonate ions at high concentrations. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 190, 1–9.10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.04.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Hanson, B., McNamara, B., Buck, E., Friese, J., Jenson, E., Krupka, K., and Arey, B. (2005) Corrosion of commercial spent nuclear fuel. 1. Formation of studtite and metastudtite. Radiochimica Acta, 93, 159–168.10.1524/ract.93.3.159.61613Search in Google Scholar

Hickam, S., Aksenov, S.M., Dembowski, M., Perry, S.N., Traustason, H., Russell, M., and Burns, P.C. (2018) Complexity of uranyl peroxide cluster speciation from alkali-directed oxidative dissolution of uranium dioxide. Inorganic Chemistry, 57, 9296–9305.10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01299Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Hickam, S., Breier, J., Cripe, J., Cole, E., and Burns, P.C. (2019) Effects of H2O2 concentration on formation of uranyl peroxide species probed by dissolution of uranium nitride and uranium dioxide. Inorganic Chemistry, DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00231.10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00231Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Ilavsky, J., and Jemian, P.R. (2009) Irena: tool suite for modeling and analysis of small-angle scattering. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 42, 347–353.10.1107/S0021889809002222Search in Google Scholar

Kost, G.J. (1990) pH standardization for P31 magnetic-resonance heart spectroscopy at different temperatures. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 14, 496–506.10.1002/mrm.1910140307Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Krivovichev, S.V., and Plášil, J. (2013) Mineralogy and crystallography of uranium. Uranium: from cradle to grave. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Courses, 43, 15–119.Search in Google Scholar

Lammers, L.N., Rasmussen, H., Adilman, D., deLemos, J.L., Zeeb, P., Larson, D.G., and Quicksall, A.N. (2017) Groundwater uranium stabilization by a metastable hydroxyapatite. Applied Geochemistry, 84, 105–113.10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.06.001Search in Google Scholar

Lobeck, H.L., Isner, J.K., and Burns, P.C. (2019a) Transformation of the uranyl peroxide studtite, [(UO2(O2(H2O)2(H2O)2 to soluble nanoscale cage clusters. Inorganic Chemistry, 58, 6781–6789.10.1130/abs/2018AM-321455Search in Google Scholar

Lobeck, H.L., Traustason, H., Julien, P.A., FitzPatrick, J.R., Mana, S., Szymanowski, J.E.S., and Burns, P.C. (2019b) In situ Raman spectroscopy of uranyl peroxide nanoscale cage clusters under hydrothermal conditions. Dalton Transactions, 48, 7755–7765.10.1039/C9DT01529ASearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Locock, A.J. (2007) Trends in actinide compounds with the autunite sheet-anion topology. Proceedings of the Russian Mineral Society, 136, 115–137.Search in Google Scholar

Locock, A.J., Burns, P.C., Duke, M.J.M., and Flynn, T.M. (2004a) Monovalent cations in structures of the meta-autunite group. Canadian Mineralogist, 42, 973–996.10.2113/gscanmin.42.4.973Search in Google Scholar

Locock, A.J., Burns, P.C., and Flynn, T.M. (2004b) Divalent transition metals and magnesium in structures that contain the autunite-type sheet. Canadian Mineralogist, 42, 1699–1718.10.2113/gscanmin.42.6.1699Search in Google Scholar

Magnin, M., Jegou, C., Caraballo, R., Broudic, V., Tribet, M., Peuget, S., and Talip, Z. (2015) Oxidizing dissolution mechanism of an irradiated MOX fuel in underwater aerated conditions at slightly acidic pH. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 462, 230–241.10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.03.029Search in Google Scholar

Mallon, C., Walshe, A., Forster, R.J., Keyes, T.E., and Baker, R.J. (2012) Physical characterization and reactivity of the uranyl peroxide UO22-O2(H2O)2·2H2O: Implications for storage of spent nuclear fuels. Inorganic Chemistry, 51, 8509–8515.10.1021/ic3010823Search in Google Scholar PubMed

McGrail, B.T., Sigmon, G.E., Jouffret, L.J., Andrews, C.R., and Burns, P.C. (2014) Raman spectroscopic and ESI-MS characterization of uranyl peroxide cage clusters. Inorganic Chemistry, 53, 1562–1569.10.1021/ic402570bSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Mehta, V.S., Maillot, F., Wang, Z.M., Catalano, J.G., and Giammar, D.E. (2014) Effect of co-solutes on the products and solubility of uranium(VI) precipitated with phosphate. Chemical Geology, 364, 66–75.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.12.002Search in Google Scholar

Mehta, V.S., Maillot, F., Wang, Z.M., Catalano, J.G., and Giammar, D.E. (2015) Transport of U(VI) through sediments amended with phosphate to induce in situ uranium immobilization. Water Research, 69, 307–317.10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.044Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Miras, H.N., Wilson, E.F., and Cronin, L. (2009) Unravelling the complexities of inorganic and supramolecular self-assembly in solution with electrospray and cryospray mass spectrometry. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, U.K.), 11, 1297–1311.10.1039/b819534jSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Munasinghe, P.S., Madden, M.E.E., Brooks, S.C., and Madden, A.S.E. (2015) Dynamic interplay between uranyl phosphate precipitation, sorption, and phase evolution. Applied Geochemistry, 58, 147–160.10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.04.008Search in Google Scholar

Murakami, T., Ohnuki, T., Isobe, H., and Sato, T. (1997) Mobility of uranium during weathering. American Mineralogist, 82, 888–899.10.2138/am-1997-9-1006Search in Google Scholar

Nyman, M., Rodriguez, M.A., and Campana, C.F. (2010) Self-assembly of alkali-uranyl-peroxide clusters. Inorganic Chemistry, 49, 7748–7755.10.1021/ic1005192Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Odoh, S.O., Shamblin, J., Colla, C.A., Hickam, S., Lobeck, H.L., Lopez, R.A.K., Olds, T., Szymanowski, J.E.S., Sigmon, G.E., Neuefeind, J., and others. (2016) Structure and reactivity of X‑ray amorphous uranyl peroxide, U2O7 Inorganic Chemistry, 55, 3541–3546.10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00017Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Pekov, I.V., Levitskiy, V.V., Krivovichev, S.V., Zolotarev, A.A., Bryzgalov, I.A., Zadov, A.E., and Chukanov, N.V. (2012) New nickel-uranium-arsenic mineral species from the oxidation zone of the Belorechenskoye deposit, Northern Caucasus, Russia: I. Rauchite, Ni(UO22(AsO40·10H2O, a member of the autunite group. European Journal of Mineralogy, 24, 913–922.10.1127/0935-1221/2012/0024-2217Search in Google Scholar

Perdrial, N., Vazquez-Ortega, A., Wang, G.H., Kanematsu, M., Mueller, K.T., Um, W., Steefel, C.I., O’Day, P.A., and Chorover, J. (2018) Uranium speciation in acid waste-weathered sediments: The role of aging and phosphate amendments. Applied Geochemistry, 89, 109–120.10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.12.001Search in Google Scholar

Peruski, K.M., Bernales, V., Dembowski, M., Lobeck, H.L., Pellegrini, K.L., Sigmon, G.E., Hickam, S.M., Wallace, C.M., Szymanowski, J.E.S., Balboni, E., and others. (2016) Uranyl peroxide cage cluster solubility in water and the role of the electrical double layer. Inorganic Chemistry, 56, 1333–1339.10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02435Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Plášil, J., Sejkora, J., Cějka, J., Skoda, R., and Goliaš, V. (2009) Supergene mineralization of the Medvědín uranium deposit, Krkonoše Mountains, Czech Republic. Journal of Geosciences, 54, 15–56.10.3190/jgeosci.029Search in Google Scholar

Plášil, J., Sejkora, J., Cějka, J., Novák, M., Viñals, J., Ondruš, P., Veselovsky, F., Škácha, P., Jehlicka, J., Goliaš, V., and Hloušek, J. (2010) Metarauchite, Ni(UO22(AsO42·8H2O, from Jáchymov, Czech Republic, and Schneeberg, Germany: A new member of the autunite group. Canadian Mineralogist, 48, 335–350.10.3749/canmin.48.2.335Search in Google Scholar

Qiu, J., and Burns, P.C. (2013) Clusters of actinides with oxide, peroxide, or hydroxide bridges. Chemical Reviews, 113, 1097–1120.10.1021/cr300159xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Qiu, J., Ling, J., Sui, A., Szymanowski, J.E.S., Simonetti, A., and Burns, P.C. (2012) Time-resolved self-assembly of a fullerene-topology core-shell cluster containing 68 uranyl polyhedra. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134, 1810–1816.10.1021/ja210163bSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Qiu, J., Ling, J., Jouffret, L., Thomas, R., Szymanowski, J.E.S., and Burns, P.C. (2014) Water-soluble multi-cage super tetrahedral uranyl peroxide phosphate clusters. Chemical Science, 5, 303–310.10.1039/C3SC52357HSearch in Google Scholar

Qiu, J., Spano, T.L., Dembowski, M., Kokot, A.M., Szymanowski, J.E.S., and Burns, P.C. (2017) Sulfate-centered sodium-lcosahedron-templated uranyl peroxide phosphate cages with uranyl bridged by μ-η1η2 peroxide. Inorganic Chemistry, 56, 1874–1880.10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02429Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Raicevic, S., Wright, J.V., Veljkovic, V., and Conca, J.L. (2006) Theoretical stability assessment of uranyl phosphates and apatites: Selection of amendments for in situ remediation of uranium. Science of the Total Environment, 355, 13–24.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Reynolds, J.G., Cooke, G.A., Page, J.S., and Warrant, R.W. (2018) Uranium-bearing phases in Hanford nuclear waste. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 316, 289–299.10.1007/s10967-018-5724-5Search in Google Scholar

Sadergaski, L.R., Stoxen, W., and Hixon, A.E. (2018) Uranyl peroxide nanocluster (U-60) persistence and sorption in the presence of hematite. Environmental Science & Technology, 52, 3304–3311.10.1021/acs.est.7b06510Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Sattonnay, G., Ardois, C., Corbel, C., Lucchini, J.F., Barthe, M.F., Garrido, F., and Gosset, D. (2001) Alpha-radiolysis effects on UO2 alteration in water. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 288, 11–19.10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00714-5Search in Google Scholar

Seo, Y., Murakami, M., Watari, H., Imai, Y., Yoshizaki, K., Nishikawa, H., and Morimoto, T. (1983) Intracellular pH determination by a P31-NMR Technique—The 2nd dissociation-constant of phosphoric-acid in a biological system. Journal of Biochemistry, 94, 729–734.10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a134413Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Singer, D.M., Zachara, J.M., and Brown, G.E. (2009) Uranium speciation as a function of depth in contaminated Hanford sediments—A micro-XRF, micro-XRD, and micro- and bulk-XAFS study. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 630–636.10.1021/es8021045Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Suzuki, Y., Sato, T., Isobe, H., Kogure, T., and Murakami, T. (2005) Dehydration processes in the meta-autunite group minerals meta-autunite, metasaleeite, and metatorbernite. American Mineralogist, 90, 1308–1314.10.2138/am.2005.1568Search in Google Scholar

Unruh, D.K., Burtner, A., Pressprich, L., Sigmon, G.E., and Burns, P.C. (2010) Uranyl peroxide closed clusters containing topological squares. Dalton Transactions, 39, 5807–5813.10.1039/c0dt00074dSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

VanHaverbeke, L., Vochten, R., and VanSpringel, K. (1996) Solubility and spectrochemical characteristics of synthetic chernikovite and meta-ankoleite. Mineralogical Magazine, 60, 759–766.10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.05Search in Google Scholar

Warzok, U., Mahnke, L.K., and Bensch, W. (2019) Soluble hetero-polyoxovana-dates and their solution chemistry analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chemistry—a European Journal, 25, 1405–1419.10.1002/chem.201803291Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Wellman, D.M., Icenhower, J.P., Gamerdinger, A.P., and Forrester, S.W. (2006a) Effects of pH, temperature, and aqueous organic material on the dissolution kinetics of meta-autunite minerals, (Na,Ca)2–1(UO2(PO42·3H2O. American Mineralogist, 91, 143–158.10.2138/am.2006.1807Search in Google Scholar

Wellman, D.M., Icenhower, J.P., and Owen, A.T. (2006b) Comparative analysis of soluble phosphate amendments for the remediation of heavy metal contaminants: Effect on sediment hydraulic conductivity. Environmental Chemistry, 3, 219–224.10.1071/EN05023Search in Google Scholar

Wellman, D.M., Pierce, E.M., and Valenta, M.M. (2007a) Efficacy of soluble sodium tripolyphosphate amendments for the in-situ immobilisation of uranium. Environmental Chemistry, 4, 293–300.10.1071/EN07030Search in Google Scholar

Wellman, D.M., Gunderson, K.M., Icenhower, J.P., and Forrester, S.W. (2007b) Dissolution kinetics of synthetic and natural meta-autunite minerals, X3–nn)+ [(UO2(PO4]2·xH2O, under acidic conditions. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 8, 16.10.1029/2007GC001695Search in Google Scholar

Wellman, D.M., Glovack, J.N., Parker, K., Richards, E.L., and Pierce, E.M. (2008) Sequestration and retention of uranium(VI) in the presence of hydroxylapatite under dynamic geochemical conditions. Environmental Chemistry, 5, 40–50.10.1071/EN07060Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2019-05-07
Accepted: 2019-09-28
Published Online: 2020-01-23
Published in Print: 2020-02-25

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 29.3.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2020-7106/pdf
Scroll to top button