A Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1900–1975:

Published by Harvard University Press 1979

A Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1900–1975

Edited by: Kenneth R. Lang and Owen Gingerich

Volume 15 in the series Source Books in the History of the Sciences

https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674366688

Overview
Contents

Author information

Gingerich Owen :

Owen Gingerich is Professor of Astronomy and of the History of Science, Emeritus, Department of Astronomy and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

Topics

Frontmatter Publicly Available Download PDF	i
General Editor's Preface Edward H. Madden Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	v
Preface Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	vii
Contents Publicly Available Download PDF	xi
CHAPTER I. New Windows on the Universe
On the Application of Interference Methods to Astronomical Measurements Albert Abraham Michelson Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	2
2. A Test of a New Type of Stellar Interferometer on Sirius Robert Hanbury Brown and Richard Q. Twiss Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	8
3. Concerning Observations of Penetrating Radiation on Seven Free Balloon Flights Victor Franz Hess Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	13
4. The Possibilities of Large Telescopes George Ellery Hale Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	21
5. A Rapid Coma-Free Mirror System Bernhard V. Schmidt Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	27
6. On the Discovery of Extraterrestrial Radio Waves Karl G. Jansky and Grote Reber Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	30
7. Searching for Interstellar Communications Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	36
8. The Photoelectric Photometry of the Stars Joel Stebbins, Harold L. Johnson and William W. Morgan Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	39
9. The First Results Obtained from Photographs of the Invisible Side of the Moon N. P. Barabashov and Yu. N. Lipskii Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	53
10. X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Observations of the Sun Herbert Friedman Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	56
11. Evidence for X-Rays from Sources outside the Solar System Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, Frank R. Paolini and Bruno B. Rossi Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	62
12. Infrared Observations of the Galactic Center Eric E. Becklin and Gerry Neugebauer Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	67
13. Interstellar Deuterium Abundance in the Direction of Beta Centauri John B. Rogerson and Donald G. York Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	75
CHAPTER II. The Solar System
14. The Moon's Face: A Study of the Origin of Its Features Grove Karl Gilbert Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	80
15. Of Atmospheres upon Planets and Satellites George Johnstone Stoney Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	88
16. On the Probable Existence of a Magnetic Field in Sun-Spots George Ellery Hale Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	96
17. How Could a Rotating Body such as the Sun Become a Magnet? Joseph Larmor Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	106
18. Polarization of the Moon and of the Planets Mars and Mercury Bernard Lyot Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	108
19. The Theory of Continental Drift Alfred Wegener Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	111
20. The Spectra of Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn under High Dispersion Theodore Dunham Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	117
21. The Mystery of Coronium and the Million-Degree Solar Corona Walter Grotrian and Bengt Edlén Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	120
22. Corpuscular Influences upon the Upper Atmosphere Sydney Chapman Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	125
23. The Origin and Nature of Comets Jan H. Oort and Fred L. Whipple Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	132
24. Observations of a Variable Radio Source Associated with the Planet Jupiter Bernard F. Burke and Kenneth L. Franklin Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	143
25. Solar Corpuscular Radiation and the Interplanetary Gas Ludwig F. Biermann Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	147
26. Radiation Observations with Satellite 1958ε James A. Van Allen, Carl E. Mcllwain and George H. Ludwig Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	149
27. The Hot Surface Temperature of Venus Cornell H. Mayer, Timothy P. McCullough, Russell M. Sloanaker, V. S. Avduevsky, M. Ya. Marov, M. K. Rozhdestvensky, N. F. Borodin and V. V. Kerzhanovich Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	152
28. Radar Determinations of the Rotations of Venus and Mercury Rolf B. Dyce, Gordon H. Pettengill and Irwin I. Shapiro Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	160
29. Mars as Viewed from Mariner 9 Harold Masursky, Bradford A. Smith, Carl Sagan, Conway Β. Leovy, Bruce C. Murray, John F. McCauley and James B. Pollack Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	167
30. The Moon after Apollo Farouk El-Baz Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	177
31. The Encounter Theories of the Origin of the Solar System Forest Ray Moulton and Lyman Spitzer Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	182
32. The Nebular Theory of the Origin of the Solar System James H. Jeans and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	192
33. A Production of Amino Acids under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions Stanley L. Miller Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	203
CHAPTER III. Stellar Atmospheres and Stellar Spectra
34. On the Radiation of Stars Ejnar Hertzsprung Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	208
35. Relations between the Spectra and Other Characteristics of Stars Henry Norris Russell Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	212
36. Some Spectral Criteria for the Determination of Absolute Stellar Magnitudes Walter S. Adams and Arnold Kohlschütter Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	221
37. On the Radiative Equilibrium of Stars Arthur Stanley Eddington Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	225
38. Ionization in the Solar Chromosphere Meghnad Saha Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	236
39. The Abundances of the Chemical Elements in Stellar Atmospheres Cecilia H. Payne and Henry Norris Russell Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	243
40. On the Rotation of Stars Grigory Ambramovich Shajn and Otto Struve Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	254
41. Intensity Measurement of the Fraunhofer Lines in the Wavelength Region 5,150 to 5,270 Å Marcel Minnaert and Gerard Mulders Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	259
42. Electron Affinity in Astrophysics Rupert Wildt Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	264
43. The Quantitative Analysis of the BO-Star τ Scorpii, Part II Albrecht Unsöld Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	268
CHAPTER IV Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis
44. The Equivalence of Mass and Energy Albert Einstein Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	276
45. The Internal Constitution of the Stars Arthur Stanley Eddington Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	281
46. The Mass-Luminosity Relation for Stars Arthur Stanley Eddington and Heinrich Vogt Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	291
47. Atomic Synthesis and Stellar Energy I, II Robert d'Escourt Atkinson Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	303
48. Element Transformation inside Stars. II Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	309
49. Energy Production in Stars Hans Albrecht Bethe Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	320
50. Nuclear Reactions in Stellar Evolution George Gamow Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	339
51. Stellar Structure, Source of Energy, and Evolution Ernst Öpik Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	342
52. Nuclear Reactions in Stars without Hydrogen Edwin E. Salpeter Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	349
53. Inhomogeneous Stellar Models II: Models with Exhausted Cores in Gravitational Contraction Allan R. Sandage and Martin Schwarzschild Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	353
54. Studies of Young Clusters and Stellar Evolution in the Early Phases of Gravitational Contraction Merle F. Walker and Chushiro Hayashi Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	364
55. Synthesis of the Elements in Stars E. Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey R Burbidge, William A. Fowler and Fred Hoyle Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	374
56. Neutrinos from the Sun John N. Bahcall, Raymond Davis, Don S. Harmer and Kenneth C. Hoffman Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	389
CHAPTER V. Variable Stars and Dying Stars
57. Periods of Twenty-five Variable Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud Henrietta S. Leavitt Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	398
58. On the Pulsations of a Gaseous Star and the Problem of the Cepheid Variables Arthur Stanley Eddington Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	401
59. Τ Tauri Variable Stars Alfred H. Joy Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	410
60. Binary Stars among Cataclysmic Variables III : Ten Old Novae Robert P. Kraft Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	421
61. The Discovery of White Dwarf Stars Walter S. Adams Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	430
62. On Dense Stars Ralph Howard Fowler Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	433
63. Neutrino Theory of Stellar Collapse George Gamow and Mario Schönberg Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	440
64. Discovery of Circularly Polarized Light from a White Dwarf Star James C. Kemp, John B. Swedlund, John D. Landstreet and James R. P. Angel Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	447
65. On the Gravitational Field of a Point Mass according to the Einsteinian Theory Karl Schwarzschild Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	451
66. On the Theory of Stars Lev Davidovich Landau Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	456
67. The Discovery of a Candidate Black Hole B. Louise Webster, Paul Murdin and Charles Thomas Bolton Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	460
68. Novae or Temporary Stars Edwin P. Hubble Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	466
69. On the Possible Existence of Neutron Stars Walter Baade, Fritz Zwicky, J. Robert Oppenheimer and George M. Volkoff Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	469
70. Spectra of Supernovae Rudolph Minkowski Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	478
71. The Crab Nebula Rudolph Minkowski Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	481
72. On the Nature of the Luminescence of the Crab Nebula Iosif S. Shklovskii Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	488
73. Energy Emission from a Neutron Star Franco Pacini Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	494
74. Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source Antony Hewish, S. Joceyln Bell, John D. H. Pilkington, Paul Frederick Scott and Robin Ashley Collins Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	498
75. Rotating Neutron Stars as the Origin of the Pulsating Radio Sources Thomas Gold Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	505
CHAPTER VI. The Distribution of Stars and the Space between Them
76. Investigations of the Spectrum and Orbit of Delta Orionis Johannes Franz Hartmann Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	510
77. Star Streaming Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	514
78. The Kinetic Energy of a Star Cluster Arthur Stanley Eddington Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	520
79. The Scale of the Universe Harlow Shapley and Heber D. Curtis Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	523
80. First Attempt at a Theory of the Arrangement and Motion of the Sidereal System Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	542
81. Star-Streaming and the Structure of the Stellar System Bertil Lindblad Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	550
82. Observational Evidence for the Rotation of Our Galaxy Jan H. Oort and Alfred H. Joy Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	554
83. On the Dark Nebula NGC 6960 Max Wolf Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	566
84. The Source of Luminosity of Gaseous Nebulae Donald H. Menzel and Herman Zanstra Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	572
85. The Origin of the Nebular Lines and the Structure of the Planetary Nebulae Ira Sprague Bowen Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	581
86. The Physical State of Interstellar Hydrogen Bengt Strömgren Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	588
87. Preliminary Results on the Distances, Dimensions, and Space Distribution of Open Star Clusters Robert J. Trumpler Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	593
88. The Solid Particles of Interstellar Space Hendrik C. van de Hulst Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	605
89. The Polarization of Starlight William Albert Hiltner and John Scoville Hall Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	613
90. The Temperature of Interstellar Matter Lyman Spitzer and Malcolm P. Savedoff Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	617
91. Radio Waves from Space : Origin of Radiowaves Hendrik C. van de Hulst Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	627
92. The Radio Frequency Detection of Interstellar Hydrogen Harold I. Ewen, Edward M. Purcell, C. Alex Muller and Jan H. Oort Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	633
93. Some Features of Galactic Structure in the Neighborhood of the Sun William W. Morgan, Stewart Sharpless and Donald Osterbrock Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	638
94. The Galactic System as a Spiral Nebula Jan H. Oort, Frank J. Kerr and Gart Westerhout Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	643
95. Density Waves in Disk Galaxies Chia C. Lin and Frank H. Shu Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	652
96. The Discovery of Protostars (?) Bart J. Bok, Edith F. Reilly, George H. Herbig, Guillermo Haro, Eric E. Becklin and Gerry Neugebauer Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	656
97. Radio Observations of OH in the Interstellar Medium Sander Weinreb, Alan H. Barrett, M. Littleton Meeks and John C. Henry Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	666
98. Galactic Magnetic Fields and the Origin of Cosmic Radiation Enrico Fermi Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	671
99. Cosmic Rays and Radio Emission from Our Galaxy Karl Otto Kiepenheuer and Yitalii Lazarevich Ginzburg Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	677
100. Expanding Stellar Associations and the Origin of the Runaway O and Β Stars Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian and Adriaan Blaauw Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	685
CHAPTER VII. Normal Galaxies, Radio Galaxies, and Quasars
101. Novae in Spiral Nebulae Heber D. Curtis, George W. Ritchey and Harlow Shapley Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	698
102. A Spectrographic Investigation of Spiral Nebulae Vesto M. Slipher Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	704
103. Modern Theories of the Spiral Nebulae Heber D. Curtis Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	708
104. Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae Edwin P. Hubble Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	713
105. Extra-Galactic Nebulae Edwin P. Hubble Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	716
106. A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae Edwin P. Hubble Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	725
107. On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae Fritz Zwicky Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	729
108. Nuclear Emission in Spiral Nebulae Carl Κ. Seyfert Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	738
109. The Resolution of Messier 32, NGC 205, and the Central Region of the Andromeda Nebula Walter Baade Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	744
110. A Revision of the Extra-Galactic Distance Scale Walter Baade Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	750
111. Redshifts and Magnitudes of Extra-Galactic Nebulae Milton L. Humason, Nicholas U. Mayall and Allan R. Sandage Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	753
112. On the Evolution of Galaxies Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	763
113. Fluctuations in Cosmic Radiation at Radio Frequencies James S. Hey, S. J. Parsons and J. W. Phillips Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	774
114. Positions of Three Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio-Frequency Radiation John G. Bolton, Gordon J. Stanley and Ο. B. Slee Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	777
115. Cosmic Radiation and Radio Stars Hannes Alfvén and Nicolai Herlofson Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	779
116. The Origin of Cosmic Radio Noise Thomas Gold Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	782
117. Identification of the Radio Sources in Cassiopeia, Cygnus A, and Puppis A Walter Baade and Rudolph Minkowski Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	786
118. The Nature of Cosmic Radio Sources Martin Ryle Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	792
119. First True Radio Star? Thomas A. Matthews, John G. Bolton, Jesse L. Greenstein, Guido Münch and Allan R. Sandage Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	801
120. The Discovery of Quasars Cyril Hazard, M. B. Mackey, A. J. Shimmins, Maarten Schmidt, Jesse L. Greenstein, Thomas A. Matthews and John Beverly Oke Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	803
121. The Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3C 48 and 3C 273 Jesse L. Greenstein and Maarten Schmidt Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	811
CHAPTER VIII. Relativity and Cosmology
122. Explanation of the Perihelion Motion of Mercury by Means of the General Theory of Relativity Albert Einstein Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	820
123. A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919 Frank Watson Dyson, Arthur Stanley Eddington and Charles Davidson Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	826
124. Fourth Test of General Relativity: New Radar Result Irwin I. Shapiro, Michael E. Ash, Richard P. Ingalls, William B. Smith, Donald B. Campbell, Rolf B. Dyce, Raymond F. Jürgens and Gordon H. Pettengill Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	833
125. On the Curvature of Space Aleksandr Friedmann Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	838
126. A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Increasing Radius accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extra-Galactic Nebulae Georges Lemaître Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	844
127. On the Relation between the Expansion and the Mean Density of the Universe Albert Einstein and Wilhelm de Sitter Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	849
128. The Cosmical Constants Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	851
129. The Steady-State Theory of the Expanding Universe Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	853
130. The Origin of Chemical Elements Ralph A. Alpher, Hans Bethe and George Gamow Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	864
131. The Evolution and Physics of the Expanding Universe Ralph A. Alpher, Robert C. Herman and George Gamow Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	866
132. A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 MHz Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	873
Indexes
Author Index Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	879
Subject Index Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	889

(Deutsch)

Language: English
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Copyright year: 1979
Edition: Reprint 2014
Audience: Professional and scholarly;
Pages
- Front matter: 20
- Main content: 922
Illustrations
- Other: 42 halftones, 79 figures, 100 tables
Keywords: Astronomy.; SCIENCE / General; SCIENCE / History; SCIENCE / Physics / Astrophysics

eBook

Published: October 1, 2013
ISBN: 9780674366688

Hardcover

Published: February 5, 1979
ISBN: 9780674366671