Abstract
The comparison of different methods of calculation and computer codes used to obtain helium isotope production cross-sections for nuclear reactions induced by nucleons at energies up to 1 GeV was performed. The cross-sections were calculated using the GNASH code, the modified ALICE code, the DISCA code and the CASCADE/INPE code. The evaluation of the helium production cross-section for tantalum and tungsten was performed using the results of model calculations, available experimental data and systematics predictions. The cross-sections were obtained for nuclear reactions induced by neutrons and protons at energies up to 1 GeV
Kurzfassung
Ein Vergleich von verschiedenen Berechnungsmethoden und Computercodes wurde durchgeführt, die verwendet werden um Wirkungsquerschnitte für die Erzeugung von Heliumisotopen aus Kernreaktionen von Nukleonen bei Energien bis zu 1 GeV zu erhalten. Die Wirkungsquerschnitte wurden berechnet mit Hilfe des Rechencodes GNASH, dem modifizierten ALICE Code, dem DISCA Code und dem CASCADE/INPE Code. Die Heliumerzeugungsquerschnitte für Tantal und Wolfram wurden ausgewertet mit Hilfe von Modellrechnungen, verfügbaren experimentellen Daten und systematischen Vorhersagen. Die Wirkungsquerschnitte wurden bestimmt für Kernreaktionen induziert durch Neutronen und Protonen bei Energien bis zu 1 GeV.
References
1 Rubbia, C.et al.: TRADE (TRIGA Accelerator Driven Experiment): A full Experimental Validation of the ADS concept. Proc. Accelerator Applications in a Nuclear Renaissance (AccApp'03), San Diego, California, June1–5, 2003.Search in Google Scholar
2 Young, P. G.; Arthur, E. D.; Chadwick, M. B.: Comprehensive nuclear model calculations: theory and use of the GNASH code. Proc. Int. Atomic Energy Agency Workshop on Nuclear Reaction Data and Nuclear Reactors, April 15–May 17, 1996, Vol. 1, p. 227; LA-12343-MS, Los Alamos National Laboratory Report, Iss. 1992; GNASH-FKK: Pre-equilibrium, Statistical Nuclear-Model Code System for Calculation of Cross Sections and Emission Spectra. RSIC Code Package PSR-125.Search in Google Scholar
3 Williams, F. C.: Particle-hole state density in the uniform spacing model. Nucl. Phys. A166 (1971) 231.10.1016/0375-9474(71)90426-XSearch in Google Scholar
4 Kalbach, C.: Exciton number dependence of the Griffin model two-body matrix element. Z. Phys. A287 (1978) 319.10.1007/BF01481712Search in Google Scholar
5 Kalbach, C.: The Griffin model, complex particles and direct nuclear reactions. Z. Phys. A283 (1977) 401.10.1007/BF01409522Search in Google Scholar
6 Chadwick, M. B.; Young, P. G.; George, D. C.; Watanabe, Y.: Multiple preequilibrium emission in Feshbach-Kerman-Koonin analyses. Phys. Rev. C50 (1994) 996.10.1103/PhysRevC.50.996Search in Google Scholar
7 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Fukahori, T.; Iwamoto, O.: Nuclear data evaluation for 238Pu, 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu and 242Pu irradiated by neutrons and protons at the energies up to 250 MeV. JAERI-Research 2002–029, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Report, Iss. Dec. 2002.Search in Google Scholar
8 Hauser, W.; Feshbach, H.: The inelastic scattering of neutrons. Phys. Rev.87 (1952) 366.10.1103/PhysRev.87.366Search in Google Scholar
9 Chadwick, M. B.; Young, P. G.; Oblozinsky, P.; Marcinkowski, A.: Preequilibrium spin effects in Feshbach-Kerman-Koonin and exciton models and application to high-spin isomer production. Phys. Rev. C49 (1994) R 2885.10.1103/PhysRevC.49.R2885Search in Google Scholar
10 Ignatyuk, A. V.; Smirenkin, G. N.; Tishin, A. S.: Phenomenological description of the energy dependence of the level density parameter. Sov. J. Nucl. Phys.21 (1975) 255.Search in Google Scholar
11 Ignatyuk, A. V.: Level densities. In: Handbook for Calculations of Nuclear Reaction Data. IAEA-TECDOC-1034. International Atomic Energy Agency Report, Iss. 1998, p. 65; http://www-nds.iaea.or.at/ripl/ripl_handbook.htm.Search in Google Scholar
12 Koning, A. J.; Delaroche, J. P.: Local and global nucleon optical models from 1 keV to 200MeV. Nucl. Phys. A713 (2003) 231; data are taken from http://ndswebserver.iaea.org/RIPL-2/.10.1016/S0375-9474(02)01321-0Search in Google Scholar
13 Avrigeanu, V.; Hodgson, P. E.; Avrigeanu, M.: Global optical potentials for emitted alpha particles. Phys. Rev. C49 (1994) 2136.10.1103/PhysRevC.49.2136Search in Google Scholar PubMed
14 Blann, M.; Vonach, H. K.: Global test of modified precompound decay models. Phys. Rev. C28 (1983) 1475.10.1103/PhysRevC.28.1475Search in Google Scholar
15 Weisskopf, V. F.; Ewing, D. H.: On the yield of nuclear reactions with heavy elements. Phys. Rev.57 (1940) 472.Search in Google Scholar
16 Blann, M.: ALICE-91: Statistical model code system with fission competition. RSIC CODE PACKAGE PSR-146.Search in Google Scholar
17 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Korovin, A. Yu.: Calculation of pre-compound alpha-particle spectra for nucleon induced reactions on the basis of the hybrid exciton model. Kerntechnik59 (1994) 72.Search in Google Scholar
18 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Lunev, V. P.; Shubin, Yu. N.: Pre-equilibrium emission of clusters. Acta Physica Slovaca45 (1995) 705.Search in Google Scholar
19 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Korovin, Yu. A.: Calculation of deuteron spectra for nucleon induced reactions on the basis of the hybrid exciton model taking into account direct processes. Kerntechnik61 (1996) 45.Search in Google Scholar
20 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Korovin, Yu. A.; Pereslavtsev, P. E.: Calculation of fast gamma-emission spectra for reactions induced by intermediate energy particles. Izvestija Vuzov. Ser.: Yadernaja Energetika (Transactions of High School. Ser.: Nuclear Power Engineering)1 (1997) 2.Search in Google Scholar
21 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Korovin, Yu. A.; Pereslavtsev, P. E.: Code ALICE/ASH for calculation of excitation functions, energy and angular distributions of emitted particles in nuclear reactions. Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering, Iss. 1997.Search in Google Scholar
22 Dityuk, A. I.; Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Lunev, V. P.; Shubin, Yu. N.: New advanced version of computer code ALICE-IPPE. INDC (CCP)-410, International Atomic Energy Agency Report, Iss. 1998.Search in Google Scholar
23 Shubin, Yu. N.; Lunev, V. P.; Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Dityuk, A. I.: Cross-section library MENDL-2 to study activation and transmutation of materials irradiated by nucleons of intermediate energies. INDC (CCP)-385, International Atomic Energy Agency Report, Iss. 1995.Search in Google Scholar
24 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Korovin, Yu. A.; Vecchi, M.: Fission product yields in nuclear reactions induced by intermediate energy particles. Kerntechnik64 (1999) 216.Search in Google Scholar
25 Iwamoto, A.; Harada, K.: Mechanism of cluster emission in nucleon-induced preequilibrium reactions. Phys. Rev. C26 (1982) 1821.10.1103/PhysRevC.26.1821Search in Google Scholar
26 Sato, K.; Iwamoto, A.; Harada, K.: Pre-equilibrium emission of light composite particles in the framework of the exciton model. Phys. Rev. C28 (1983) 1527.10.1103/PhysRevC.28.1527Search in Google Scholar
27 Ignatyuk, A. V.; Istekov, K. K.; Smirenkin, G. N.: Yadernaja Fizika29 (1979) 875.Search in Google Scholar
28 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Korovin, Yu. A.; Pereslavtsev, P. E.; Fischer, U.; von Möllendorff, U.: Development of methods for calculation of deuteron-lithium and neutron-lithium cross-sections for energies up to 50 MeV. Nucl. Sci. Eng.139 (2001) 1.Search in Google Scholar
29 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Korovin, Yu. A.: Application of the intranuclear cascade evaporation model. Kerntechnik63 (1968) 124.Search in Google Scholar
30 Bunakov, V. E.; Nesterov, M. M.; Tarasov, I. A.: Applicability of a modified intranuclear-cascade method in nucleon reactions at low and medium energies. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Physical Series41(10) (1977) 168; Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Fizicheskaya 41 (1977) 2187.Search in Google Scholar
31 Chatterjee, A.; Murthy, K. H. N.; Gupta, S. K.: Optical reaction cross sections for light projectiles. INDC (IND)-27/GJ, International Atomic Energy Agency (1980).Search in Google Scholar
32 Barashenkov, V. S.; Toneev, V. D.: Interaction of high energy particles and atomic nuclei with nuclei. Atomizdat, Moscow, 1972.10.1007/BF01125091Search in Google Scholar
33 Denisov, F. P.; Mekhedov, V. N.: Nuclear reactions at high energies. Atomizdat, Moscow, 1972.Search in Google Scholar
34 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Korovin, Yu. A.: Helium production cross sections in structural materials irradiated by protons and neutrons at energies up to 800 MeV. J. Nucl. Mater.195 (1992) 286.10.1016/0022-3115(92)90520-USearch in Google Scholar
35 Dostrovsky, I.; Fraenkel, Z.; Friedlander, G.: Monte Carlo calculations of nuclear evaporation processes. III. Applications to Low-Energy Reactions. Phys. Rev.116 (1959) 683.10.1103/PhysRev.116.683Search in Google Scholar
36 Barashenkov, V. S.; Kostenko, B. F.; Zadorogny, A. M.: Time-dependent intranuclear cascade model. Nucl. Phys. A338 (1980) 413.10.1016/0375-9474(80)90039-1Search in Google Scholar
37 Barashenkov, V. S.: Monte Carlo simulation of ionization and nuclear processes initiated by hadron and ion beams in media. Computer Physics Communications126 (2000) 28.10.1016/S0010-4655(99)00417-8Search in Google Scholar
38 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Fukahori, T.; Iwamoto, O.: Neutron and proton nuclear data evaluation for 235U and 238U at energies up to 250 MeV. JAERI-Research 2002-028, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Report, (Dec. 2002).Search in Google Scholar
39 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Lunev, V. P.; Shubin, Yu. N.: Semi-empirical systematics for (n, α) reaction cross-section at the energy of 14.5 MeV. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B108 (1996) 233.10.1016/0168-583X(95)01057-2Search in Google Scholar
40 Konobeyev, A. Yu.; Korovin, Yu. A.: Use of systematics to estimate neutron reaction cross-sections (systematics at 14.5 and 20 MeV). Atomic Energy85 (1998) 556.10.1007/BF02359934Search in Google Scholar
41 Hendricks, J. S.; Mckinney, G. W.; Waters, L. S.; Roberts, T. L.et al.: MCNPX extensions. Version 2.5.0. LA-UR-04-0570, Los Alamos National Laboratory (Feb. 2004).Search in Google Scholar
42 Dubost, H.; Lefort, M.; Peter, J.; Tarrago, X.: 4He and 3He particles from Au, Bi, and Th nuclides bombarded by 157-MeV protons. Phys. Rev. 136 (1964) B1618.10.1103/PhysRev.136.B1618Search in Google Scholar
43 Dubost, H.; Gatty, B.; Lefort, M.; Peter, J.; Tarrago, X.; Deutons, tritons et hélions d'interaction directe projetés par des protons de 156 MeV a partir de noyaux moyens et lourds. J. de Physique28 (1967) 257.10.1051/jphys:01967002803-4025700Search in Google Scholar
44 Muto, J.; Iton, H.; Okano, K.; Shiomi, N.; Fukuda, K.; Omori, Y.; Kinara, M.: Alpha-particles from several elements bombarded with 30, 43 and 56 MeV protons. Nucl. Phys.47 (1963) 19.10.1016/0029-5582(63)90850-2Search in Google Scholar
45 Lefort, M.; Cohen, J. P.; Dubost, H.; Tarrago, X.: Evidence for nucleon clustering from high-energy reactions. Phys. Rev.139 (1965) B 1500.10.1103/PhysRev.139.B1500Search in Google Scholar
46 Kantelo, M. V.; Hogan, J. J.: Radiochemical study of alpha particle emission in reactions of 202Hg with 10–86 MeV protons. Phys. Rev. C13 (1976) 1095.10.1103/PhysRevC.13.1095Search in Google Scholar
47 Milazzo-Colli, L.; Braga-Marcazzan, G. M.; Milazzo, M.; Signorini, C.: Preformation probability of alpha-clusters in rare earth nuclei measured by means of the (p, α) reaction. Nucl. Phys. A218 (1974) 274.10.1016/0375-9474(74)90004-9Search in Google Scholar
48 Bertrand, F. E.; Peelle, R. W.: Complete hydrogen and helium particle spectra from 30- to 60-MeV proton bombardment of nuclei with A – 12 to 209 and comparison with the intranuclear cascade model. Phys. Rev. C8 (1973) 1045.10.1103/PhysRevC.8.1045Search in Google Scholar
49 Mekhedov, B. N.; Mekhedov, V. N.: (1970), cited by Ref. [32].Search in Google Scholar
50 Green, S. L.; Green, W. V.; Hegedus, F. H.; Victoria, M.; Sommer, W. F.; Oliver, B. M.: Production of helium by medium energy (600 and 800 MeV) protons. J. Nucl. Mater.155/157 (1988) 1350.10.1016/0022-3115(88)90525-9Search in Google Scholar
51 Hilscher, D.; Herbach, C.-M.; Jahnke, U.; Tishchenko, V.; Enke, M.; Filges, D.; Goldenbaum, F.; Neef, R.-D.; Nünighoff, K.; Paul, N.; Schaal, H.; Sterzenbach, G.; Letourneau, A.; Böhm, A.; Galin, J.; Lott, B.; Péghaire, A.; Pienkowski, L.: Helium production for 0.8–2.5 GeV proton induced spallation reactions, damage induced in metallic window materials. J. Nucl. Mater.296 (2001) 83.10.1016/S0022-3115(01)00501-3Search in Google Scholar
52 JENDL high energy data file2004; http://wwwndc.tokai.jaeri.go.jp/jendl/jendl.html#jendl-sp.Search in Google Scholar
© 2005, Carl Hanser Verlag, München
