Abstract
Microemulsions are regarded as one of the most promising pesticide formulations. However, formulation of pesticide microemulsions is not simple. Obtaining efficient, scientific and inexpensive formulation designs is challenging. In this work, cyhalothrin was used as a pesticide sample, and a systematic study on microemulsion formula design was carried out based on its pseudo-ternary phase diagram and the orthogonal design method. An explanation of the use of our approach is included to assist the formulator, and the development of a 5.28% w/w cyhalothrin microemulsion is described.
Kurzfassung
Mikroemulsionen werden als die vielversprechendste Möglichkeit für Formulierungen mit Pestiziden angesehen. Derartige Formulierungen sind jedoch nicht einfach zu erzeugen. Die Herstellung von effizienten, wissenschaftlichen und kostengünstigen Formulierungen ist anspruchsvoll. In dieser Arbeit wurde Cyhalothrin als Modellpestizid eingesetzt. Auf Basis des pseudo-ternären Phasendiagramms und der „Orthogonal design“-Methode wurde eine systematische Studie über Herstellungsschemata von Mikroemulsionen durchgeführt. Im Hinblick auf den Formulierer wird die Anwendung unseres Ansatzes erklärt und die Entwicklung einer Mikroemulsion mit einem Cyhalthringehalt von 5,28% w/w beschrieben.
References
1. Knowles, A. and van der Schaaf, D. A.: Environmentalist.28 (2008) 3. 10.1007/s10669-007-9037-4Search in Google Scholar
2. Knowles, A.: Environmentalist.28 (2008) 35. 10.1007/s10669-007-9045-4Search in Google Scholar
3. Pratap, A. P. and Bhowmick, D. N.: J. Disper. Sci. Technol.29 (2008) 1325. 10.1080/01932690701866815Search in Google Scholar
4. Paul, B. K. and Moulik, S. P.: Curr. Sci.80 (2001) 990.Search in Google Scholar
5. Prince, L. M.: Emulsions and emulsion technology, 1 in: K. J.Lissant (Eds), Surfactant science series, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York1974, pp 126.Search in Google Scholar
6. Koetz, J., Lutter, S. and Fechner, M.: Tenside Surf. Det.45 (2008) 326.Search in Google Scholar
7. Narayanan, K. S.: United States Patent 5317042, 1994.Search in Google Scholar
8. Narayanan, K. S.: United States Patent 5326789, 1994.Search in Google Scholar
9. Jon, D. I. D., Prettypaul, I., Benning, M. J., Narayanan, K. S. and Ianniello, R. M.: United States Patent 5968990, 1999.Search in Google Scholar
10. Skelton, P. R., Munk, B. H. and Collins, H. M.: Formulation of pesticide microemulsions, in: D. A.Hovde, G. B.Beestman (eds), Pesticide formulations and application systems, Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials. 1998, pp 36.10.1520/STP26447SSearch in Google Scholar
11. Hiromoto, B.: United States Patent 7297351B2, 2007.Search in Google Scholar
12. Nowak, M.: United States Patent 5827522, 1998.Search in Google Scholar
13. Duffy, E. P., McDanielJr., J. D. and Donahue, W. A.: United States Patent 5612047, 1997.Search in Google Scholar
14. Wang, X. D., Mi, H. D. and Gao, Z. G.: US 20050220834A1, 2005.Search in Google Scholar
15. Zhao, H., Lu, F. S. and Li, P. Q.: Acta Phys. Chim. Sin.22 (2006) 475. 10.1016/S1872-1508(06)60050-8Search in Google Scholar
16. Schulman, J. H., Stoeckenius, W. and PrinceL.M.: J. Phys. Chem.63 (1959) 1677. 10.1021/j150580a027Search in Google Scholar
17. Moulik, S. P. and Paul, B. K.: Adv. Colloid. Inter. Sci.78 (1998) 99. 10.1016/S0001-8686(98)00063-3Search in Google Scholar
18. Sharma, M. K. and Shah, D. O.: Introduction to Macro-and Microemulsions, in: Shah, D. O. (Eds), Macro-and Microemulsion Theory and Applications, ACS Symposium Series, 1985, pp 1–18. 10.1021/symposiumSearch in Google Scholar
19. Rosano, H. L., Cavallo, J. L., Chang, D. L. and Whittam, J. H.: J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem.39 (1988) 201.Search in Google Scholar
20. Langevin, D.: Acc. Chem. Res.21 (1988) 255. 10.1021/ar00151a001Search in Google Scholar
21. Prince, L. M.: Microemulsion, Academic: New York, 1977.Search in Google Scholar
22. Moulik, S. P. and Rakshit, A. K.: J. Surface Sci. Technol.22 (2006) 159.Search in Google Scholar
23. Watnasirichaiku, S., Davies, N. M., Rades, T. and Tucker, I. G.: Pharmaceutical Research.17 (2000) 684. 10.1023/A:1007574030674Search in Google Scholar
24. Chen, H. B., Chang, X. L., Weng, T., Zhao, X. Z., Gao, Z. H., Yang, Y. J., Xu, H. B. and Yang, X. L.: J Control Release.98 (2004) 427. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.06.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
25. Zhang, Q. Z., Jiang, X. G., Jiang, W. M., Lu, W., Su, L. N. and Shi, Z. Q.: Int. J. Pharm.275 (2004) 85. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.01.039Search in Google Scholar PubMed
26. Boonme, P., Krauel, K., Graf, A., Rades, T. and Junyaprasert, V. B.: AAPS PharmSciTech.7 (2006) Article 45. 10.1208/pt070245Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
27. Liu, W. Q.: Design of Experiments, Tsinghua University Press: Beijing (2005) 73.Search in Google Scholar
© 2010, Carl Hanser Publisher, Munich