New Orientation of Study on Economic Psychology and Behaviour

Abstract Economic psychology refers to the impact of psychological factors on economic changes, and its outward manifestation is economic behaviour. Psychology, as a science studying human psychology and behaviour, has no reason to ignore the study of economic activities. This study summarizes the latest research results and conclusions of economic psychology from three aspects of behaviour level, body signal and other people’s movement or displacement. In addition, it expounds the reflection of economic psychology, the reflection of rational human hypothesis of traditional economics and the prospect of future research. From the perspective of economic psychology, it is of great significance to analyse the psychological motivation behind the conflicts and interests in the study of economic psychology and behaviour so as to construct the harmonious behaviour relationship of “psychological contract” on the basis of the rational mechanism of interest distribution.


Introduction
Economic psychology is a science that studies the psychological reflection of people's production relations, economic policies and economic mechanisms, also known as psycheconomics. The economic psychology was born in the early 1950s and was formed by a group of "economists with good psychological literacy" and "psychologists with good economics. " For a long time, traditional economics has focused on the formal expression of mathematics and tried to avoid subjective analysis, and used this as a means of distinguishing between sociology and psychology. A typical reflection of this tendency is to exclude the influence of the body and its dynamics from the economic theory system. In fact, the notion that physical factors "interfere" with reason can be traced back to Plato's thoughts about innate ideas.
He believes that physical experience helps reveal some of the innate knowledge, but it also distorts this knowledge. representative, Mises, that economics should only study "willingness" and "intentional behaviour": "economics are not considered ... part of the body's organs and instinct's passive response to stimuli, because it is not controlled by the will. " These views and derived behaviours are mutually causal, which together lead to traditional economics that have long ignored the physical factors of behavioural subjects for decision-making, the influence of economic behaviour such as preference has become an economic theory of "away from".
It uses psychological perspectives to analyse the psychological factors in the economic process, and takes the decision-making process of consumers and enterprises' economic behaviours as well as the psychological factors that influence these decision-making processes. The basic task is to explore how consumers, entrepreneurs, and political decision-makers will perform under different conditions, and what decisions will be made to understand and predict the economic processes that will occur in specific situations. With the deepening of the study on experimental psychology, psychologists apply its knowledge to the concrete analysis of the surrounding problems, which not only cover personal thought, behaviour, perception and emotion, but also include group behaviours [1] . The economic psychology model of Katona is shown in Figure 1. Among humanism and cognitive psychology, behaviourism, psychological analysis, Gestalt, and cognitive psychology have a greater impact on economics [2] . Since 1879, the entire psychology community has experienced a prosperous academic discussion that has never been seen before.  Bell is shown in Figure 2 [3] .

The path of physical factors affecting economic decisionmaking
The behavioural factor is multi-dimensional.
The perceptual symbol theory emphasizes that the process of processing knowledge information includes two states. One is the real body state and the other is the psychological state which simulates the experience (the individual's body and the interaction between body and environment provide the prototype for the individual to know the world) [4] . It can be found from the empirical study of economics that there are possible paths for the impact of physical factors on economic decision-making.

Advances in cross-cultural research on individual judgment and decision making
Although behavioural economics insists on subjective axiology and rational hypothesis, it has gradually become an independent school to appear in the jungle of contemporary economics through the challenge to rationaleconomic man himself and the use of psychology to construct its own behavioural basis. The hard core of behavioural economics can be compared with that of neoclassical economics, as shown in Table 1:

The impact of comparative research on decision bias and rational mechanism
To compare the extent to which economic volume in different economic entities are affected by changes in certain factors, "economic entity elasticity" is used as a tool [5] . Economic entity elasticity indicates the extent to which economic volume responds to changes in certain influence factors. Expressed by the formula, it is the ratio of the change rate of economic volume to the change rate of influence factors, as shown in Formula (1) [6] .
Where, E is economic entity elasticity; Q is economic volume; X is a certain factor affecting economic volume. The price elasticity of an economic entity reflects the extent to which the economic volume reacts to price change.
In other words, one percent of change in price will cause a few percent of change in the economic volume. The calculation formula can be calculated by Formula (2):   Table 2  If the time factor is considered in decisionmaking, behavioural economists find that the discount utility model that neoclassical economics relies on in inter-temporal decisionmaking also lacks a scientific basis, which can be expressed by Formula (4).

Behavioral Research and Economics and Macroeconomic Policy Analysis
Behavioural economics is the branch of economics that studies economic behaviour and economic phenomena on the basis of psychology. Its core point of view is that the study of economic behaviour must be based on the actual psychological characteristics instead of the abstract behaviour hypothesis

Achievements and Prospects of Behavioral Decision-Making in Economic Psychology
Although economists always ignore the existence of psychology, they have to consider psychology and have no economics that completely gets rid of psychology. For example, according to the classical proposition "Human behaviour is mechanical" of the behaviourism psychology school, economics puts forward the hypothesis that man is a machine, and the relationship between man and objective things is a simple stimulus-response (S-R).
On this basis, "the function that consumption expenditure is income" and "the function that investment is profit" are constructed. In addition, the economic principles and even the whole theoretical system of traditional economics, such as no increase in demand for decrease in price, no decrease in demand for increase in price are constructed.

Physiological status and economic behavior
Traditional economics doesn't pay much attention to the impact of physiological state on economic decision-making, but the studies of physiological psychology and neuro-economics have found that physiological clues such as metabolism and hormone level can directly affect individual's preference and choice in decision-making [9].
The dynamic adjustment of risk preference depends on three aspects: metabolic status, energy reserve and uptake rate. That the energy uptake rate is lower than the reference point will lead to greater risk seeking for the individual. However, that the energy uptake rate is higher than the reference point will lead to greater risk aversion [10]. The role of psychological factors in economic behaviour is shown in Figure 6.
As shown in Figure 6, the metabolic reference point is usually the uptake rate required for reaching the survival threshold.
When the uptake rate is lower than the threshold, the probability of starvation will increase to promote the behaviour of and ghrelin in individuals [11] .

The Acquisition and Application of Behavioral Research Results and Methods in Economic Psychology
When people make decisions by using physical information, they are sometimes aware of the existence of these information clues, but sometimes they are not. According to the above mapping method of the regulatory effect, the regulatory effect of trust to behaviour on the relationship between behaviour mobilization behaviour and expectation of change prospect is shown in Table 3. It shows that when the trust of behaviour is at a high level, the behaviour mobilization behaviour has a more positive effect on the expectation of change prospect.
The model MD0 and the model MD1 in Table   3   E (material culture, ecological basis, system ) S (population, history, collective relations, ecology) C (spiritual production, material culture, historical latitude) P (institution, collective relationship, practice)