Abstract
To understand the effects of H2O on the mineral phases forming under the pressure-temperature conditions of the lower mantle, we have conducted laser-heated diamond-anvil cell experiments on hydrous ringwoodite (Mg2SiO4 with 1.1 wt% H2O) at pressures between 29 and 59 GPa and temperatures between 1200 and 2400 K. Our results show that hydrous ringwoodite (hRw) converts to crystalline dense hydrous silica, stishovite (Stv) or CaCl2-type SiO2 (mStv), containing 1 wt% H2O together with Brd and MgO at the pressure-temperature conditions expected for shallow lower-mantle depths between approximately 660 to 1600 km. Considering the lack of sign for melting in our experiments, our preferred interpretation of the observation is that Brd partially breaks down to dense hydrous silica and periclase (Pc), forming the phase assembly Brd + Pc + Stv. The results may provide an explanation for the enigmatic coexistence of Stv and Fp inclusions in lower-mantle diamonds.
Acknowledgments and Funding
We thank two anonymous reviewers and the editor. This work was supported by NSF grants (EAR1321976 and EAR1401270) and NASA grant (80NSSC18K0353) to S.H.S. H.C. has been supported by the Keck foundation (PI: P. Buseck). The results reported herein benefit from collaborations and/ or information exchange within NASA’s Nexus for Exoplanet System Science (NExSS) research coordination network sponsored by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of facilities within the Eyring Materials Center at Arizona State University. The synchrotron experiments were conducted at GSECARS, Advanced Photon Source (APS), Advanced Light Source (ALS), and National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). GSECARS is supported by NSF-Earth Science (EAR-1128799) and DOE-GeoScience (DE-FG02-94ER14466). The Multi-Anvil Cell Assembly Project, DAC gas loading, and the U2A beamline at the NSLS are supported by COMPRES under NSF EAR 11-43050. APS, ALS, and NSLS are supported by DOE, under contracts DE-AC02-06CH11357, DE-AC02-05CH11231, and DE-SC0012704, respectively. The experimental data for this paper are available by contacting SHDShim@asu.edu or hchen156@asu.edu.
References cited
Andrault, D., Angel, R.J., Mosenfelder, J.L., and Bihan, T.L. (2003) Equation of state of stishovite to lower mantle pressures. American Mineralogist, 88, 301–307.10.2138/am-2003-2-307Search in Google Scholar
Bolfan-Casanova, N., Keppler, H., and Rubie, D.C. (2000) Water partitioning between nominally anhydrous minerals in the MgO–SiO2–H2O system up to 24 GPa: implications for the distribution of water in the Earth’s mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 182, 209–221.10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00244-2Search in Google Scholar
Bolfan-Casanova, N., Mackwell, S., Keppler, H., McCammon, C., and Rubie, D.C. (2002) Pressure dependence of H solubility in magnesiowüstite up to 25 GPa: Implications for the storage of water in the Earth’s lower mantle. Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 89-1–89-4.10.1029/2001GL014457Search in Google Scholar
Bolfan-Casanova, N., Keppler, H., and Rubie, D.C. (2003) Water partitioning at 660 km depth and evidence for very low water solubility in magnesium silicate perovskite. Geophysical Research Letters, 30. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL01718210.1029/2003GL017182Search in Google Scholar
Brown, J.M., and Shankland, T.J. (1981) Thermodynamic parameters in the Earth as determined from seismic profiles. Geophysical Journal International, 66, 579–596.10.1111/j.1365-246X.1981.tb04891.xSearch in Google Scholar
Dorogokupets, P., and Dewaele, A. (2007) Equations of state of MgO, Au, Pt, NaCl-B1, and NaCl-B2: Internally consistent high-temperature pressure scales. High Pressure Research, 27, 431–446.10.1080/08957950701659700Search in Google Scholar
Fei, H., Yamazaki, D., Sakurai, M., Miyajima, N., Ohfuji, H., Katsura, T., and Yamamoto, T. (2017) A nearly water-saturated mantle transition zone inferred from mineral viscosity. Science Advances, 3, e1603024.10.1126/sciadv.1603024Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Fei, Y., Wang, Y., and Finger, L.W. (1996) Maximum solubility of FeO in (Mg, Fe) SiO3-perovskite as a function of temperature at 26 GPa: Implication for FeO content in the lower mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 101, 11,525–11,530.10.1029/96JB00408Search in Google Scholar
Hirose, K., Takafuji, N., Sata, N., and Ohishi, Y. (2005) Phase transition and density of subducted MORB crust in the lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237, 239–251.10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.035Search in Google Scholar
Hirschmann, M.M. (2006) Water, melting, and the deep Earth H2O cycle. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 34, 629–653.10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125211Search in Google Scholar
Kaminsky, F. (2012) Mineralogy of the lower mantle: A review of ‘super-deep’ mineral inclusions in diamond. Earth-Science Reviews, 110, 127–147.10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.10.005Search in Google Scholar
Kesson, S.E., Fitz Gerald, J.D., and Shelley, J.M. (1998) Mineralogy and dynamics of a pyrolite lower mantle. Nature, 393, 252–255.10.1038/30466Search in Google Scholar
Kohn, S.C., Speich, L., Smith, C.B., and Bulanova, G.P. (2016) FTIR thermochronometry of natural diamonds: A closer look. Lithos, 265, 148–158.10.1016/j.lithos.2016.09.021Search in Google Scholar
Kunz, M., MacDowell, A.A., Caldwell, W.A., Cambie, D., Celestre, R.S., Domning, E.E., Duarte, R.M., Gleason, A.E., Glossinger, J.M., Kelez, N., and others. (2005) A beamline for high-pressure studies at the Advanced Light Source with a superconducting bending magnet as the source. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, 12, 650–658.10.1107/S0909049505020959Search in Google Scholar
Kurnosov, A., Marquardt, H., Frost, D.J., Boffa Ballaran, T., and Ziberna, L. (2017) Evidence for a Fe3+-rich pyrolitic lower mantle from (Al,Fe)-bearing bridgmanite elasticity data. Nature, 543, 543–546.10.1038/nature21390Search in Google Scholar
Lakshtanov, D.L., Sinogeikin, S.V., Litasov, K.D., Prakapenka, V.B., Hellwig, H., Wang, J., Sanches-Valle, C., Perrillat, J.-P., Chen, B., Somayazulu, M., and others (2007) The post-stishovite phase transition in hydrous alumina-bearing SiO2 in the lower mantle of the Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 13588–13590.10.1073/pnas.0706113104Search in Google Scholar
Lee, K.K.M., O’Neill, B., Panero, W.R., Shim, S.-H., Benedetti, L.R., and Jeanloz, R. (2004) Equations of state of the high-pressure phases of a natural peridotite and implications for the Earth’s lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 223, 381–393.10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.033Search in Google Scholar
Leinenweber, K.D., Tyburczy, J.A., Sharp, T.G., Soignard, E., Diedrich, T., Petuskey, W.B., Wang, Y., and Mosenfelder, J.L. (2012) Cell assemblies for reproducible multi-anvil experiments (the COMPRES assemblies). American Mineralogist, 97, 353–368.10.2138/am.2012.3844Search in Google Scholar
Litasov, K., and Ohtani, E. (2002) Phase relations and melt compositions in CMAS–pyrolite–H2O system up to 25 GPa. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 134, 105–127.10.1016/S0031-9201(02)00152-8Search in Google Scholar
Litvin, Y., Spivak, A., Solopova, N., and Dubrovinsky, L. (2014) On origin of lower-mantle diamonds and their primary inclusions. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 228, 176–185.10.1016/j.pepi.2013.12.007Search in Google Scholar
Mao, H.K., Bell, P.M., Shaner, J.W., and Steinberg, D.J. (1978) Specific volume measurements of Cu, Mo, Pd, and Ag and calibration of the ruby R1 fluorescence pressure gauge from 0.06 to 1 Mbar. Journal of Applied Physics, 49, 3276–3283.10.1063/1.325277Search in Google Scholar
McDonough, W.F., and Sun, S.-s. (1995) The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology, 120, 223–253.10.1016/S0074-6142(01)80077-2Search in Google Scholar
Newville, M., Stensitzki, T., Allen, D.B., and Ingargiola, A. (2014) LMFIT: Non-Linear Least-Square Minimization and Curve-Fitting for Python. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11813.10.5281/zenodo.11813Search in Google Scholar
Nishi, M., Irifune, T., Tsuchiya, J., Tange, Y., Nishihara, Y., Fujino, K., and Higo, Y. (2014) Stability of hydrous silicate at high pressures and water transport to the deep lower mantle. Nature Geoscience, 7, 224–227.10.1038/ngeo2074Search in Google Scholar
Nisr, C., Shim, S.-H., Leinenweber, K., and Chizmeshya, A. (2017a) Raman spectroscopy of water-rich stishovite and dense high-pressure silica up to 55 GPa. American Mineralogist, 102, 2180–2189.10.2138/am-2017-5944Search in Google Scholar
Nisr, C., Leinenweber, K., Prakapenka, V., Prescher, C., Tkachev, S., and Shim, S.-H. (2017b) Phase transition and equation of state of dense hydrous silica up to 63 GPa. Journal of Geophysical Research, 122, 6972–6983.10.1002/2017JB014055Search in Google Scholar
Panero, W.R., Benedetti, L.R., and Jeanloz, R. (2003) Transport of water into the lower mantle: Role of stishovite. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B1).10.1029/2002JB002053Search in Google Scholar
Panero, W.R., Pigott, J.S., Reaman, D.M., Kabbes, J.E., and Liu, Z. (2015) Dry (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite in the Earth’s lower mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120, 2014JB011397.Search in Google Scholar
Pearson, D.G., Brenker, F.E., Nestola, F., McNeill, J., Nasdala, L., Hutchison, M.T., Matveev, S., Mather, K., Silversmit, G., Schmitz, S., and others. (2014) Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond. Nature, 507, 221–224.10.1038/nature13080Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Prakapenka, V.B., Kubo, A., Kuznetsov, A., Laskin, A., Shkurikhin, O., Dera, P., Rivers, M.L., and Sutton, S.R. (2008) Advanced flat top laser heating system for high pressure research at GSECARS: application to the melting behavior of germanium. High Pressure Research, 28, 225–235.10.1080/08957950802050718Search in Google Scholar
Prescher, C., and Prakapenka, V.B. (2015) DIOPTAS: a program for reduction of two-dimensional X‑ray diffraction data and data exploration. High Pressure Research, 35, 223–230.10.1080/08957959.2015.1059835Search in Google Scholar
Ross, N.L., and Hazen, R.M. (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of MgSiO3 perovskite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 17, 228–237.10.1007/BF00201454Search in Google Scholar
Ross, M., Mao, H.K., Bell, P.M., and Xu, J.A. (1986) The equation of state of dense argon: A comparison of shock and static studies. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 85, 1028–1033.10.1007/978-1-4613-2207-8_14Search in Google Scholar
Rossman, G.R. (1996) Studies of OH in nominally anhydrous minerals. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 23, 299–304.10.1007/BF00207777Search in Google Scholar
Saxena, S.K., Dubrovinsky, L.S., Lazor, P., Cerenius, Y., Häggkvist, P., Hanfland, M., and Hu, J. (1996) Stability of perovskite (MgSiO3 in the Earth’s mantle. Science, 274, 1357–1359.10.1126/science.274.5291.1357Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Schmandt, B., Jacobsen, S.D., Becker, T.W., Liu, Z., and Dueker, K.G. (2014) Dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle. Science, 344, 1265–1268.10.1126/science.1253358Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Serghiou, G., Zerr, A., and Boehler, R. (1998) (Mg,Fe)SiO3-perovskite stability under lower mantle conditions. Science, 280, 2093–2095.10.1126/science.280.5372.2093Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shim, S.-H., Duffy, T.S., and Shen, G. (2001a) Stability and structure of MgSiO3 perovskite to 2300-kilometer depth in Earth’s mantle. Science, 293, 2437–2440.10.1126/science.1061235Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shim, S.-H., Duffy, T.S., and Shen, G. (2001b) The post-spinel transformation in Mg2SiO4 and its relation to the 660-km seismic discontinuity. Nature, 411, 571–574.10.1038/35079053Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shim, S.-H., Grocholski, B., Ye, Y., Alp, E.E., Xu, S., Morgan, D., Meng, Y., and Prakapenka, V.B. (2017) Stability of ferrous-iron-rich bridgmanite under reducing midmantle conditions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 6468–6473.10.1073/pnas.1614036114Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Smyth, J.R. (1994) A crystallographic model for hydrous wadsleyite (β-Mg2SiO4 An ocean in the Earth’s interior? American Mineralogist, 79, 1021–1024.Search in Google Scholar
Smyth, J.R., Holl, C.M., Frost, D.J., Jacobsen, S.D. Langenhorst, F., and McCammon, C.A. (2003) Structural systematics of hydrous ringwoodite and water in Earth’s interior. American Mineralogist, 88, 1402–1407.10.2138/am-2003-1001Search in Google Scholar
Smyth, J.R., Holl, C.M., Frost, D.J., and Jacobsen, S.D. (2004) High pressure crystal chemistry of hydrous ringwoodite and water in the Earth’s interior. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 143, 271–278.10.1016/j.pepi.2003.08.011Search in Google Scholar
Spektor, K., Nylen, J., Stoyanov, E., Navrotsky, A., Hervig, R.L., Leinenweber, K., Holland, G.P., and Häussermann, U. (2011) Ultrahydrous stishovite from high-pressure hydrothermal treatment of SiO2 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 20,918–20,922.10.1073/pnas.1117152108Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Spektor, K., Nylen, J., Mathew, R., Edén, M., Stoyanov, E., Navrotsky, A., Leinen-weber, K., and Häussermann, U. (2016) Formation of hydrous stishovite from coesite in high-pressure hydrothermal environments. American Mineralogist, 101, 2514–2524.10.2138/am-2016-5609Search in Google Scholar
Stachel, T., Brey, G.P., and Harris, J.W. (2005) Inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds: Glimpses of deep Earth. Elements, 1, 73–78.10.2113/gselements.1.2.73Search in Google Scholar
Syracuse, E.M., van Keken, P.E., and Abers, G.A. (2010) The global range of subduction zone thermal models. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 183, 73–90.10.1016/j.pepi.2010.02.004Search in Google Scholar
Toby, B.H., and Von Dreele, R.B. (2013) GSAS-II: the genesis of a modern open-source all purpose crystallography software package. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 46, 544–549.10.1107/S0021889813003531Search in Google Scholar
Tschauner, O., Huang, S., Greenberg, E., Prakapenka, V.B., Ma, C., Rossman, G.R., Shen, A.H., Zhang, D., Newville, M., Lanzirotti, A., and others. (2018) Ice-VII inclusions in diamonds: Evidence for aqueous fluid in Earth’s deep mantle. Science, 359, 1136–1139.10.1126/science.aao3030Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Walter, M.J., Thomson, A.R., Wang, W., Lord, O.T., Ross, J., McMahon, S.C., Baron, M.A., Melekhova, E., Kleppe, A.K., and Kohn, S.C. (2015) The stability of hydrous silicates in Earth’s lower mantle: Experimental constraints from the systems MgO–SiO2–H2O and MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O. Chemical Geology, 418, 16–29.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.05.001Search in Google Scholar
Ye, Y., Prakapenka, V., Meng, Y., and Shim, S.-H. (2017) Intercomparison of the gold, platinum, and MgO pressure scales up to 140 GPa and 2500 K. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 122, 3450–3464.10.1002/2016JB013811Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
