Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter March 27, 2015

Effect of alkaline treatment on physico-mechanical properties of black rice husk ash filled polypropylene biocomposites

Auswirkungen der Alkalibehandlung auf die physikalisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften der mit Hülsenasche von schwarzem Reis gefüllten Polypropylen-Biokompositen
  • Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri , Ahmad Khuzairi Sudari , Edi Syams Zainudin and Mazlina Ghazali
From the journal Materials Testing

Abstract

Alkaline treatment of the black rice husk ash (BRHA) was done by immersing BRHA in 8 % sodium hydroxide, NaOH, solution for 24 hours and then the treated BRHA (TBRHA) was neutralized, washed and dried in an oven. The TBRHA was subsequently compounded with the polypropylene (PP) by using single screw extruder machine, and followed by compression molding at 185 °C. The physical properties results showed that the density and the water absorption behavior of the TBRHA filled PP biocomposite (TBRHA-PP) are higher and lower, respectively, when compared with the untreated BRHA filled PP biocomposites (UBRHA-PP). The melt flow index value of the TBRHA-PP biocomposite is also higher in comparison with the UBRHA-PP biocomposites. The mechanical properties results exhibited that the tensile stress, tensile strain, flexural modulus and impact strength of the TBRHA-PP biocomposite are higher than of the UBRHA-PP biocomposites. However, the tensile modulus of the TBRHA-PP biocomposite is slightly lower as compared with the UBRHA-PP biocomposites. Therefore, it could be concluded that the alkaline treatment of the BRHA has improved some of the physico-mechanical properties of the BRHA filled PP biocomposites.

Kurzfassung

Die Alkali-Behandlung von Hülsenasche von schwarzem Reis (Black Rice Husk Ash –BRHA) wurde mittels Eintauchens in einer Lösung aus 8 % Natronlauge (NaOH) für 24 Stunden durchgeführt und danach die behandelte Asche (Treated BRHA – TBRHA) neutralisiert, gewaschen und in einem Ofen getrocknet. Anschließend wurde die TBRHA mit dem Polypropylen (PP) verbunden, indem eine Einfachschrauben-Extrudermaschine verwendet wurde, gefolgt von Formpressen bei 185 °C. Die Ergebnisse in Form der physikalischen Eigenschaften zeigten, dass die Dichte und das Wasserabsorptionsverhalten des mit TBRHA gefüllten PP-Biokomposite (TBRHA filled PP – TBRHA-PP) höher bzw. niedriger waren, wenn sie mit dem unbehandelten mit BRHA gefüllten PP-Biokompositen (BRHA filled PP – UBRHA-PP) verglichen werden. Der Wert des Schmelzflussindexes der TBRHA-PP- Biokomposite ist auch höher im Vergleich mit den UBRHA-PP-Biokompositen. Die Ergebnisse der mechanischen Eigenschaften ergaben, dass die Zugspannung, die Zugdehnung, der Flexibilitätsmodul und die Schlagfestigkeit der TBRHA-PP-Biokomposite höher als die der UBRHA-PP-Biokomposite war. Allerdings ist der Zugmodul der TBRHA-PP-Biokomposite geringfügig niedriger im Vergleich mit den UBRHA-PP-Biokompositen. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, dass die Alkalibehandlung der BRHA einige der physikalisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften der mit BRHA gefüllten PP-Biokompositen verbessert.


§Correspondence Address, Dr. Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri, Senior Research Officer, Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, E-mail:

Dr. Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri received his BSc (Hons) in Chemistry from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) in 2006, his MSc (Chemistry) in 2009 and PhD (Chemistry) in 2015 also from UKM. His career began as a research officer at the Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), in 2008, dealing with numerous research projects funded by UPM and government agencies. Later, he was promoted to Senior Research Officer at the Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia in 2013. His areas of research include polymer blends, polymer composites and ionic liquids. He has about 10 years of experience in research and development. So far, he has published more than 20 ISI journal papers, he is also a reviewer of several high impact ISI journals.

Ahmad Khuzairi Sudari graduated from University of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET) with BEng Tech (Hons) in Chemical Engineering Technology (Polymer) in 2013. He is currently pursuing master studies for aMSc (Biocomposites Technology) at Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. His research is funded by the Exploratory Research Grant Scheme by Ministry of Education Malaysia.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Edi Syams Zainudin obtained his BEng (Hons) in Mechanical and Materials Engineering from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) in 1998. He gained his MSc (Structural Materials) in 2002 and his PhD (Engineering Materials) at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) in 2009. He is currently Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering of the Faculty of Engineering, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. He is also a member of Persatuan Industri Komposit (PIK) and The Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering (SAMPE). His area of expertise is material sciences, specifically in composite materials. His research projects are funded by UPM and several government agencies. To this date, his publication list includes more than 100 ISI journal papers and he is also a reviewer for numerous high impact ISI journals.

Mazlina Ghazali obtained her BSc (Hons) (Polymer Science and Technology) in 1999 and her MSc (Polymer Science and Technology) from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia, in 2012. She is an assistant lecturer in the Department of Polymer Technology at University of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL Campus Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia) since 2005. Her research areas are rubber and plastic technology.


References

1 M.Avella, A.Buzarovska, M. E.Errico, G.Gentile, A.Grozdanov: Eco-challenges of bio-based polymer composites, Materials2 (2009), pp. 91192510.3390/ma2030911Search in Google Scholar

2 M.Brebu, J.Yanik, T.Uysal, C.Vasile: Thermal and catalytic degradation of grape seeds/polyethylene waste mixture, Cell. Chem. Technol.48 (2014), pp. 665674Search in Google Scholar

3 B.Wang, S.Panigrahi, L.Tabil, W.Crerar: Pre-treatment of flax fibers for use in rotationally molded biocomposites, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos.26 (2007), pp. 44746310.1177/0731684406072526Search in Google Scholar

4 I.Spiridon: I. Natural fiber-polyolefin composites: Mini-review, Cell. Chem. Technol.48 (2014), pp. 599611Search in Google Scholar

5 M.Pracella, M.-U.Haque, V.Alvarez: Functionalization, compatibilization and properties of polyolefin composites with natural fibers, Polymers2 (2010), pp. 55457410.3390/polym2040554Search in Google Scholar

6 S.Besco, A.Bosio, M.Brisotto, L. E.Depero, A.Lorenzetti, E.Bontempi, R.Bonora, M.Modesti: Structural and mechanical characterization of sustainable composites based on recycled and stabilized fly ash, Materials7 (2014), pp. 5920593310.3390/ma7085920Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

7 S.Nandi, A. K.Ghosh: Crystallization kinetics of impact modified polypropylene, J. Polym. Res.14 (2007), pp. 38739610.1007/s10965-007-9121-ySearch in Google Scholar

8 C.Rivera-Gómez, C.Galán-Marín, F.Bradley: Analysis of the influence of the fiber type in polymer matrix/fiber bond using natural organic polymer stabilizer, Polymers6 (2014), pp. 97799410.3390/polym6040977Search in Google Scholar

9 S. M. M. A.Rahman, A. I.Mustafa, M. A.Khan: Jute reinforced polypropylene composite: Effect of surface pretreatment by photocuring with acrylic monomers, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos.28 (2009), pp. 1733174510.1177/0731684408090371Search in Google Scholar

10 A. A.Shamsuri, R.Daik: Applications of ionic liquids and their mixtures for preparation of advanced polymer blends and composites: A short review, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci.40 (2015), pp. 4559Search in Google Scholar

11 A.Karmarkar, S. S.Chauhan, J. M.Modak, M.Chanda: Mechanical properties of wood fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: Effect of a novel compatibilizer with isocyanate functional group, Compos. Pt. A – Appl. Sci. Manuf.38 (2007), pp. 22723310.1016/j.compositesa.2006.05.005Search in Google Scholar

12 L.Vlaev, S.Turmanova, A.Dimitrova: Kinetics and thermodynamics of water adsorption onto rice husks ash filled polypropene composites during soaking, J. Polym. Res.16 (2009), pp. 15116410.1007/s10965-008-9213-3Search in Google Scholar

13 A. A.Shamsuri, R.Daik: Utilization of ionic liquid/urea mixture as a physical coupling agent for agarose/talc composite films, Materials6 (2013), pp. 68269810.3390/ma6020682Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

14 B. S.Ndazi, C. W.Nyahumwa, J.Tesha: Chemical and thermal stability of rice husks against alkali treatment, BioResources3 (2007), pp. 12671277Search in Google Scholar

15 A. A.Shamsuri, R.Daik: Plasticizing effect of choline chloride/urea eutectic-based ionic liquid on physicochemical properties of agarose films, BioResources7 (2012), pp. 47604775Search in Google Scholar

16 S.Turmanova, S.Genieva, L.Vlaev: Obtaining some polymer composites filled with rice husks ash – A review, Int. J. Chem.4 (2012), pp. 628910.5539/ijc.v4n4p62Search in Google Scholar

17 A. A.Shamsuri, D. K.Abdullah, R.Daik: Fabrication of agar/biopolymer blend aerogels in ionic liquid and co-solvent mixture, Cell. Chem. Technol.46 (2012), pp. 4552Search in Google Scholar

18 J.Prachayawarakorn, N.Yaembunying: Effect of recycling on properties of rice husk filled polypropylene, Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.27 (2005), pp. 343352Search in Google Scholar

19 H. S.Yang, H. J.Kim, J.Son, H. J.Park, B. J.Lee, T. S.Hwang: Rice husk flour filled polypropylene composites: Mechanical and morphological study, Compos. Struct.63 (2004), pp. 30531210.1016/S0263-8223(03)00179-XSearch in Google Scholar

20 M. Y. A.Fuad, Z.Ismail, M. S.Mansor, Z. A. M.Ishak, A. K. M.Omar: Mechanical properties of rice husk ash/polypropylene composites, Polym. J.27 (1995), pp. 1002101510.1295/polymj.27.1002Search in Google Scholar

21 A. A.Shamsuri, R.Daik, E. S.Zainudin, P. M.Tahir: Compatibilization of HDPE/agar biocomposites with eutectic-based ionic liquid containing surfactant, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos.33 (2014), pp. 44045310.1177/0731684413516688Search in Google Scholar

22 S. Y.Fu, X. Q.Feng, B.Lauke, Y. W.Mai: Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate polymer composites, Compos. Pt. B – Eng.39 (2008), pp. 93396110.1016/j.compositesb.2008.01.002Search in Google Scholar

23 A. A.Shamsuri, R.Daik: Utilization of ionic liquid/urea mixture as a physical coupling agent for agarose/talc composite films, Materials6 (2013), pp. 68269810.3390/ma6020682Search in Google Scholar

24 A. K.Rana, A.Mandal, B. C.Mitra, R.Jacobson, R.Rowell, A. N.Banerjee: Short jute fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites: Effect of compatibilizer, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.69 (1998), pp. 32933810.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980711)69:2<329::AID-APP14>3.0.CO;2-RSearch in Google Scholar

25 M. R.Rahman, M. N.Islam, M. M.Huque, S.Hamdan, A. S.Ahmed: Effect of chemical treatment on rice husk (RH) reinforced polyethylene (PE) composites, BioResources5 (2010), pp. 854869Search in Google Scholar

26 A. A.Shamsuri, R.Daik, I.Ahmad, M. H. H.Jumali: Nylon-6/liquid natural rubber blends prepared via emulsion dispersion, J. Polym. Res.16 (2009), pp. 38138710.1007/s10965-008-9239-6Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2015-03-27
Published in Print: 2015-04-01

© 2015, Carl Hanser Verlag, München

Downloaded on 28.3.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3139/120.110718/pdf
Scroll to top button