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Published by
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Volume 18 Issue 4
Issue of
Neuroforum
Contents
Journal Overview
Contents
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February 25, 2017
Titelei
Page range: 277-278
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February 25, 2017
Inhalt
Page range: 279-279
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Hauptartikel
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February 25, 2017
Optogenetik: Eine neue Methodik zur kausalen Analyse neuronaler Netzwerke in vivo
Albrecht Stroh, Ilka Diester
Page range: 280-290
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung Die kausale Analyse neuronaler Netzwerke bedarf einer selektiven Manipulation neuronaler Subpopulationen im intakten Organismus. Optogenetik ist eine maßgeschneiderte Methode genau für diese Anforderungen. Hier stellen wir die Methode der Optogenetik vor und zeigen exemplarische Anwendungen in den Neurowissenschaften. Lichtsensitive Transmembrankanäle und lichtgetriebene Ionenpumpen, die komplett genetisch kodiert werden und ohne exogene Kofaktoren funktionell sind, bilden die Basis der Optogenetik. Mittels viraler Vektoren und in Kombination mit zelltypspezifischen Promotoren können diese Opsine selektiv in postmitotischen Neuronen exprimiert werden, von der Einzelzelle zur neuronalen Population. Eine Stimulation mit Licht, welches nicht- oder minimal invasiv über Glasfasern eingestrahlt werden kann, führt je nach Typ des Opsins entweder zu einer Depolarisation oder einer Hyperpolarisation des genetisch modifizierten Neurons und somit zu einer Induktion oder Inhibition neuronaler Aktivität. Somit können genetisch definierte Netzwerkkomponenten mittels Licht bimodal manipuliert werden, wobei die Detektion der neuronalen Antwort auch rein optisch erfolgen kann, mittels einer Ko-Applikation fluoreszierender Indikatoren.
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February 25, 2017
Das endogene Cannabinoidsystem
Andreas Zimmer, Eva Drews
Page range: 290-298
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung Cannabis sativa, die Hanfpflanze, wird seit vielen tausend Jahren kultiviert und als Heilpflanze und Rauschmittel genutzt. Die wissenschaftliche Erforschung der psychoaktiven Inhaltsstoffe von Cannabis sativa und ihrer Wirkungen im Gehirn hat vor ca. 50 Jahren begonnen und zur Entdeckung des endogenen Cannabinoidsystems geführt. Wir wissen heute, dass dieses System bei der Kommunikation zwischen Nervenzellen einen wichtigen Rückkopplungsmechanismus darstellt. Das System ist aber nicht nur im Gehirn aktiv. Besonders bei Erkrankungen findet man eine Aktivierung des endogenen Cannabinoidsystems in vielen Geweben und Organen. Das Interesse an diesem System als möglicher Angriffspunkt für neue Medikamente ist deshalb sehr groß. Die zurzeit im Handel befindlichen Medikamente basieren alle noch auf Cannabisextrakten oder sind synthetische Präparationen der Wirkstoffe. Diese Medikamente werden vor allem zur Therapie chronischer Schmerzen angewendet. In diesem Übersichtsartikel werden wir die Funktionen des endogenen Cannabinoidsystems bei der Schmerzwahrnehmung näher beleuchten und ein neues pflanzliches Cannabinoid vorstellen, das Bestandteil unserer täglichen Nahrung ist.
Nachruf
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February 25, 2017
Hans Thoenen 5.5.1928 – 23.6.2012
Sigrun Korsching
Page range: 299-302
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Essay
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February 25, 2017
Neurobiologie der Freiheit?
Bertram Gerber
Page range: 302-303
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Umfrage
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February 25, 2017
Neurowissenschaften in den Medien: Die Sicht neurowissenschaftlicher Experten
Joachim Allgaier, Sharon Dunwoody, Hans Peter Peters, Dominique Brossard, Yin-Yueh Lo
Page range: 304-309
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Forschungsförderung
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February 25, 2017
Bewertung von Einzelanträgen bei der DFG
Jan Kunze, Andreas Draguhn, Heiko J. Luhmann
Page range: 310-311
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February 25, 2017
Nachrichten aus der Neurowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft. Einladung zur Mitgliederversammlung auf der 10. Göttinger Tagung der Neurowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft (13. – 17. März 2013)
Page range: 311-311
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Institutsvorstellung
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February 25, 2017
SFB 870: Bildung und Funktion Neuronaler Schaltkreise in Sensorischen Systemen
Kristina Vaupel, Benedikt Grothe
Page range: 312-313
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Nachrichten aus der Neurowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft
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February 25, 2017
Wahl des Vorstands der Neurowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft für die Amtsperiode 2013 - 2015
Page range: 314-314
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February 25, 2017
Videobiographie von Josef Dudel
Page range: 314-314
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February 25, 2017
Nachtrag zum Themenheft „Bewegungssehen“
Page range: 314-314
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Bücher
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February 25, 2017
Populäre Wissenschaft – Hirnforschung zwischen Labor und Talkshow
Page range: 315-316
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Ausblick
Page range: 316-316
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Impressum
Page range: 316-316
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February 25, 2017
Index 2011-2012
Page range: 317-320
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e-Neuroforum
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February 25, 2017
Optogenetics: a new method for the causal analysis of neuronal networks in vivo
A. Stroh, I. Diester
Page range: 81-88
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Abstract
The causal analysis of neuronal network function requires selective manipulations of genetically defined neuronal subpopulations in the intact living brain. Here, we highlight the method of optogenetics, which meets those needs. We cover methodological aspects, limitations, and practical applications in the field of neurosciences. The fundamentals of optogenetics are light-sensitive transmembrane channels and light-driven ion pumps, which can be genetically encoded, without requiring the application of exogenous cofactors. These opsins are expressed in neurons by means of viral gene transfer and cell-specific promoters. Light for stimulation can be non- or minimally invasively delivered by optical fibers. Illumination of opsins results in a depolarization or hyperpolarization of genetically modified neurons, depending on the type of optogenetic actuator. Strong expression levels and sufficient light densities provided, neuronal activity can be optically controlled in the intact network with millisecond precision. By applying fluorescent indicators of neuronal activity, an all-optical neurophysiological approach becomes reality.
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February 25, 2017
The endogenous cannabinoid system
E. Drews, A. Zimmer
Page range: 89-94
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Abstract
The hemp plant Cannabis sativa has been cultivated for thousands of years and is used as a medical plant and intoxicant. Scientific research on the psychoactive substances of Cannabis sativa and their effects on the brain started around 50 years ago and led to the discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid system. Today we know that this system represents an important feedback mechanism that modulates the communication between neurons. However, this system is not only active in the brain, but is known to be activated in different tissues and organs during specific disease states. Consequently, there is increasing interest in this system as a possible target for the development of new drugs. The currently commercially available drugs are based on cannabis extracts or synthetic compounds of the plant’s active components and are mainly used to treat chronic pain. In this review, the mechanisms of the endogenous cannabinoid system in pain perception are elucidated and a new herbal (phyto)cannabinoid which is a constituent of our daily food is presented.
Journal Overview
About this journal
This journal has ceased publication. Neuroforum was published from 1995 till 2022. It was the official journal of the German Neuroscience Society (GNS) / Neurowissenschaftliche Gesellschaft e.V. (NWG).
The main scientific articles of Neuroforum will appear in solely electronic form on the web portal dasGehirn.info (
https://www.dasgehirn.info/
) starting in 2023.
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