Effect of Non-electrolytes on the Cloud Point and Dye Solubilization of Antidepressant Drug, Clomipramine Hydrochloride

A. Z. Naqvi; M. D. A. Al-Ahmadi; M. Akram; Kabir-ud-Din

doi:10.3139/113.110093

Published by De Gruyter April 5, 2013

Effect of Non-electrolytes on the Cloud Point and Dye Solubilization of Antidepressant Drug, Clomipramine Hydrochloride

Effekt von Nicht-Elektrolyten auf den Cloud-Point und die Farbstofflöslichkeit des antidepressiven Wirkstoffs Clomipraminhydrochlorid

A. Z. Naqvi , M. D. A. Al-Ahmadi , M. Akram and Kabir-ud-Din

From the journal Tenside Surfactants Detergents

https://doi.org/10.3139/113.110093

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Abstract

Clomipramine hydrochloride (CLP, an amphiphilic drug) solutions, prepared in sodium phosphate buffer, show temperature dependent phase separation (commonly known as Cloud Point, CP). CP can be varied with the help of additives. Hence, in this paper we are reporting the effect of various additives on the CP of CLP. Alcohols affect in two ways: CP either remains constant (or increases slightly) or decreases. Short chain alcohols remain soluble in aqueous phase and CP remains nearly constant in their presence as alcohol-water mixed system proves better solvent for the drug. Long chain alcohols, due to their hydrophobic nature, partition into the drug micelles and cause micellar growth which, in turn, decreases the CP. Sugars enhance the hydrophobic forces and decrease the CP. CP with amino acids is found to be nature dependent: acidic amino acids and hydrochloride salts of basic amino acids increase the CP (due to the interaction of their negatively charged side chains with the drug molecules). Basic amino acids decrease the CP. With polar and uncharged polar amino acids, CP remains constant. This last class of amino acids either remains in the bulk phase or solubilizes inside the micelle, and in either case, the hydration of micelles, and the CP, remain unaffected.

Kurzfassung

Lösungen aus Clomipraminhydrochlorid (CLP, ein amphiphiler Wirkstoff), die in Phosphatpuffer hergestellt wurden, zeigen eine temperaturabhängige Phasentrennung (bekannt als Cloud-Point, CP). Die Lage des CP kann mit Hilfe von Additiven variiert werden. Wir berichten hier über den Einfluss verschiedener Additive auf den CP von CLP. Alkohole wirken auf zwei Wegen: Der CP bleibt entweder konstant (oder nimmt geringfügig zu) oder er nimmt ab. Kurzkettige Alkohole verbleiben in der wässrigen Phase und der CP bleibt in ihrer Anwesenheit nahezu konstant, da sich das Alkohol-Wasser-Mischsystem als das besseres Lösemedium für den Wirkstoff erweist. Wegen ihrer hydrophoben Natur partizipieren die langkettigen Alkohole an den Wirkstoffmizellen und verursachen Mizellenwachstum, wodurch als Folge der CP abnimmt. Zucker steigern die hydrophoben Kräfte und der CP nimmt ab. Bei Anwesenheit von Aminosäureadditiven hängt der CP von der Art der Aminosäure ab: Saure Aminosäuren und salzsaure Aminosäuresalze steigern den CP (wegen der Wechselwirkung ihrer negative geladenen Seitenketten mit den Wirkstoffmolekülen). Basische Aminosäuren verringern den CP. Der CP bleibt konstant in Anwesenheit von polaren und ungeladenen Aminosäuren. Diese Aminosäuren verbleiben entweder in der Bulkphase oder lösen sich im Inneren der Mizellen; in jedem Fall bleiben die Hydratation der Mizellen und der CP unbeeinflusst.

Key words:: Antidepressant drug; clomipramine hydrochloride; cloud point; alcohols; amino acids

Stichwörter:: Antidepressiver Wirkstoff; Clomipraminhydrochlorid; Cloud-Point; Alkohole; Aminosäuren

^∗ Prof. Kabir-ud-Din, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India, Tel.: 0571-2703515. E-Mail: kabir7@rediffmail.com, drkabiruddin@yahoo.com

Dr. Andleeb Z. Naqvi received her M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Aligarh Muslim University. Her research interest is in the solution behavior of amphiphiles. Currently she is working in DST SERC Scheme (SR/FTP/CS-49/2007).

Dr. Mohammed D. A. Al-Ahmadi has completed his Ph.D. from Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University. Now he is a faculty member of Aden University, Yemen.

Dr. Mohd. Akram is a Sr. lecturer in Department of Chemistry at Aligarh Muslim University. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Aligarh Muslim University. His research interests include micellar catalysis, kinetics and solution behavior of amphiphiles.

Prof. Kabir-ud-Din received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Chemistry from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India in 1965 and 1969, respectively. In 1969 he joined the same university as a Lecturer. He held several post-doctoral positions (at Prague: 1973–1974, Keele, UK: 1975–1977 and Austin, USA: 1977–1978) and also worked as an Associate Professor in Libya (1985–1990). Currently he is a Professor of Physical Chemistry. He has guided 26 Ph.D. and 09 M.Phil. students. He has more than 240 research publications to his credit. His research encompasses the areas of electrochemistry, micellar catalysis, and catalysis through colloidal particles, micellar growth and clouding phenomena in amphiphilic compounds (surfactants and drugs).

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Received: 2010-01-22

Published Online: 2013-04-05

Published in Print: 2010-11-01

Effect of Non-electrolytes on the Cloud Point and Dye Solubilization of Antidepressant Drug, Clomipramine Hydrochloride

Abstract

Kurzfassung

References

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