Abstract
Stimulated material-environment interactions inside and around flowlines of deep or ultra deep wells during oil and gas exploration, and fabrication economy of pipelines have been the major challenges facing the oil and gas industries. Presumably, an extensive focus on high integrity, performance and material economy of flowlines have realistically made supermartensitic stainless steels (SMSS) efficient and effective material choices for fabricating onshore and offshore pipelines. Supermartensitic stainless steels exhibit high strength, good low temperature toughness, sufficient corrosion resistance in sweet and mildly sour environments, and good quality weldability with both conventional welding processes and modern welding methods such as laser beam welding, electron beam welding and hybrid welding approaches. In terms of economy, supermartensitic stainless steels are cheaper and they are major replacements for more expensive duplex stainless steels required for tubing applications in the oil and gas industry. However, weld areas of SMSS pipes are exposed to sulphide stress cracking (SSC), so intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) or stress corrosion cracking can occur. In order to circumvent this risk of cracking, a post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) for 5 minutes at about 650 °C is recommended. This paper provides detailed literature perusal on supermartensitic stainless steels, their weldability and corrosion behaviors. It also highlights a major research area that has not been thoroughly expounded in literature; fatigue loading behaviors of welded SMSS under different corrosive environments have not been thoroughly detailed in literature.
Kurzfassung
Stimulierte Material-Umwelt-Interaktionen in und um Flowlines von tiefen oder extrem tiefen Bohrungen während der Öl- und Gaserschließung und die Wirtschaftlichkeit in der Pipelinefertigung stellen die wichtigsten Herausforderungen für die Öl- und Gasindustrie dar. Ein umfassender Fokus auf eine hohe Integrität, Leistung und Materialwirtschaft von Flowlines haben vermutlich dazu geführt, die supermartensitischen rostfreien Stähle (SMSS) als ein effizientes und effektives Material für die Herstellung von On- und Offshore-Pipelines zu wählen. Supermartensitische rostfreie Stähle weisen eine hohe Festigkeit, gute Tieftemperaturzähigkeit, eine ausreichende Korrosionsbeständigkeit in Trinkwasser und leicht saurer Umgebung und eine gute Schweißbarkeit, sowohl mit konventionellen Schweißverfahren, als auch mit modernen Schweißverfahren, wie Laserstrahlschweißen, Elektronenstrahlschweißen und Hybridschweißmethoden auf. In Bezug auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit sind supermartensitischen rostfreie Stähle kostengünstiger und ein wichtiger Ersatz für teurere Duplex-Stähle für Rohranwendungen in der Öl- und Gasindustrie. Werden allerdings geschweißte Bereiche von SMSS-Rohren einer Risskorrosion mit H2S ausgesetzt (SSC), kann interkristalline Spannungsrisskorrosion (IGSCC) oder Spannungskorrosion entstehen. Um dieses Risiko der Rissbildung zu umgehen, wird eine Wärmenachbehandlung (PWHT) für 5 Minuten bei etwa 650 °C empfohlen. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthält eine detaillierte Literaturübersicht zu supermartensitischen rostfreien Stählen, deren Schweißbarkeit und Korrosionsverhalten. Es unterstreicht auch ein wichtiges Forschungsgebiet, das in der Literatur noch nicht gründlich dargelegt worden ist: das Dauerschwingbeanspruchungsverhalten von geschweißten SMSS unter verschiedenen korrosiven Umgebungen.
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