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Volume 57 Issue 1
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Materials Testing
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Contents
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Inhalt/Contents
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May 16, 2018
Inhalt
Page range: 3-3
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Fachbeiträge/Technical Contributions
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May 16, 2018
A simple procedure for estimating SN-lines for crack initiation from SN-lines for total failure*
Cetin Morris Sonsino
Page range: 5-8
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A simple procedure is proposed for estimating the SN-line for the failure criterion of fatigue life to crack initiation of components not subjected to a surface treatment. The prerequisite is the availability of a SN-line for total failure, i. e. rupture, with the scatter-band T σ between the probabilities of survival P s = 10 and 90 %, the knee point N k and the slopes k f and k* before and after the knee point. The SN-line for crack initiation with P s = 50 % is positioned at the knee point N k of the SN-line with P s = 90 % for total failure. The slope k cr for N < N k cycles results from the exponent of the elastic portion of the strain controlled SN-line for crack initiation, obtained with unnotched specimens, and the slope k* after the knee point remains the same as that for the line for total failure. The SN-line for crack initiation possesses the same scatter-band T σ as the line for total failure.
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May 16, 2018
Modellbasierte Korrelation zwischen dem elektrischen Widerstand und der Versetzungsstruktur des ermüdungsbeanspruchten ICE-Radstahls R7
Gewidmet Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dietmar Eifler (Technische Universität Kaiserslautern) zur Vollendung seines 65. Lebensjahres
Peter Starke, Frank Walther
Page range: 9-16
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Kurzfassung Eine gewichtsoptimierte Bauteilauslegung und ausfallsichere Abschätzung der Lebensdauer metallischer Werkstoffe sowie Bauteile setzen ein umfassendes Verständnis der Ermüdungsvorgänge und eine systematische Untersuchung des Ermüdungsverhaltens voraus. Dies wird umso bedeutender, wenn es um die Auslegung hochbeanspruchter komplexer Bauteilgeometrien geht, wie sie im Rad-Schiene-System im Hochgeschwindigkeitspersonenverkehr eingesetzt werden. Zur Charakterisierung des Ermüdungsverhaltens und der strukturmechanischen Prozesse werden üblicherweise mechanische Spannungs-Dehnungs-Hysteresis-Messungen, aber zunehmend auch verschiedene Arten von Temperatur- und elektrischen Widerstandsmessungen eingesetzt. Insbesondere die elektrische Widerstandsmessung führt zu einem wesentlichen Informationsgewinn, da bereits mikrostrukturelle Veränderungen detektiert werden können, die z. B. auf Veränderungen der Versetzungsdichte und -struktur beruhen. Zudem können diese resistiven Messverfahren auch in Einstufenversuchen mit lastfreien Unterbrechungen und in Betriebslastversuchen zur Charakterisierung des Schädigungsverlaufs herangezogen werden. Im Rahmen dieses Artikels wurden für den ICE-Vollradstahl R7 Kennwerte der (spezifischen) elektrischen Widerstandsänderung ermittelt und beanspruchungs- bzw. lastspielzahlabhängig mit der Veränderung der röntgenografisch ermittelten Versetzungsdichte korreliert.
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May 16, 2018
Effect of cobalt on the aging kinetics and the properties of a CuCoNiBe alloy
Ş. Hakan Atapek
Page range: 17-21
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In this study, the effect of cobalt on the aging kinetics of a precipitation hardening CuCoNiBe alloy was studied by variations in hardness and electrical conductivity. Based on the linear relationship between electrical conductivity and volume fraction of the precipitates, phase transformation kinetics of the alloys having different cobalt contents were formulated using the Avrami equation. It was concluded that (i) aging kinetics slowed down in high cobalt alloyed copper alloy, (ii) the calculated electrical conductivity values using Avrami equation were in good agreement with the experimental data, and (iii) aged alloys had higher hardness and electrical conductivity than the as-cast ones.
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May 16, 2018
Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-5Cr-1.4B alloy
Jian Gu, Hanguang Fu, Yongping Lei, Shengqiang Ma
Page range: 22-28
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The microstructures and mechanical properties of a Fe-Cr-B alloy containing 1.4 wt.-% B and 5.0 wt.-% Cr were researched after different heat treatment processes. The results indicate that the as-cast microstructure of the Fe-5Cr-1.4B alloy consists of M 2 B (M = Fe, Cr), M 7 (C,B) 3 , α-Fe and γ-Fe. The netlike eutectic M 2 B phase is distributed in the matrix. After water quenching, the netlike eutectic M 2 B phase begins to fracture, the metallic matrix transforms into martensite and secondary M 23 (C,B) 6 borocarbides are precipitated. When the quenching temperature exceeds 1050 °C, the number of precipitated secondary borocarbides is reduced. After quenching, the macro- and microhardness of the samples increase with the increase of temperature, and the hardness reaches a maximum value at 1050 °C. When the temperature exceeds 1050 °C, the hardness value will slightly decrease. After tempering treatment, the matrix precipitates as miniature secondary borocarbides, and the martensite begins to soften, and the hardness is lower compared to that quenched by heat treatment. The decreasing hardness tendency becomes more pronounced with the increase of the tempering temperature. Moreover, the impact toughness reaches its maximum value (7.35 J × cm −2 ) when the tempering temperature ranges at 500 °C.
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May 16, 2018
Interface characterization of friction welded low carbon steel and copper alloys
Ugur Caligulu, Mustafa Acik
Page range: 29-36
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In this study, the interface characterization of friction welded AISI 1010 low carbon steel and copper alloys was investigated. The friction welding tests were performed by using a direct drive type friction welding machine. After friction welding, interface regions of the welded specimens were examined by optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, and X-ray analysis to determine the microstructural changes. Microhardness and tensile tests were conducted to determine mechanical properties of the welded specimens. The experimental results indicated that AISI 1010 low carbon steel could be joined to copper using the friction welding technique for achieving a weld with sufficient strength. Tensile strength values also confirmed this result and intermetallic phases did not occur at the interface.
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May 16, 2018
Field test methods for aluminum gas cylinders
Ursula Koerner, Florian Scherer, Michaela Lagleder
Page range: 37-42
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ISO standards for gas cylinders made from aluminum alloys generally require heat treatment after the forming process. Such heat treatment is a costly part of the manufacturing process. Particularly due to increasing international trade, market-surveillance authorities need simple and reliable methods to field-test cylinders for proper heat treating. By the present contribution the difference in strength of heat-treated and non-heat-treated gas cylinders is exemplarily shown and several material analysis methods are investigated for their suitability as field tests.
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Application of the Taguchi method for parameter optimization of the surface grinding process
Onur Güven
Page range: 43-48
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Grinding is a manufacturing process with unsteady process behavior, whose complex characteristics determine the technological output and quality. In the present study, the Taguchi method, which is a powerful tool for design optimization for quality, is used to find the optimal surface roughness for surface grinding operations. Nine experimental runs based on an orthogonal array of Taguchi method are performed to derive objective functions to be optimized within experimental domain. An orthogonal array, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to investigate the surface roughness characteristics of AISI 1050 steel plates using EKR36K, EKR46K and EKR60K grinding wheels. With this study, not only can the optimal surface roughness for grinding operations be obtained, but also the main grinding parameters that affect the performance in grinding operations. The experimental results confirmed the validity of the used Taguchi method for enhancing the surface grinding performance and optimizing the grinding parameters in the surface grinding process.
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May 16, 2018
A discrete dislocation technique for fatigue microcracks (Part I)
Vinko Močilnik, Nenad Gubeljak
Page range: 49-54
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The present contribution in two continuations summarizes the contents and findings from the latest articles in the field of numerical modeling of initiation and the propagation of micro-cracks within crystalline material by the method of discrete dislocations. The discrete nature of the phenomenon of crack initiation in the crystal grain lattice, the fatigue crack propagation within the crystalline grains and theinfluence of the vicinity of the grain boundary on its propagation and its arrest were discussed, respectively. In accordance with the method of discrete dislocations, an explanation of the reasons for lifetime increase of torsion subjected specimens was provided. The lifetime of the specimens was increased by means of pre-stress compression in axial direction.
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A discrete dislocation technique for fatigue microcracks (Part II)
Vinko Močilnik, Nenad Gubeljak
Page range: 55-58
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The discrete nature of the phenomenon of crack initiation in the crystal grain lattice was investigated. Fatigue crack propagation within the crystalline grains, the influence of the vicinity of the grain boundary on its propagation and its arrest, and the dislocation modeling of short fatigue crack growth through single shear, were analyzed, respectively.
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May 16, 2018
Synchrotron X-ray CT of rose peduncles – evaluation of tissue damage by radiation*
Werner B. Herppich, Uzuki Matsushima, Wolfgang Graf, Simon Zabler, Martin Dawson, Gerard Choinka, Ingo Manke
Page range: 59-63
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“Bent-neck” syndrome, an important postharvest problem of cut roses, is probably caused by water supply limitations and/or the structural weakness of vascular bundles of the peduncle tissue. For this reason, advanced knowledge about the microstructures of rose peduncles and their cultivar specific variations may lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT), especially phase-based CT, is a highly suitable technique to nondestructively investigate plants’ micro anatomy. SXCT with monochromatic X-ray beams of 30, 40 and 50 keV photon energy was used to evaluate the three-dimensional inner structures of the peduncles of 3 rose cultivars that differ greatly in their bent-neck susceptibility. Results indicated that this technique achieves sufficiently high spatial resolution to investigate complex tissues. However, further investigations with chlorophyll fluorescence analysis (CFA) and optical microscope imagery reveal different kinds of heavy damage of the irradiated regions induced by synchrotron X-rays; in a cultivar-specific manner, partial destruction of cell walls occurred a few hours after X-ray irradiation. Furthermore, a delayed inhibition of photosynthesis accompanied by the degradation of chlorophyll was obvious from CFA within hours and days after the end of CT measurements. Although SXCT is certainly well suited for three-dimensional anatomical analysis of rose peduncles, the applied technique is not nondestructive.
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May 16, 2018
Surface roughness analysis and optimization for the CNC milling process by the desirability function combined with the response surface methodology
Ugur Esme
Page range: 64-71
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The present study is aimed for an optimization strategy for the CNC pocket millingprocess based on the desirability function approach (DFA) combined with the response surface methodology (RSM). Firstly, the milling parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut are designed using the rotatable central composite design (CCD). The AISI 1050 medium carbon steel is machined by a flat end 8 mm high speed steel (HSS) tool on a zigzag cutting path under air flow condition. The influence of milling parameters is examined. Secondly, the model for the surface roughness, as a function of milling parameters, is obtained using the RSM. Finally, the power and adequacy of the quadratic mathematical model has been proven by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The results indicate that the feed rate is the dominant factor affecting the surface roughness, which is minimized when the feed rate and depth of cut are set to the experimental range. A high correlation coefficient of R 2 = 0.99 has been obtained between the predicted and the experimental surface roughness. This reveals that the prediction system established in this study produces satisfactory results with an improved performance compared to other models in the literature. The enhanced method proposed in this study can be readily applied to different metal cutting processes with greater confidence.
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May 16, 2018
Design, manufacture and analysis of composite epoxy material with embedded silicon carbide (SiC) and alumina (Al
2
O
3
) nanoparticles/fibers
Saad M. Aldosari, Hassan S. Hedia, Mostafa A. Hamed, Usama A. Khashaba
Page range: 72-84
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The main objective of the presented study is to improve the performance of composite structures by introducing nanoparticles/fibers in the epoxy resin. The literature on this issue showed shortcomings in the investigations of such materials. Most of the investigations in this field are to enhance the mechanical properties of epoxy materials, which cannot be used alone for high performance structural applications due to their low mechanical properties. In the present work, the epoxy resin was modified with these different types of nanofillers such as silicon carbide (SiC) and alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles. The nanophased epoxy was used to fabricate different types of nanocomposites as well as nano-hybridized glass fiber reinforced composite laminates. Therefore, nine different advanced materials have been fabricated including two nanocomposite materials (SiC/E and Al 2 O 3 /E), two quasi-isotropic nano-hybridized composite laminates (QI-GFR/SiC/E and QI-GFR/Al 2 O 3 /E), two unidirectional nano-hybridized composite laminates (UD-GFR/SiC/E and UD-GFR/Al 2 O 3 /E), and three control panels manufactured without nanofillers (neat epoxy, QI-GFR/E, UD-GFR/E). The materials were characterized under tension and compression. The results showed improvements in the tensile and compressive properties (strength and modulus) of the fabricated nanocomposites (SiC/E, and Al 2 O 3 /E) compared with neat epoxy. The hybridized composite laminate with Al 2 O 3 showed high improvements in its mechanical properties compared to the composite laminates without nanofillers. In contrast, discouraging mechanical properties were observed for SiC hybridized composite laminate. Due to the many variables studied in the present work, the literature list will be long. The investigated parameters include nanofillers, nanocomposites, nano-hybridized advanced composite laminates, mechanical properties, glass transition temperature (T g ), bolted joint parameters and sonication parameters.
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May 16, 2018
Performance of organic and inorganic substances as inhibitors for chloride-induced corrosion in concrete
Özlem Aydin, Zeki Çizmeciglu
Page range: 85-90
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Studies have been carried out to investigate the concrete corrosion inhibitor performance of silica fume admixture and an admixture of amino alcohols containing organic and inorganic substances. The concrete specimens with and without admixtures were subjected to accelerated corrosion tests to determine the time to corrosion initiation. The results showed that the specimens admixtured with nitrogen containing organic and inorganic inhibitors performed slightly better than concrete specimens with silica fume admixture.
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May 16, 2018
Fillet welding of austenitic stainless steel using the double channel shielding gas method with cored wire
Tolga Mert, Nurullah Gultekin, Ahmet Karaaslan
Page range: 91-94
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X2CrNi189 austenitic stainless steel material with web and flange thicknesses of 10 mm was welded by the conventional GMAW and double channel shielding gas method to form double fillet T-joints. The difference between these two methods were characterized by measurements of mean welding parameters, Vickers hardness profiles, molten and HAZ areas of the joints as well as by thermal camera temperature measurements. According to the results, higher mean current intensity but lower mean arc voltage along with higher heat input was obtained using the double channel shielding gas method. There was no significant difference observed in Vickers hardness between the two methods. Moreover, mean filler metal molten area values were higher with double channel shielding gas method, which depicted that this method increased productivity.
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May 16, 2018
Applying quadraphonic transmission ultrasonic defectoscopy on standard aluminum materials
Zoran Ebersold, Nemanja Ćosović, Slobodan Đukić, Nebojša Mitrović, Dragiša Obradović
Page range: 95-99
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Quadraphonic transmission ultrasonic defectoscopy (QTUD) is a new method of ultrasound. This paper presents a detailed and systematic view of the measuring procedure that enables the discovery of a necessary optimal balance between, on the one side, efficiency and reliability of the QTUD measuring system, and on the other, minimizing the investment costs in the measuring components precision. This type of defectoscope applies relatively low frequencies of just a few tens of kilohertz that enable the necessary signal penetration during the measuring procedure. This paper shows a defectoscopic examination of the standard aluminum material AlMg3 with a defect that has been purposely created in need of developing the QTUD measuring procedure, whereby varied wave forms and the amplitude levels of signal have been used for the purpose of their optimization.
Kalender/Calendar
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May 16, 2018
Kalender
Page range: 102-102
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Journal Overview
About this journal
Materials Testing is a SCI-listed English language journal dealing with all aspects of material and component testing with a special focus on transfer between laboratory research into industrial application. The journal provides first-hand information on non-destructive, destructive, optical, physical and chemical test procedures. It contains exclusive articles which are peer-reviewed applying respectively high international quality criterions.
All articles are subject to thorough, independent peer review.
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