Determination of polyolefin additives by reversed-phase liquid chromatography

[1] P.S. Chum, K.W. Swogger, Prog. Polym. Sci. 33, 797 (2008) 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.05.003Search in Google Scholar

[2] E. Reingruber, M. Himmelsbach, C. Sauer, W. Buchberger, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 95(5), 740 (2010) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.02.015Search in Google Scholar

[3] M. Tolinski, Additives for Polyolefins: Getting the Most Out of Polypropylene, Polyethylene and TPO (Plastics Design Library-Elsevier, USA, 2009) Search in Google Scholar

[4] W. Voigt, R. Todesco, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 77, 397 (2002) 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00089-7Search in Google Scholar

[5] R. Pfaendner, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 91, 2249 (2006) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.10.017Search in Google Scholar

[6] R. Ashby, In: R. Ashby, I. Cooper, S. Harvey, P. Tice (Eds.), Food Packaging and Legislation, (Pira International, Surrey-UK, 1997) 17 Search in Google Scholar

[7] European Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Off. J. Eur. Union L12, 1 (2011) Search in Google Scholar

[8] European Directive 2009/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 june 2009 on the safety of toys. Off. J. Eur. Union L170, 1 (2009) Search in Google Scholar

[9] European Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. Off. J. Eur. Union L396, 1 (2006) Search in Google Scholar

[10] F. Gugumus, N. Lelli, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 72, 407 (2001) 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00029-5Search in Google Scholar

[11] R. Gensler, C.J.G. Plummer, H.H. Kausch, E. Kramer, J.R. Pauquet, H. Zweifel, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 67, 195 (2000) 10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00113-5Search in Google Scholar

[12] D.W. Allen, M.R. Chench, A. Crowson, D.A. Leathard, R. Saklatvala, J. Chromatogr. A 679, 285 (1994) 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80571-7Search in Google Scholar

[13] D.W. Allen, M.R. Chench, A. Crowson, D.A. Leathar, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 39, 293 (1993) 10.1016/0141-3910(93)90004-3Search in Google Scholar

[14] D.W. Allen, D.A. Leathard, C. Smith, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 38(5), 461 (1991) 10.1016/1359-0197(91)90062-7Search in Google Scholar

[15] D.W. Allen, M.R. Chench, A. Crowson, D.A. Leathard, J. Chromatogr. 629, 283 (1993) 10.1016/0021-9673(93)87042-KSearch in Google Scholar

[16] I. Kriston, G. Pénzes, G. Szijjártó, P. Szabó, P. Staniek, E. Földes, B. Pukánsky, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 95(9), 1883 (2010) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.04.017Search in Google Scholar

[17] M. Bertoldo, F. Ciardelli, Polymer 45, 8751 (2004) 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.10.044Search in Google Scholar

[18] H. El Mansouri, N. Yagoubi, D. Ferrier, Chromatographia 48(7/8), 491 (1998) 10.1007/BF02466639Search in Google Scholar

[19] R.C. Nielson, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 14, 503 (1991) 10.1080/01483919108049266Search in Google Scholar

[20] K. Yu, E. Block, M. Balogh, LC-GC 18(2), 162 (2000) Search in Google Scholar

[21] D. Marque, A. Feigembaun, D. Dainelli, A. Riquett, Food Addit. Contam. A 15(7), 831 (1998) 10.1080/02652039809374717Search in Google Scholar

[22] H.J. Vandenburg, A.A. Clifford, K.D. Bartle, S.A. Zhu, Anal. Chem. 70, 1943 (1998) 10.1021/ac9710902Search in Google Scholar

[23] H.C. Ashton, Angew. Makromol. Chem. 262, 9 (1998) 10.1002/(SICI)1522-9505(19981201)261-262:1<9::AID-APMC9>3.0.CO;2-WSearch in Google Scholar

[24] C.F. Vadakkoott, N.S. Yoginder, S.B. Ishwar, Angew. Makromol. Chem 113, 219 (1983) 10.1002/apmc.1983.051130119Search in Google Scholar

[25] M.A. Haney, W.A. Dark, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 18, 655 (1980) 10.1093/chromsci/18.12.655Search in Google Scholar

[26] D. Munteanu. A. Isfan, C. Isfan, I. Tincul, Chromatographia 23(1), 7 (1987) 10.1007/BF02310410Search in Google Scholar

[27] H. Nadejzda, K. Sigbritt, Analyst 124, 797 (1999) 10.1039/a809025dSearch in Google Scholar

[28] R.C. Nielson, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 16(7), 1625 (1993) 10.1080/00144940.1993.9938723Search in Google Scholar

[29] A.M. Pinto, L.T. Taylor, J. Chromatogr. A 811, 163 (1998) 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00263-5Search in Google Scholar

[30] B. Marcatto, M. Vianello, J. Chromatogr. A 869, 285 (2000) 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00940-1Search in Google Scholar

[31] P. Molander, K. Haugland, D.R. Hegna, E. Ommundsen, E. Lundanes, T. Greibrokk, J. Chromatogr. A 864, 103 (1999) 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)01006-7Search in Google Scholar

[32] T. Greibrokk, B.E. Berg, S. Hoffmann, H.R. Norli, Q. Ying, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 505, 283 (1990) 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93086-9Search in Google Scholar

[33] I. Bruheim, P. Molander, E. Lundanes, T. Greibrokk, E. Ommundsen, J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 23(9), 525 (2000) 10.1002/1521-4168(20000901)23:9<525::AID-JHRC525>3.0.CO;2-NSearch in Google Scholar

[34] P. Molander, A. Holm, E. Lundanes, R. Hegna, Dag, E. Ommundsen, T. Greibrokk, Analyst 127, 892 (2002) 10.1039/b201651fSearch in Google Scholar

[35] D. Louden, A. Handley, E. Lenz, I. Sinclair, S. Taylor, I.D. Wilson, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 373, 508 (2002) 10.1007/s00216-002-1249-3Search in Google Scholar

[36] C. Neri, S. Constanzi, M. Riva, R. Farris, R. Colombo, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 49, 65 (1995) 10.1016/0141-3910(95)00057-SSearch in Google Scholar

[37] M.A. Farajzadeh, J.A. Jönsson, Anal. Chim. Acta 594, 75 (2007) 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[38] L. Burman, A.C. Albertsson, J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 43, 4537 (2005) 10.1002/pola.20936Search in Google Scholar

[39] L. Qin-Bao, L. Bo, S. Huan, L. Xiao-Mei, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 34(9), 730 (2011) Search in Google Scholar

[40] A. De Paepe, B. Erlandsson, J. Ostelius, U. Gasslander, A. Arbin, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 29(11), 1541 (2006) 10.1080/10826070600675387Search in Google Scholar

[41] S. Green, S. Bai, M. Cheatham, R. Cong, W. Yau, J. Sep. Sci. 33(22), 3455 (2010) 10.1002/jssc.201000491Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[42] M. Himmelsbach, W. Buchberger, E. Reingruber, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 94, 1213 (2009) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.04.021Search in Google Scholar

[43] R.E. Duderstadt, S.M. Fischer, J. Chromatogr. A 1193, 70 (2008) 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.086Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[44] C. Block, L. Wynants, M. Kelchtermans, R. De Boer, F. Compernolle, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 91, 3163 (2006) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.07.015Search in Google Scholar

[45] J. Alin, M. Hakkarainen, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 118(2), 1084 (2010) Search in Google Scholar

[46] R. Noguerol-Cal, J.M. López-Vilariño, M.V. González-Rodríguez, L.F. Barral-Losada, J. Sep. Sci. 30, 2452 (2007) 10.1002/jssc.200700157Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[47] D. Granda-Restrepo, E. Peralta, R. Troncoso-Rojas, H. Soto-Valdez, Int. Dairy J. 19, 481 (2009) 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.01.002Search in Google Scholar

[48] C. Strandberg, A.C. Albertsson, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 98, 2427 (2005) 10.1002/app.22435Search in Google Scholar

[49] M. Lundbäck, C. Strandberg, A.C. Albertsson, M.S. Hedenqvist, U.W. Gedde, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 91, 1071 (2006) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.07.010Search in Google Scholar

[50] M.S. Dopico-García, J.M. López-Vilariño, R. Bouza, M.J. Abad, E. González-Soto, M.V. González-Rodríguez, Anal. Chim. Acta 521, 179 (2004) 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.087Search in Google Scholar

[51] M.S. Dopico-García, J.M. López-Vilariño, M.V. González-Rodríguez, J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 3225 (2007) 10.1021/jf070102+Search in Google Scholar

[52] J.F. Schabron, V.J. Smith, J.L. Ware, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 5(4), 613 (1982) 10.1080/01483918208060573Search in Google Scholar

[53] J. Salafranca, J. Cacho, C. Nerín, J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 22(10), 553 (1999) 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4168(19991001)22:10<553::AID-JHRC553>3.0.CO;2-ESearch in Google Scholar

[54] P.J. Arpino, D. Dilettato, K. Nguyen, A. Bruchet, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 13, 5 (1990) 10.1002/jhrc.1240130103Search in Google Scholar

[55] A. Garrido, M.T. Tena, J. Chromatogr. A. 1099, 75 2005) 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.005Search in Google Scholar

[56] P. Cerruti, M. Malinconico, J. Rychly, L. Matisova-Rychla, C. Carfagna, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 94, 2095 (2009) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.07.023Search in Google Scholar

[57] C. Pouteau, P. Dole, B. Cathala, L. Averous, N. Boquillon, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 81, 9 (2003) 10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00057-0Search in Google Scholar

[58] M.A. De Paoli, L.T. Furlan, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 13, 129 (1985) 10.1016/0141-3910(85)90062-XSearch in Google Scholar

[59] B. Košíková, V. Demianová, M. Kačuráková, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47, 1065 (1993) 10.1002/app.1993.070470613Search in Google Scholar

[60] S. Al-malaika, H. Ashley, S. Issenhuth, J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 32, 3099 (1994) 10.1002/pola.1994.080321610Search in Google Scholar

[61] C. Wessling, T. Nielsen, A. Leufvén, Food Addit. Contam. 17, 713 (2000) 10.1080/02652030050083231Search in Google Scholar

[62] A.Z. Graciano-Verdugo, E. Peralta, H. González-Ríos, H. Soto-Valdez, Anal. Chim. Acta 557, 367 (2006) 10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.040Search in Google Scholar

[63] I. Sirò, E. Fenyvesi, L. Szente, B. De Meulenaer, F. Devlieghere, J. Orgovanyi, J. Senyi, J. Barta, Food Addit. Contam. 23, 845 (2006) 10.1080/02652030600699064Search in Google Scholar

[64] A.Z. Graciano-Verdugo, H. Soto-Valdez, E. Peralta, P. Cruz-Zárate, A.R. Islas-Rubio, S. Sánchez-Valdes, A. Sánchez-Escalante, N. González-Méndez, H. González-Ríos, Food Res. Int. 43, 1073 (2010) 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.01.019Search in Google Scholar

[65] D.M. Granda-Restrepo, H. Soto-Valdez, E. Peralta, R. Troncoso-Rojas, B. Vallejo-Córdoba, N. Gámez-Meza, A.Z. Graciano-Verdugo, Food Res. Int. 42, 1396 (2009) 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.07.007Search in Google Scholar

[66] C. Strandberg, A.C. Albertsson, J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 44, 1660 (2006) 10.1002/pola.21286Search in Google Scholar

[67] C. Wessling, T. Nielsen, A. Leufvén, Pack. Technol. Sci. 13, 19 (2000) 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1522(200001/02)13:1<19::AID-PTS492>3.0.CO;2-BSearch in Google Scholar

[68] S. Al-Malaika, S. Issenhuth, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 65, 143 (1999) 10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00002-6Search in Google Scholar

[69] S. Al-Malaika, S. Issenhuth, Polymer 42, 2915 (2001) 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00653-4Search in Google Scholar

[70] V. Lavelli, E. Pagliarini, R. Ambrosoli, B. Zanoni, Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 44, 994 (2009) 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01835.xSearch in Google Scholar

[71] C. Nerín, L. Tovar, J. Salafranca, J. Food Eng. 84, 313 (2008) 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.05.027Search in Google Scholar

[72] M.S. Dopico-García, M.M. Castro-López, J.M. López-Vilariño, M.V. González-Rodríguez, P. Valentão, P.B. Andrade, S. García-Garabal, M.J. Abad, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 119, 3553 (2011) 10.1002/app.33022Search in Google Scholar

[73] S. Jipa, T. Zaharescu, R. Setnescu, T. Setnescu, W.Y. Wayne, J.Q. Pau, Polymer 41, 6949 (2000) 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00120-8Search in Google Scholar

[74] G. Pritchard, Plastics Additives (Rapra Market Report-Rapra Technology Limited, Shropshire, 2005) Search in Google Scholar

[75] H.J. Heller, H.R. Blattmann, Pure Appl. Chem. 36, 141 (1973) 10.1351/pac197336010141Search in Google Scholar

[76] F. Sevini, B. Marcato, J. Chromatogr. A 260, 507 (1983) 10.1016/0021-9673(83)80062-4Search in Google Scholar

[77] A. Caceres, F. Ysambert, J. Lopez, N. Marquez, Sep. Sci. Technol. 31, 2287 (1996) 10.1080/01496399608001047Search in Google Scholar

[78] L. Coulier, E.R. Kaal, M. Tienstra, T. Hankemeier, J. Chromatogr. A 1062, 227 (2005) 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.013Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[79] R. Noguerol-Cal, J.M. López-Vilariño, G. Fernández-Martínez, M.V. González-Rodríguez, L.F. Barral-Losada, J. Sep. Sci. 33, 2698 (2010) 10.1002/jssc.201000036Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[80] W. Freitag, J. Chromatogr. 450, 430 (1988) 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83602-5Search in Google Scholar

[81] S.G. Gharfeh, J. Chromatogr. 389, 211 (1987) 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)94424-3Search in Google Scholar

[82] B. Marcato, C. Fantazzini, F. Sevini, J. Chromatogr. 553, 415 (1991) 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)88512-5Search in Google Scholar

[83] R Matuska, L. Preisler, J. Sedlar, J. Chromatogr. 606, 136 (1992) 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85267-WSearch in Google Scholar

[84] R. Trones, T. Andersen, T. Greibrokk, D.R. Hegna, J. Chromatogr. A 874, 65 (2000) 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)01326-6Search in Google Scholar

[85] T. Andersen, I.L. Skuland, A. Holm, R. Trones, T. Greibrokk, J. Chromatogr. A 1029, 49 (2004) 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.043Search in Google Scholar

[86] P. Sótonyi, A. Kovács, G. Volk, J. Járay, A. Benko, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 42, 49 (2004) Search in Google Scholar

[87] H. Zweifel, Plastics Additives Handbook (Hanser Publishers, Munich, 2000) Search in Google Scholar

[88] CRODA. Polymer Additives. AtmerTM anti-static. Technical Data Sheet, Accessed 6/10.] (http://www.croda.com/europe/pa). Search in Google Scholar

[89] M.C. Grob, E. Minder, Plastics Addit. Compounding, 20 (1999) 10.1016/S1464-391X(99)80074-9Search in Google Scholar

[90] B. Nielsen, Congress “Addcon World 2006”, 1–8. Cologne (Germany, 2006) Search in Google Scholar

[91] J. Cross, Non Ionic Surfactants: Chemical Analisis (Marcel Dekker, NY, 1987) Search in Google Scholar

[92] J. Smidrkal, R. Cervenkova, V. Filip, Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 106, 851 (2004) 10.1002/ejlt.200401003Search in Google Scholar

[93] J. Giacometti, C. Milin, N. Wolf, F. Giacometti, J. Agric. Food Chem. 44, 3950 (1996) 10.1021/jf950314jSearch in Google Scholar

[94] Z. Wang, M. Fingas, J. High Resolution Chromatogr. 17, 15 (1994) 10.1002/jhrc.1240170104Search in Google Scholar

[95] Z. Wang, M. Fingas, J. High Resolution Chromatogr. 17, 85 (1994) 10.1002/jhrc.1240170208Search in Google Scholar

[96] M.V. González-Rodríguez, M.S. Dopico-García, R. Noguerol-Cal, T. Carballeira-Amarelo, J.M. López-Vilariño, G. Fernández-Martínez, J. Sep. Sci. 33, 3595 (2010) 10.1002/jssc.201000460Search in Google Scholar

[97] N. Garti, E. Wellner, A. Aserin, S. Sarig, JAOCS 60(6), 1151 (1983) 10.1007/BF02671346Search in Google Scholar

[98] K. Kato, P. Walde, N. Koine, Y. Imai, K. Akiyama, T. Sugahara, J. Dispersion Sci. Technol. 27, 1217 (2006) 10.1080/01932690600859903Search in Google Scholar

[99] M. Holcapek, P. Jandera, J. Fischer, B. Prokes, J. Chromatogr. A 858, 13 (1999) 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00790-6Search in Google Scholar

[100] S.H. Chen, Y.J. Chuang, Anal. Chem. Acta 465, 145 (2002) 10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00095-8Search in Google Scholar

[101] A. Schaefer, T. Kuchler, T.J. Simat, H. Steinhart, J. Chromatogr. A 1017, 107 (2003) 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.004Search in Google Scholar

[102] L.H. Ahlstrom, C. Sparr, E. Bjorklund, Trends Anal. Chem. 24, 49 (2005) 10.1016/j.trac.2004.09.004Search in Google Scholar

[103] pr EN 71-9. Safety of toys. Part 9: Organic chemical compounds. Requirements (European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, February 2005) Search in Google Scholar

[104] pr EN 71-10. Safety of toys. Part 10: Organic chemical compounds. Sample preparation and extraction (European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, December 2005) Search in Google Scholar

[105] pr EN 71-11. Safety of toys. Part 11: Organic chemical compounds. Methods of analysis (European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, November 2005) Search in Google Scholar

[106] H.M. Pinheiro, E. Tourand, O. Thomas, Dyes Pigments 61, 121 (2004) 10.1016/j.dyepig.2003.10.009Search in Google Scholar

[107] G.M. Cramer, R.A. Ford, Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 16, 255 (1976) 10.1016/S0015-6264(76)80522-6Search in Google Scholar

[108] M.C. Garrigós, F. Reche, M.L. Marín, K. Pernías, A. Jiménez, J. Chromatogr. A 963, 427 (2002) 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00548-4Search in Google Scholar

[109] R. Noguerol, J.M. López, G. Fernández, L. Barral, M.V. González, J. Chromatogr. A 1179, 152 (2008) 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.099Search in Google Scholar

[110] H.J. Vandenburg, A.A. Clifford, K.D. Bartle, J. Carroll, I. Newton, L.M. Garden, J.R. Dean, C.T. Costley, Analyst 122, 101 (1997) 10.1039/a704052kSearch in Google Scholar

[111] T. Macko, R. Siegl, K. Lederer, Angew. Makromol. Chem. 221(4021), 179 (1995) 10.1002/apmc.1995.052270116Search in Google Scholar

[112] G. Gillet, O. Vitrac, S. Desobry, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 119(3), 1492 (2010) 10.1002/app.32950Search in Google Scholar

[113] M.J. Galotto, A. Torres, A. Guarda, N. Moraga, J. Romero, Food Res. Int. 44(2), 566 (2011) 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.12.009Search in Google Scholar

[114] A. Rittera, E. Michel, M. Schmid, S. Affolter, Polymer Testing 24, 498 (2005) 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2004.11.012Search in Google Scholar

[115] E. Torrieri, P.A. Carlino, S. Cavella, V. Fogliano, I. Attianese, G.G. Buonocore, P. Masi, J. Food Eng. 105, 429 (2011) 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.02.038Search in Google Scholar

[116] S. Al-Malaika, S. Issenhuth, D. Burdick, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 73, 491 (2001) 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00137-9Search in Google Scholar

[117] S. Al-Malaika, C. Goodwin, S. Issenhuth, D. Burdick, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 64, 145 (1999) 10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00187-6Search in Google Scholar

[118] J.A. Garde, R. Catalá, R. Vergara, Food Addit. Contam. Part A-Chem. 15(6), 701 (1998) 10.1080/02652039809374700Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[119] Y. Hirata, Y. Okamoto, J. Microcol. Sep. 1(1), 46 (1989) 10.1002/mcs.1220010111Search in Google Scholar

[120] W. Freitag, J. Oswaldo, Angew. Makromol. Chem. 175(2952), 181 (1990) 10.1002/apmc.1990.051750115Search in Google Scholar

[121] A. Garrido-López, I. Sancet, P. Montaño, R. González, M.T. Tena, J. Chromatogr. A 1175, 154 (2007) 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.045Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[122] M. Arias, I. Penichet, F. Ysambertt, R. Bauza, M. Zougagh, A. Rios, J. Supercrit. Fluids 50(1), 22 (2009) 10.1016/j.supflu.2009.04.012Search in Google Scholar