Influence of Cognitive Neuroscience on Contemporary Philosophy of Science

Abstract The study of contemporary philosophy of science based on cognitive neuroscience has strongly promoted the philosophy study of brain cognitive problems. It has pointed out the research direction for human to explore the relationship between the traditional mind and brain while systematically reflecting and investigating the theoretical basis and research method of cognitive neuroscience. Therefore, this study explores the influence and the significance of cognitive neuroscience on contemporary philosophy of science.


Introduction
In the 1980s, cognitive scientists realized that neuroscience was the foundation of cognitive science. Because the brain's thinking process was not clarified, artificial brain simulation of the brain was fundamentally impossible. Functionalism's view of studying the mind without relying on the brain is increasingly in trouble, and cognitive scientists are paying more attention to the research of neuroscience. After the emergence of cognitive neuroscience in the 1990s, cognitive neuroscience is a new-born that combines the compelling cognitive science and neuroscience in scientific development. It is not only loved by both parents, but also by computers. The concern of the scientific community, because the thorny problems encountered in intelligent computer research are all related to cognitive neuroscience. The research task of cognitive neuroscience is to clarify the brain mechanism of cognitive activity. In other words, how does the human brain call it? The various levels of components, including molecules, cells, brain tissue regions, and brains to achieve their own cognitive activities are fundamental propositions that cognitive neuroscience needs to answer. " The integration of various disciplines provides support for the study of contemporary philosophy of science which aims at "clarifying the brain mechanism of cognitive activities, namely, how the human brain mobilizes its components at all levels, including molecules, cells, brain regions and the whole brain, to achieve various cognitive activities" [1] . The traditional ability of solving epistemological problems is not enough to reveal the riddle of human cognition, so it is necessary to discuss and construct the mechanism, model and reason of human cognition in an empirical way and a naturalistic way from the inside of cognitive science. Thus, the derived contemporary philosophy of science based on cognitive neuroscience has become the hottest research field of philosophy of science at present [2] . Therefore, this study explores the influence and the significance of cognitive neuroscience on contemporary philosophy of science.  The emergence of various brain function image technology has laid a solid methodological foundation for the rapid development of cognitive neuroscience [4] . The main research methods and technologies are shown in  Nowadays, philosophy of science is in a "nonbreakthrough" period as a whole, that is, there is no major breakthrough theory. However, no matter how the philosophy of science develops, the core of its scientific methodology can't be changed for the reasons shown in Table 2.

Introduction to cognitive neuroscience
At present, pluralism is standing on the standpoint of cultural analysis to appeal to the cultural explanation of scientific development.
Although this explanation expands the perspective and scope of contemporary philosophy of science on a certain level, it has the tendency of pan-culturalism and the tendency of dispelling scientific rationality.
The philosophy of technology itself is inherently endowed with more cultural traits The United States proposed the "Decade of the Brain" plan; 1990 Europe launches the "The European Decade of Brain" program; Japan introduced the "Time for Brain Science" program.

1996
China ranks "brain science and cognitive science" as one of the eight leading scientific fields.

Event-related brain potential (ERP)
A series of brain waves formed by a brain reaction that has a fixed time relationship with actual or expected stimuli (sound, light, and electricity).

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Using a large number of radioactive isotopes present in the natural elements of the human body, multi-level cross-sectional imaging is performed to reflect static or dynamic brain functional status.
fMRI Similar to PET, changes in cerebral blood flow and deoxygenated haemoglobin concentrations can be recorded by fMRI to indirectly study neuronal function that determine that it is not based on the requirements of pure scientific rationality [5] . In the 20th century, the cognition, understanding and exploration of these problems are a process from nature to necessity. Through reflection on the course of the 20th century, the development of contemporary philosophy of science towards the 21st century has formed the main objectives and "leading difficulties", as shown in Table 3.

The influence of cognitive neuroscience on the philosophy of science
The development trend of cognitive neuroscience is from paying attention to the neurobiological activities of the brain to paying attention to the high-level cognitive function of the brain; from focusing on attention to partial level to focusing on the whole brain level; from paying attention to the relationship between brain activity and behaviour to paying attention to the development of brain structure and function; from attaching importance to brain and external behaviour to attaching importance to "gene and environmentbrain-behaviour". Based on the theoretical content of contemporary philosophy of science (as shown in Table 4), this part describes the influence of cognitive neuroscience on contemporary philosophy of science.  Scientific rationality cannot be dispelled, and philosophy of science should always hold high the banner of scientific rationality.

Cognitive neuroscience influences the cognitive turn of contemporary philosophy of science
2 The philosophical problems of natural science cannot be dispelled. This is the foundation on which the philosophy of science depends. 3 The analysis method of language philosophy and its context theory are the basis of the various schools of unified philosophy of science and their traditional methodology. 4 The subject of science cannot replace scientific questioning methods with social, epistemological, and psychological things. How to do this on the platform, they can truly communicate with each other and promote together, making it a stage for the growth of scientific philosophy.
Exploring a new base for the mutual reference, mutual complementarity, and cross-intersection of various scientific methodologies On this basis, how to obtain an effective unity of the philosophy of science and forge a viable innovation theory and development direction Adhere to the essence of scientific rationality; we must continue to promote the spirit of scientific rationality.
Only on this basis can we talk about the unity of scientific rationality and irrationality, and talk about the connection between scientific philosophy and the schools or disciplines of scientific sociology, scientific knowledge theory, scientific history, and scientific culture and philosophy. Table 4. Theoretical content of contemporary philosophy of science

Content Manifestations
Science as a knowledge production activity Scientific practice reflects nature, clearly shows the way in which science is presented, and highlights the ways and methods for discovering science under social and historical circumstances.
Science as a knowledge utilization activity Using science as a paradigm to solve difficult problems using scientific knowledge and structure of the whole human society [7] . According to the structure of cognitive neuroscience and contemporary philosophy of science, the artificial intelligence can be divided into three levels: artificial intelligence, artificial life and artificial wisdom based on cognitive dimension and philosophy of science (as shown in Table 5).

Human culture influences the humanistic trend of contemporary philosophy of science
All human cultures, including science, depend on symbols. It is culture rather than society that is the distinctive feature of human beings.
Culture plays a more direct and important role in science than society. A kind of discovery and invention is the synthesis of existing cultural elements or the absorption of a new element into a cultural system [8] .  Table 6).

Methods Manifestations
Dispute method Contemporary scientific philosophy penetrates into the core of various disciplines with its dialectical role, and dialectically analyses the contradictions between scientists' empirical findings and theories.

Concept description method
The concept of cognition plays an important role in cognitive science. The concept of cognition is the premise and foundation of cognition and reasoning. In cognitive science, cognitive science tends to focus on the specific process of acquiring new concepts from experience or other concepts.
Historical reflection and critical method Philosophical reflection can transcend experience, exceed existing, present and present, and overcome common sense and prejudice. The exploratory and creative nature of philosophical activities and the charm of philosophy are reflected in this critical reaction of "making problems a problem".

Modern philosophy of mind provides cognitive theoretical basis for contemporary scientific philosophers to explore neurocognitive process
Cognitive The philosophy of mind with information processing as its core has exerted an important influence on scientific realism. To some extent, both enactive cognition and situational cognition can be integrated by embodied cognition [9] . Therefore, from the discussion of these two points, we can basically distinguish between cognitivism and embodied cognition approach (as shown in Figure 2).

The significance of cognitive neuroscience to the philosophy of science
The emergence of cognitive scientists with philosophical minds and philosophers with cognitive science knowledge is very useful to overcome this gap. As mentioned above, the profound influences of cognitive neuroscience on contemporary philosophy of science will cause fundamental changes in the research strategy of philosophy of science and the basis of science of interpretation, as shown in Table   7. Based on this, the significance of cognitive neuroscience to contemporary philosophy of science is expressed in the following four aspects:

Providing basic concepts, ideological foundations and reflections for contemporary philosophy of science
The most basic thought of cognitive science comes from the construction of philosophy.
The task of cognitive neuroscience is to clarify the brain mechanism of cognitive activities [10] . People produce thinking and behaviour by  The combination of cognitive analysis and language analysis, logical analysis, historical analysis and cultural analysis reinforces the cognitive function of philosophy of science.
Cognitive neuroscience deepens the understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge.
Think of it as the characterization structure in the mind and the computational procedures that operate on these structures Cognitive neuroscience contributes to the solution of problems found in contemporary philosophy of science.
The discovery of contemporary philosophy of science is a solution to creative problems and is a sequence of cognitive operations guided by goals. To this end, we must reflect on the problems as shown in Table 8.    Thinking about the general research ideas and assumptions followed by cognitive neuroscience is a set of rigorous and orderly natural science research ideas and research hypotheses, and it is also a science-based armed force that psychology pursues science.

Conclusions
Methodological Reflection on Contemporary Philosophy of Science in Cognitive Neuroscience.
Scientific methods determine the choice of scientific research issues and determine the appropriateness of scientific knowledge. The progress of science depends on the progress and improvement of scientific methods.