Abstract
In the last decades polymer sheets have been developed and used for various purposes, for example with electronic devices or solar cells. After polymer processing, they present a high residue of polymer solvent that should be reduced. Indeed, a high presence of solvent could affect their electrical properties or cause high levels of pollution. In addition, uncontrolled drying process can cause bubble formation with consequent film breakage. The aim of this work is to simplify the phenomena involved in the drying process in order to develop a mathematical model able to predict the time evolution of the composition and the mass of the polymer sheet. The model proposed here, therefore, is aimed at stimulating the industrial process and the results were verified against experimental data collected with cellulose acetate-based polymeric sheets. In addition, thanks to its simplicity and to the very low system requirements and central processing unit (CPU) time, our model gives immediate views of the system behavior.
References
Abraham, G. A., “Modeling of Segmented Polyurethane Drying Process”, Int. Polym. Proc., 13, 369–378 (1998) 10.3139/217.980369Search in Google Scholar
Arai, S., Doi, M., “Skin Formation and Bubble Growth during Drying Process of Polymer Solution”, Eur. Phys. J. E Soft Matter., 35, 57 (2012) PMid:22772595; 10.1140/epje/i2012-12057-2Search in Google Scholar
Bearman, J., “On the Molecular Basis of some Current Theories of Diffusion”, J. Phys. Chem., 65, 743–746 (1961) 10.1021/j100828a012Search in Google Scholar
Bird, R. B., Steward, W. E. and Lightfoot, E. N.: Transport Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2002)Search in Google Scholar
Brandrup, J., Immergut, E. H.: Polymer Handbook, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989)Search in Google Scholar
Carrà, S., Morbidelli, M., Santacesaria, E. and Niederjaufner, G., “Polymer Purification through Solvent Addition: Physical Implications and Modeling of Separation Units”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 26, 1947–1952 (1981) 10.1002/app.1981.070260507Search in Google Scholar
Chirila, A., Reinhard, P., Pianezzi, F., Bloesch, P., Uhl, A. R., Fella, C., Kranz, L., Keller, D., Gretener, C., Hagendorfer, H., Jaeger, D., Erni, R., Nishiwaki, S., Buecheler, S. and Tiwari, A. N., “Potassium-Induced Surface Modification of Cu(In, Ga)Se-2 Thin Films for High-Efficiency Solar Cells”, Nature Materials, 12, 1107–1111 (2013) PMid:24185758; 10.1038/nmat3789Search in Google Scholar
Dekkers, J. M., Rijnders, G. and Blank, D. H. A., “Role of Sn Doping in In2O3 Thin Films on Polymer Substrates by Pulsed-Laser Deposition at Room Temperature”, Appl. Phys. Lett., 88, 151908 (2006) 10.1063/1.2195096Search in Google Scholar
Freier, T., Kunze, C. and Schmitz, K. P., “Solvent Removal from Solution-Cast Films of Biodegradable Polymers”, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 20, 1929–1931 (2001) 10.1023/A:1013174400236Search in Google Scholar
Gandhi, A., Bhatnagar, N. “Surface Quenching Induced Microstructure Transformations in Extrusion Foaming of Porous Sheets”, Int. Polym. Proc., 30, 397–402 (2015) 10.3139/217.3057Search in Google Scholar
Glueckauf, E., “Theory of Chromatography. Part 10. Formulæ for Diffusion into Spheres and their Application to Chromatography”, Trans. Faraday Soc., 51, 1540–1545 (1955) 10.1039/TF9555101540Search in Google Scholar
Izumi, H., Ishihara, T., Yoshioka, H. and Motoyama, M., “Electrical Properties of Crystalline ITO Films Prepared at Room Temperature by Pulsed Laser Deposition on Plastic Substrates”, Thin Solid Films, 411, 32–35 (2002) 10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00169-4Search in Google Scholar
Lin, R. S., Rogers, J. A., “Molecular-Scale Soft Imprint Lithography for Alignment Layers in Liquid Crystal Devices”, Nano Lett., 7, 1613–1621 (2007) PMid:17518505; 10.1021/nl070559ySearch in Google Scholar
Nian, S. C., Yang, S. Y., “Molding of Thin Sheets Using Impact Micro-Injection Molding”, Int. Polym. Proc., 20, 441–448 (2005) 10.3139/217.2008Search in Google Scholar
Park, S. K., Han, J. I., Kim, W. K. and Kwak, M. G., “Deposition of Indium-Tin-Oxide Films on Polymer Substrates for Application in Plastic-Based Flat Panel Displays”, Thin Solid Films, 397, 49–55 (2001) 10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01489-4Search in Google Scholar
Pourdarvish, R., Danner, R. P. and Duda, J. L., “Mechanism of Bubble Formation in the Drying of Polymer Films”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 111, 417–428 (2009) 10.1002/app.28998Search in Google Scholar
Reid, R. C., Prausnitz, J. M. and Sherwood, T. K.: The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Mc-Graw Hill, London (1977)Search in Google Scholar
Socol, G., Socol, M., Stefan, N., Axente, E., Popescu-Pelin, G., Craciun, D., Duta, L., Mihailescu, C. N., Mihailescu, I. N., Stanculescu, A., Visan, D., Sava, V., Galca, A. C., Luculescu, C. R. and Craciun, V., “Pulsed Laser Deposition of Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films on Flexible Substrates”, Appl. Surf. Sci., 260, 42–46 (2012) 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.02.148Search in Google Scholar
Tan, G., Shimada, K., Nozawa, Y., Kaneko, S., Urakami, T., Koyama, K., Komura, M., Matsuda, A. and Yoshimoto, M., “Atomic Step-and-Terrace Surface of Polyimide Sheet for Advanced Polymer Substrate Engineering”, Nanotechnology, 27, 295603 (2016) PMid:27284690; 10.1088/0957-4484/27/29/295603Search in Google Scholar
Vrentas, J. S., Duda, J. L. and Hou, A. C., “Evaluation of Theories for Diffusion in Polymer Solvent Systems”, J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys., 23, 2469–2475 (1985)Search in Google Scholar
Vrentas, J. S., Duda, J. L. and Ling, H. C., “Free-Volume Equations for Polymer Penetrant Diffusion”, J. Membrane Sci., 40, 101–107 (1989) 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80915-1Search in Google Scholar
Vrentas, J. S., Vrentas, C. M. and Duda, J. L. “Comparison of Free-Volume Theories”. Polym. J., 25, 99–101 (1993) 10.1295/polymj.25.99Search in Google Scholar
© 2017, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich