Abstract
In this paper, the residual stress in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, which was processed using blow-molding, was analyzed theoretically and numerically. First, the process of blow-molding was analyzed theoretically, which had considered both blowing process and curing of the polymer. The creep model was used to describe the relation between the deformation and the pressure in the blowing process, and thermo-chemical model was used to describe the curing process of the PET bottle. Then, a simulation was carried out using ABAQUS based on the creep model and thermo-chemical curing model. The deformation, residual stresses, heat flux vector and strain of the PET bottle during the blow-molding process were obtained. Finally, the effect of loading path on the residual stress was analyzed numerically, which shows that the longer the pressure was applied, the larger the residual stress.
References
Adams, A. M., Buckley, C. P. and Jones, D. P., “Biaxial Hot Drawing of Poly(ethylene terephthalate): Measurements and Modelling of Strain-Stiffening”, Polymer, 41, 771–786 (2000) 10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00834-9Search in Google Scholar
Bogetti, T. A., Gillespie, J. W., “Process-Induced Stress and Deformation in Thick-Section Thermoset Composite Laminates”, J. Compos. Mater., 26, 626–660 (1992) 10.1177/002199839202600502Search in Google Scholar
Buckley, C. P., Jones, D. C. and Jones, D. P., “Hot-Drawing of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) under Biaxial Stress: Application of a Three-Dimensional Glass-Rubber Constitutive Model”, Polymer, 37, 2403–2414 (1996) 10.1016/0032-3861(96)85352-3Search in Google Scholar
Buckley, C. P., Jones, D.C., “Glass-Rubber Constitutive Model for Amorphous Polymers near the Glass Transition”, Polymer, 36, 3301–3312 (1995) 10.1016/0032-3861(95)99429-XSearch in Google Scholar
Chung, K., “Finite Element Simulation of PET Stretch/Blown-Molding Process”, J. Mater. Shaping Technol., 4, 229–239 (1989) 10.1007/BF02834774Search in Google Scholar
Huang, C. K., Yang, S. Y., “Warping in Advanced Composite Tools with Varying Angles and Radii”, Composites Part A, 28, 891–893 (1997) 10.1016/S1359-835X(97)00045-6Search in Google Scholar
Kim, Y. K., White, S. R., “Stress Relaxation Behavior of 3501–6 Epoxy Resin during Cure”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 2852–2862 (1996) 10.1002/pen.10686Search in Google Scholar
Laroche, D., Kabanemi, K. K., Pecora, L. and Diraddo, R. W., “Integrated Numerical Modeling of the Blow Molding Process”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 39, 1223–1233 (1999) 10.1002/pen.11509Search in Google Scholar
Li, J., Yao, X. F., Liu, Y. H., Cen, Z. Z., Kou, Z. J. and Dai, D., “A Study of the Integrated Composite Material Structures under Different Fabrication Processing”, Composites Part A, 40, 455–462 (2009) 10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.10.022Search in Google Scholar
Li, J., Yao, X. F., Liu, Y. H., Cen, Z. Z., Kou, Z. J. and Dai, D., “An Analytic Approach for the Temperature and Strain Fields of Composite Laminate Curing on a Solid Mold”, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., 18, 272–281(2011) 10.1080/15376494.2010.483329Search in Google Scholar
Li, J., Yao, X. F., Liu, Y. H., Chen, S. S., Kou, Z. J. and Dai, D., “Curing Deformation Analysis for the Composite T-Shaped Integrated Structures”, Appl. Compos. Mater., 15, 207–225 (2008) 10.1007/s10443-008-9068-0Search in Google Scholar
Li, J., Yao, X. F., Liu, Y. H., Cen, Z. Z., Kou, Z. J., Hu, X. C. and Dai, D., “Thermo-Viscoelastic Analysis of the Integrated T-Shaped Composite Structures”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 70, 1497–1503 (2010) 10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.05.005Search in Google Scholar
McEvoy, J. P., Armstrong, C. G. and Crawford, R. J., “Simulation of the Stretch Blow Molding Process of PET Bottles”, Adv. Polym.Technol., 17, 339–352 (1998) 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2329(199824)17:4<339::AID-ADV5>3.0.CO;2-SSearch in Google Scholar
Menary, G. H., Tan, C. W., Armstrong, C. G., Salomeia, Y., Picard, M., Billon, N. and Harkin-Jones, E. M. A., “Validating Injection Stretch-Blow Molding Simulation through Free Blow Trials”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 50, 1047–1057 (2010) 10.1002/pen.21555Search in Google Scholar
Schmidt, F. M., Agassant, J. F. and Bellet, M., “Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of the Injection Stretch/Blow Molding Process”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 38, 1399–1412 (1998) 10.1002/pen.10310Search in Google Scholar
Shedbale, A. S., Singh, I. V. and Mishra, B. K., “Nonlinear Simulation of an Embedded Crack in the Presence of Holes and Inclusions by XFEM”, Procedia Eng., 64, 642–651 (2013) 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.09.139Search in Google Scholar
Yang, Z. J., Harkin-Jones, E., Menary, G. H. and Armstrong, C. G., “A Non-Isothermal Finite Element Model for Injection Stretch-Blow Molding of PET Bottles with Parametric Studies”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 44, 1379–1390 (2004) 10.1002/pen.20133Search in Google Scholar
Yang, Z. J., Harkin-Jones, E., Menary, G. H. and Armstrong, C. G., “Coupled Temperature–Displacement Modelling of Injection Stretch-Blow Moulding of PET Bottles Using Buckley Model”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 153–154, 20–27 (2004) 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.203Search in Google Scholar
Yang, Z. J., Harkin-Jones, E., Armstrong, C. G. and Menary, G. H., “Finite Element Modelling of Stretch-Blow Moulding of PET Bottles Using Buckley Model: Plant Tests and Effects of Process Conditions and Material Parameters”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part E, Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 218(E4), 237–250 (2004) 10.1243/0954408042466990Search in Google Scholar
Zhu, Q., Geubelle, P. H., Li, M. and Tucker, C. L., “Dimensional Accuracy of Thermoset Composites: Simulation of Process-Induced Residual Stresses”, J. Compos. Mater., 35, 2171–2205 (2001) 10.1177/002199801772662000Search in Google Scholar
© 2015, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich