Sapiehas estate document from the end of the 17th century as a source of the family’s economic and political history

In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique.

the number of chimneys2 (in Polish: dymów) or leased lands and certainly these data are very important for people specializing in research in the history of taxes and broadly understood economics. On the other hand, land property inventories may serve to answer complicated political questions, and the names of the noblemen listed may show us the influence and composition of the magnate faction, from whom the leader leased property. Thanks to this, the analyzed manuscript material becomes a source of comprehensive application for the historian. Therefore, in this article, I would like to focus primarily on the analysis of socio-political connections of people appearing in the property document referred in the title of the article, and thus demonstrate the legitimacy of using this type of material for extensive research.
The analyzed manuscript containing a list of the Sapieha family property, which at the end of the 17th century obtained a dominant position in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and is kept in the collection of the Science Library of Polish Academy of Learning and the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow under the manuscript number 57873. Unfortunately, the manuscript has not been preserved in its entirety, therefore the date of its preparation and title cannot be found in it. Some cards have been damaged or destroyed, making it difficult or impossible to read the tenants' names recorded there. According to the archivist working on the inventory of the document, it is from the first years of the 18th century and contains information about the chimneys in the estates and properties of the Great Pantler of Lithuania, Jerzy Stanislaw Sapieha. The document was prepared for Timofiej Iwanowicz Czyryk, a lieutenant colonel in the tsarist army. It is most likely that it comes from the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries as some of its elements indicate. Among others, the document mentioned a few

Introduction
Let F denote a eld and let V denote a vector space over F with nite positi pair A, A * of diagonalizable F-linear maps on V, each of which acts on an eige irreducible tridiagonal fashion. Such a pair is called a Leonard pair (see [13, De A, A * is said to be self-dual whenever there exists an automorphism of the end swaps A and A * . In this case such an automorphism is unique, and called the The literature contains many examples of self-dual Leonard pairs. For instan ated with an irreducible module for the Terwilliger algebra of the hypercube (see Leonard pair of Krawtchouk type (see [10, De nition 6.1]); (iii) the Leonard pair module for the Terwilliger algebra of a distance-regular graph that has a spin m bra (see [1,Theorem], [3,Theorems 4.1,5.5]); (iv) an appropriately normalized (see [11,Lemma 14.8]); (v) the Leonard pair consisting of any two of a modular De nition 1.4]); (vi) the Leonard pair consisting of a pair of opposite generato bra, acting on an evaluation module (see [5,Proposition 9.2] [7,Proposition 8.7]).
people like the Great Marshal of Lithuanian Jan Karol Dolski, Gedeon (Stanislaw?) Hladowicki, Stanislaw Massalski and the Cupbearer ("cześnik") of Smolensk Jerzy Bury -all of whom died between 1691 and 1698, and on the other hand, officials who obtained their offices only in 1700 (e.g. Andrzej Hieronim Przeclawski, Deputy District Judge ("podsędek") of Slonim4. In this connection, the author inclines to the thesis that the document dates from the beginning of the 18th century, which is also evidenced by the fact that the document was drawn up on the orders of the lieutenant colonel of the tsarist army, who probably stayed in the Commonwealth in the first years of the Great Northern Wars.
Research on the manuscript material would not be complete without, at least in general analysis, the political situation of the Sapieha family during the reign of Jan III Sobieski, whose activity led to mentioned noblemen's hegemony at the end of the seventeenth century. After the election, the King, wanting to overcome the influence of the Pac family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, decided to oppose the sons of Pawel Jan Sapieha (who died in 1665) -Benedykt Pawel, Kazimierz Jan, Franciszek Stefan and Leon Bazyli. Within a few years after the election of Jan III to be the king, they received several of the most important offices in Lithuania: the Lithuanian Grand Treasurer, the Lithuanian Grand Hetman and the Voivode of Vilnius, and, what is also important, the support of the monarch. Gaining more and more influence in Lithuania, they quickly used their abilities and start to be in opposition to the King, and at the end of the 1680s, they became indisputable hegemonies in the Grand Duchy. The first visible activities of the opposition to the Sapiehas appeared in the first half of the 1690s. The Bishop of Vilnius Konstanty Kazimierz Brzostowski supported by the monarch, cursed Kazimierz Sapieha in relation to the allegedly unlawful distribution of military banners in the priest property. This initiated an avalanche of political events that eventually ended in a civil war and a battle between the republics and the followers of Sapiehas near Olkieniki on November 18, 1700. After losing the battle, the Lithuanian hegemons were forced to leave Grand Duchy5. One of the most important determinants of the political and social position of the noblemen's family was the landed possessions, both those inherited from the ancestors and those obtained from royal grants. It seems that especially the former were of great political importance, and as Henryk Lulewicz said, they created somehow a bond "in the chain of causes that gave the elite at the same time an intermediary function between the king and the corporations of the county nobility represented by land council and a dominant position over the nobility". So, the magnates with extensive latifundium had the greatest importance, and through their proper distribution, they could expand their political influence among the gentry, who were economically dependent on them6. This is perfectly illustrated by the financial situation of the most influential sons of Pawel Jan Sapieha -Kazimierz Jan and Benedykt Pawel. It should be remembered that their hegemony was based mainly on strong economic foundations. In the 1690s, Kazimierz Jan was the richest nobleman of the Grand Duchy, whose hereditary goods amounted to almost 18 thousand chimneys. From 1695, he also managed to possess very lucrative Neuburg goods (over 14,000 chimneys ). His brother, Benedykt Pawel, had a slightly smaller property, presumably about 9,000 chimneys, although for tax purposes he declared less than half of them. Adding all the chimneys belonging to the family (mother, sons, nephews from the Czerejska line), the Sapiehas owned about 10% of them in Lithuania, and with Neuburg goods up to 15%, which gives a sum of around 30,000 chimneys. For example, it could be stated that the Radziwills, who were in opposition to them, owned approx. 12,000 chimneys in total at that time. Contrary to the Pac's policy, Benedykt Pawel and Kazimierz Jan were mainly pledging or renting family goods7.
Below in the article we present persons or families who had the greatest influence on Poland's national and local political scenes. We will analyze their political attitudes towards the Sapieha family and their attitude to the conflict, which has reached a dramatic climax in the Battle near Olkieniki. The other noblemen listed in the inventory are included in the tables as annexes at the end of the article.
Analyzing the presented document, it is worth paying attention to the members of the Polubinscy family, who were mentioned many times in it and owned goods in various estates belonging to the Sapieha family. Aleksander Hilary should certainly be the most important representative of the Polubinski family. He began his political career under the reign of Jan Kazimierz Vasa. Then, he received the office of the Grand Lithuanian Marshal during the reign of Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki in 1669. Aleksander Hilary died in 1679 and, among other things, he left his daughter Izabella Helena. She is mentioned in the presented material and was to own property in the Lukonicka parish8. Interestingly, Izabella Helena married the Lithuanian Pantler Jerzy Stanislaw Sapieha, the son of the Grand Lithuanian Hetman, Kazimierz Jan, who was also mentioned in the inventory as the tenant of goods in the Dereczynska parish9.
Another member from the Polubinscy family who was mentioned several times in the list, was Leon Kazimierz, voivode of Nowogrodek and Bailiff of Twer ("Ciwun Twerski"). He was supposed to own property in the Dereczyńska parish and in the royal lands leased by the Sapieha family10. He was the son of Dimitri Przemysl11. In 1698, Leon Kazimierz Polubinski appeared at a mass mobilization of noblemen (in Polish: pospolite ruszenie) gathering in Samogitia (between Lawna and Puzewicze), where on August 14 he signed the act of the state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1699 he was appointed as the deputy from the Duchy of Samogitia to a pacificator parliament against Sapieha's hegemony. Perhaps he participated in the Battle near Olkieniki, however, the resolution of the state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from November 2, does not mention him as one of the signatories of the document. Probably he was in the Samogitian banner commanded by Hrehory Oginski, which were not included in the above document12.
The inventory also lists the next son of Dymitr Samuel, Michal Aleksander Polubinski, District Judge of Slonim. Probably, he owned goods in the Dereczynska parish13. Interestingly, three of his sons were also mentioned twice: Hieronim, Kazimierz and Franciszek. All three were supposed to possess property in the royal lands of the Sapiehas and in the Kosonska parish14.
The collection also lists several other members of the Polubinscy family. One of them was recorded under the name "Remian" and as a son of voivode of Nowogrodek, so it certainly had to be another son of Dymitr Samuel, Remigian Stanislaw, Chamberlain of Slonim, whose career was associated primarily with the army. Among other things, he was the Standard-bearer of the banner (in Polish: chorazy choragwi) of the Hussar belonging to the Grand Lithuanian Marshal Aleksander Hilary Polubinski. He owned property in the royal lands leased by the Sapiehas and in the Dereczynska parish15.
The inventory also mentioned twice Ludwik Polubinski, but without the office he held. We could assume that it was Ludwik Aleksander who was a Cupbearer of Slonim from 1690. He owned property (as did the above-mentioned Polubinscy) in the royal lands and in the Dereczyńska parish16.
Lease of many goods in Sapieha's latifundia may testify to the fact that they attempted to make the Polubinscy family depend on them, which is also confirmed by the aforementioned marriage of the son of Kazimierz Jan, Franciszek Stefan with Izabela Helena. Based on the analyzed inventory, it seems very likely that after the death of its most influential member, Aleksander Hilary, the Sapieha family wanted to use the opportunity to persuade the members of his family and faction to join their side. However, it seems that their efforts did not end well.
Jan the approaching land councils. After the death of Michal Kazimierz Radziwill in 1680, the Sapieha family began taking over his party, probably also including Haraburda, who could be described as their follower. It seems that he also maintained contacts with the Radziwill family. He probably abandoned service for Sapiehas at the beginning of the 1690s. In 1698, he was part of the opposition to the Sapieha family and brought to the Republican camp the banner of the Slonim gentry. Together with Wladyslaw Wollowicz, he represented the Slonim County during the negotiation with Sapiehas. A year later, he was elected a deputy for the pacification parliament. During the Battle near Olkieniki he commanded the Slonim banner19.
One of the most important officials who was mentioned in the inventory was Jan Karol Dolski, the Grand Lithuanian Marshal. He owned property in the royal lands leased by Sapieha20. In the 1670s, he became associated with the royal court, in which he received the office of the Lithuanian Royal Cupbearer (in Polish: "podczaszy") in 1676, and after the death of Jan Karol Mlocki, he became a Starost of Pińsk. In the 1680s, the Sapiehas tried to drag him to their faculties by the timely and comprehensive settlement of financial obligations towards his branch, which amounted to 12,240 polish zloty for two-quarters of service. Possession of property in Sapieha-administered goods could have meaning in a political configuration, and it seems that Lithuanian hegemons intended to persuade Dolski to join their side. They could apply the tenant's persuasion to the possessors of certain goods, or simply to influence the number of various obligations that were to be paid to the Sapieha treasury. In the case of Dolski, all Sapieha's actions ended in failure, and the aforementioned entered into a sharp conflict with Kazimierz Jan, which nearly ended with a sabres duel. In 1689, there was an agreement between Dolski and the Sapiehas, and the antagonisms between the two diminished in strength. After receiving in 1691 the office of the Grand Lithuanian Marshall, upon the death of Stanislaw Radziwill, Dolski moved away from political life, occupied with private matters. In the end, the plans of Benedykt Pawel and Kazimierz Jan ended in fiasco, and Dolski remained faithful to the court21.
One of the more recognizable magnates, who was connected economically with the Sapiehas, is starost, and later the voivode of Minsk, Krzysztof Zawisza and his wife Teresa from the Tyszkiewicz family. Both of them owned goods in the Lukonicka parish22. Through this marriage, Zawisza became involved with the Sapieha family, because the mother of Teresa Zawisza (nee Tyszkiewicz) was Teodora Aleksandra, daughter of Grand Lithuanian Hetman Pawel Jan Sapieha23. The starost of Minsk was a deputy for parliaments several times in the 1680s and 1690s. He also took part in the parliament in 1693 during which he was to cooperate "well with the Sapiehas". After the death of Jan III, he was appointed to the law court during the interregnum and held the post of a deputy for the convocation parliament. The good relations between Zawisza and the Sapiehas deteriorated, however, after an incident which took place during the period of the confederation in Lithuania. It was reported to the Voivode of Minsk that the soldiers led by Paleja intend to get to Hetman Sapieha, and therefore they were detained by Zawisza, which was to Kazimierz Jan's dissatisfaction and led to a breakdown of cooperation. Despite this misunderstanding, however, the district head of Minsk tried to maintain good relations with the Sapiehas. During the interregnum in 1696, the hegemons sought to strengthen their cooperation with Zawisza again. However, the position that the starost found in the court of the new king did not suit them. In 1698 he was elected the Marshal of a land council in Minsk during which he effectively blocked the nobility's demands regarding to the invasion of the Sapieha's estate. He informed the Sapieha family about the moods among the nobility and that "he was not against them, and that he did not want to ruin them, even if he had reasons to let the nobles go free". Over the next few months, Zawisza tried to ease the nervousness of the nobility, who were already very opposed to Sapieha's domination. In the end, both families reconciled, which led to a decrease in popularity of the starost of Minsk among the nobility. When he appeared in the camp at Kamionka, where a mass mobilization (in Polish: pospolite ruszenie) against the hegemons was gathered "he found a stir, that was threatening, and anger". Still faithful to the Sapiehas he appeased the mood of the nobility during the "gromniczny" council in Minsk in 1700 "and seeing that more and more was leading to a civil war" he decided to make a pilgrimage to Rome and therefore did not take part in the Battle near Olkieniki. Therefore, he did not have to talk to any of the parties in the conflict24.
It seems that Krzysztof Zawisza and his wife were one of the few representatives of the nobility who cooperated with the Sapiehas until the end of their hegemony. Through the marriage with Pawel Jan's granddaughter, as well as economic dependence from Kazimierz Jan and Benedykt Pawel, the Starost of Minsk was in a way condemned to cooperate with the family. Faithful to his ideals of protecting the nobility's freedom and family ties with the Sapiehas, he probably decided to withdraw from the conflict in Lithuania and, not wanting to stand up to either side and consequently lose his authority among the nobility, he went on a journey to Rome. However, we have information that in 1702 Krzysztof Zawisza was recruited by the Sapieha family and formed an armed Cossack banner against the Republicans. He also participated in further fights with the Sapiehas' opposition25.
The document also mentions the Chamberlain of Polock Benedykt Ignacy Przysiecki, who probably possessed property on the royal lands leased by Sapieha26. He was related to Celestine Przysiecki and both came from a well-off family in the Voivodeship of Polock. Kazimierz Jan Sapieha give the latter properties called Skakuny in 1681. The Przysiecki family was probably a clientele of Aleksander Hilary Polubinski, which is evidenced by the fact that he gave Benedykt, the chamberlain of Polock, goods named Kozmiany in the voivodeship of Polock, what was confirmed in 1670. In addition, Benedykt Przysiecki married Konstancja from Chaleccy, the niece of the Grand Lithuanian Marshal, which in a way bound him to Polubinski. This may, therefore, confirm the aforementioned thesis that after the death of Polubinski the Sapiehas tried to take over his clientele by offering them lands and making them economically dependent on them27. It seems that the Przysiecki family, through property donations and leases held in Sapieha-controlled areas, was their political clientele.
The three members of the Wollowicz family were also mentioned in the analyzed document: Wladyslaw, the Carver ("krajczy") of Samogitia; Kazimierz, the Pantler ("stolnik") of Upita; and Jerzy, the Chamberlain of Slonim. All of them possessed property in the royal lands leased by the Sapiehas, and Kazimierz also owned goods in the Dereczynska parish28. In their case, it is difficult to find accurate information about their political affiliation, but it is highly probable that they were clients of the Grand Lithuanian Marshal Alexander Hilary Polubinski. We only have more information about the Pantler ("stolnik") of Upita Kazimierz Aleksander, whom Andrzej A. Majewski counted as one of the servants of the aforementioned Lithuanian Marshal. In his youth, he was to be a companion in his Cossack banner. Wollowicz was even mentioned by Polubinski in his will, in which he offered him 2,000 polish zloty for his loyalty29. The mention of the Wollowicz family, especially of Kazimierz Aleksander, in the inventory, confirms that the Sapiehas tried to intercept the clientele of Aleksander Hilary Polubinski with a positive result and through the property contacts become more tied to the faction of Benedykt Pawel and Kazimierz Jan.
The inventory also mentioned Dominik Aleksander Tyszkiewicz, Pantler ("stolnik") of Slonim, who was supposed to possess property in the Kosonska parish30. He was associated with the faction of Sapiehas since the 1680s31. His brother Mikolaj Castellan of Smolensk, son of Piotr, was also mentioned in the inventory. He possessed property in the royal lands leased by the Sapiehas32. It can be assumed that, as a brother, he was in their faction. The Sapiehas' political strength and influence was also impacted by the masses of the petty gentry who, through participation in the sessions of a local council and the election of suitable deputies for parliament, could have been instrumental in decisions taken at the highest state level. This group includes Kazimierz Puslowski, Steward ("podstoli") of Rzeczyca, who owned the property in the Olszewska parish and the royal lands leased by Sapiehas. The nobleman were certainly their supporters, because during the session of the regional council of Starodub in Vilnius in 1695, he supported the memorial published by them, and took part in the local councils, which were to devise ways of calming the tensions in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth33. The analyzed inventory also mentions, but only by name, Owsiany and Brodowski. It is possible that it refers to Adam Owsiany, who was a Standard-bearer ("chorąży") of Wolkowysk and to Stanislaw Brodowski. Both were mentioned in 1695 and both also supported the Sapiehas' memorial during the local nobility council of the county of Wolkowysk, which was managed by Owsiany. Nobles gathered at this regional council also attacked Konstanty Brzostowski for casting a curse on Kazimierz Jan Sapieha34.
In the inventory, we also find confirmation that the Sapiehas intercepted the Radziwill clientele after the death of Michal Kazimierz. In addition to the aforementioned Michal Karol Haraburda, we could mention the land judge of Slonim, Stefan Brzuchanski, who as Slonim's Deputy District Judge ("podsędek"), supported Boguslaw Radziwill's activities at the local council at the end of the 1660s 35.
In the analyzed inventory of goods of the Sapiehas, we could also find many more surnames of nobles holding various types of land offices, in particular, in the county of Slonim, including, among others: Chamberlain ("podkomorzowie"), Starosts, Deputy District Judges ("podsędkowie") and District Clerk ("pisarze ziemscy"). Residents of the royal economy leased by the Sapiehas, had to maintain contact woth them and have some form of dependence on this family. For example, some types of economic connections could have easily be transformed into client and personal relations. Not every person among the large number of tenants mentioned in the document was willing to cooperate, which does not mean that attempts to take over individual people's loyalties were not made, although with different results. It should also be remembered that inconsistent "foreign policy" (the corruption of relations with Vienna, impermanent alliance with France, or finally the transition to the Swedes) of Sapiehas led to the depletion of their party and loss of trust in the society. Undoubtedly, however, property dependencies opened up some possibilities for both parties, who combined benefits and losses from possible closer cooperation. Undoubtedly, the analyzed economic document is an invaluable source not only for examining financial, tax or other related issues. Studying it also influences the recognition of the correlation between the owner and the tenant on many levels. We can find information about subordination and independence, in spite of property connections, and in the longer term about the changing moods on the political scene, or global political tendencies of residents, which is a valuable source for economics and goods researchers43.