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Open Access Veröffentlicht seit 30. August 2018

Applied Rheology

ISSN: 1617-8106

Editors-in-Chief: Luís Alves, Mehdi Habibi

Über diese Zeitschrift

Applied Rheology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research and review articles. Applied Rheology assures quality at the highest level of published data through peer-review and outgoing communication. The journal offers insight into both phenomenological and molecular theories, instrumentation, the study of diverse materials (such as polymers, rubber, paint, glass, food, biological materials) and a wide range of practical applications.

There are no submission charges. In order to sustain the production of our fully-refereed open access journal, each article accepted for publication in Applied Rheology is subject to Article Processing Charges (APC).

Special/Topical Issues:

MATERIALS 2023 i MAT 2023 Conferences
Submission deadline: 31.09.2023
The 6th International Conference on Material Strength and Applied Mechanics
Submission deadline: 30.11.2023
The rheological test, modeling and numerical simulation of rock material
Submission deadline: 30.05.2024

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Januar 2023

Research Articles

Open Access 6. Februar 2023

Vibrational wave scattering in disordered ultra-thin film with integrated nanostructures

Sansabilla Bouchareb, Rachid Tigrine, Sabah Fetah

Artikelnummer: 20220135

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Abstract

A theoretical model, the phase-field matching theory, has been used to investigate the localized states, their associated states, the local vibrational density of states, the coherent conductance, and the associated thermal conductivity of the perturbed ultra-thin film quasi-dimensional crystalline lattice. The defect disrupts the system’s translational symmetry in the perpendicular direction to it, which is axis Ox, and induces a localized state in its behavior that is not present in the bulk, scattering the incident elastic wave. The model was analyzed for three different cases of elastic parameters: softening, homogeneous, and hardening. The purpose is to investigate how the local dynamics can respond to changes in the microscopic environment in the perturbed domain. The analysis of the total phononic conductance spectra and the local vibrational densities states identifies distinguishing characteristics and demonstrates the sensor’s potential use in nondestroyed control.

Open Access 9. Februar 2023

Optimization of lead-free CsSnI₃-based perovskite solar cell structure

Hayat Arbouz

Artikelnummer: 20220138

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Abstract

Perovskites are considered the most promising material for the latest generation of solar cells. However, due to the presence of lead in their composition, the development of non-toxic Perovskite cells has become an essential goal to enable their large-scale production. In this work, we have simulated, modeled and optimized the structure of a single solar cell that consists of a non-toxic cesium–tin–iodine CsSnI 3 Perovskite absorber with a low band gap energy value of 1.3 eV, between TiO 2 and PTAA materials as ETL and HTL layers, respectively. A simulation model describing the charge carrier processes and the effect of interface defect density is presented. Several structures based on alternative ETL and HTL materials are proposed. An optimal device structure is proposed based on the results obtained. An efficiency of 19.92% is obtained with V oc = 0.829 V, J sc = 30.68 mA/cm 2 and FF = 73.33% using SnO 2 and Spiro-OMeTAD as ETL and HTL materials. However, 29.22% is achieved using the optimal structure as the bottom cell in a tandem configuration.

Open Access 13. Februar 2023

Determination of the velocity of seismic waves for the location of seismic station of Zatriq, Kosovo

Nazmi Hasi, Latif Hasi, Naim Syla

Artikelnummer: 20220136

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Abstract

Seismological investigations are of a particular importance for the behavior of engineering structures and other structures of interest for the society under earthquake effects. This refers not only to the location of the structures themselves but also to their wider surrounding. In this context, it is important to determine the speed of seismic waves to define the possible location for the construction of secondary seismic stations. Also, determination of the speed of the seismic waves is very important to determine the compactness of the rock, where the seismic equipment is placed to increase the efficiency of monitoring the seismic activity.

Open Access 14. Februar 2023

Seismic hazard analysis by neo-deterministic seismic hazard analysis approach (NDSHA) for Kosovo

Nazmi Hasi, Latif Hasi, Naim Syla, Arbër Zeqiraj

Artikelnummer: 20220137

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Abstract

It is favorable to re-evaluate the seismic hazard for a given territory, since in the course of time new methods are developed and new data are gathered that can enable more sophisticated (physically sound) and reliable assessment of the seismic hazard. Therefore, it is mandatory to re-evaluate the seismic hazard for Kosovo, considering the seismic sources in Kosovo. The data of this article influence the reduction of seismic risk for the territory of Kosovo.

Open Access 24. Februar 2023

Ultimate strength of hyper-ellipse flanged-perforated plates under uniaxial compression loading

Wang Wensheng, Ning Huijun, Shang Xin

Artikelnummer: 20220139

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Abstract

In order to address the impact of the perforated parameters on the mechanical properties of the plate, the ultimate strength of hyper-ellipse flanged-perforated plates under uniaxial compression stress is numerically investigated in this article. The four edges of the flanged-perforated plate are only supported in the out-of-plane direction while the plate is exposed to uniaxial compressive loads. The impact of the cutout size, flange height, cutout position, rotation angle, and cutout form on the ultimate bearing capacity of the perforated plate with varied thicknesses is investigated and compared through a series of elasto-plastic buckling analyses using the ANSYS software. The structure’s stress and deformation analysis is then used to explain the results of the ultimate strength test. The flange efficiently raises the maximum bearing strength of the structure with cutouts. For the limit strength of thick plate, the cutout size, elliptical shape, cutout rotation angle, and cutout position have considerably more of an impact than they do on the maximum bearing capacity of thin plate. The findings can assist the structural layout of this sort of perforated plate, and the right cutout parameters should be chosen in accordance with the various performance specifications.

Open Access 2. März 2023

Development of an adaptive coaxial concrete rheometer and rheological characterisation of fresh concrete

Sebastian Josch, Steffen Jesinghausen, Hans-Joachim Schmid

Artikelnummer: 20220140

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Abstract

The accessibility to rheological parameters for concrete is becoming more and more relevant. This is mainly related to the constantly emerging challenges, such as not only the development of high-strength concretes is progressing very fast but also the simulation of the flow behaviour is of high importance. The main problem, however, is that the rheological characterisation of fresh concrete is not possible via commercial rheometers. The so-called concrete rheometers provide valuable relative values for comparing different concretes, but they cannot measure absolute values. Therefore, we developed an adaptive coaxial concrete rheometer (ACCR) that allows the measurement of fresh concrete with particles up to d max = 5.5 mm {d}_{{\rm{\max }}}=5.5\hspace{.5em}{\rm{mm}} . The comparison of the ACCR with a commercial rheometer showed very good agreement for selected test materials (Newtonian fluid, shear thinning fluid, suspension, and yield stress fluid), so that self-compacting concrete was subsequently measured. Since these measurements showed a very high reproducibility, the rheological properties of the fresh concrete could be determined with high accuracy. The common flow models (Bingham (B), Herschel–Bulkley, modified Bingham (MB) models) were also tested for their applicability, with the Bingham and the modified Bingham model proving to be the best suitable ones.

Open Access 24. März 2023

Synthesis and characterization of a new complex based on antibiotic: Zirconium complex

Sabrina Benmebarek, Sabiha Anas Boussaa, Imad Eddine Benmebarek, M’hamed Boudraa, Hocine Merazig

Artikelnummer: 20220142

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Abstract

It is well known that sulfonamide derivatives, through exchange of different functional groups without modification of the –S(O) 2 N(H)– function, can exhibit a wide variety of pharmacological activities. In addition, some metal complexes of these ligands have been prepared to promote rapid healing of burns in humans and animals, for example, the complex of Zn( ii ) sulfadiazine. Their effectiveness does not depend solely on the slow release of the metal ion, but rather strongly on the nature of the material to which the metal is bound. Given the ability of sulfonamide derivatives to coordinate with metal atoms in different ways, considerable interest in the synthesis and structural aspects of new complexes has arisen. These results confirm that the significant chemical capacity of sulfonamides to act as ligands is based on the acidity of its –S(O) 2 N(H)– function, which gives a donor anionic ligand, allied to the presence of atoms vicinal to nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen of the heterocyclic ring, which provide the stereochemical requirements for the realization of complexes with monodentate ligand, chelating agent or bridging ligand, providing monomeric structures, dimeric arrangements and polymers. In addition, the aromatic amino group is responsible for the chemical versatility of the sulfonamides, since it can act as a coordination site, as well as a reactive site for chemical modifications of sulfonamide complexes with very interesting biological purposes. In the present work, the synthesis and structure of a novel sulfanilamide complex: nitro (4-aminobenzenesulfonamide) zirconium was presented. Characterization of the complex was performed by infrared spectroscopic, thermogravimetric and X-ray diffraction analysis.

Open Access 24. März 2023

Exergy–energy analysis for a feasibility trigeneration system at Kocaeli University Umuttepe Campus

Ebru Kolay Kadıoğlu, Meral Altınay

Artikelnummer: 20220146

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Abstract

In this study, the feasibility of the trigeneration system, which is one of the on-site energy production methods, was determined for Kocaeli University Umuttepe Campus, exergy and energy analyses were made for each point of the system and exergy destruction in the lines was found. The key point of the gains, losses, and efficiency analyses in the lines are presented with engineering solutions and thermodynamic proofs. The seasonal mathematical models covering the whole of the feasibility of the trigeneration system were carried out and the energy and equilibrium equations of the entire system were established. In addition, energy and exergy analysis, 2nd law efficiency, coefficient of performance (COP), and thermal efficiency were calculated for all the systems. The seasonal numerical analyses of the system have been prepared so that it can work effectively in two different working disciplines separately for summer and winter seasons. Thanks to these numerical analyses that are mentioned, the seasonal exergic destructions of the system are found, seasonal working methods are shown, and working conditions and operating load values suitable for the current season are determined. In addition, in the light of the technical studies mentioned above, both the hourly energy capacities and hourly consumption values that the university will produce after trigeneration have been compared by performing separate mathematical models for summer and winter modes. Thus, it has been aimed to reduce the energy production costs by selling the excess energy to the mains. It is for this reason that it is aimed to reduce the energy production costs of the country, to reduce foreign dependency to meet energy demand, to present both a ready to apply feasibility report to investors and a ready to use design of a medium-sized power plant that will set an example of trigeneration studies in academic terms. In today’s practical applications, it is known that the system efficiency of trigeneration systems can be between 70 and 80%. In the light of the studies, 66% exergic efficiency in winter, thermal efficiency of 0.87411 with 2.05 MW thermal capacity, 63% exergic efficiency in summer, COP of 0.82 with 1.5 MW cooling capacity, and 2.02 MWe instantaneous electrical power was found in summer and winter. It was decided that the system could be a facility that is technically open to development and worth establishing in the light of the exergic and energetic analyses results obtained in this study and the exergic system efficiency comparisons made in the literature. In this study, attention was drawn to the importance of exergy and energy analyses in deciding the installation of a trigeneration system, and it was shown that exergic and energetic analyses played a key role in the verification of decision mechanisms. In order to give an idea for other studies in the literature, it is aimed to draw attention to the need to perform seasonal exergy and energy analyses of the designed or desired trigeneration systems.

Open Access 1. April 2023

Transient particle tracking microrheology of plasma coagulation via the intrinsic pathway

Yating Mao, Mingyang Tan, Tia C. L. Kohs, Joanna L. Sylman, Anh T. P. Ngo, Cristina Puy, Owen J. T. McCarty, Travis W. Walker

Artikelnummer: 20220129

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Abstract

The maintenance of hemostasis to ensure vascular integrity is dependent upon the rapid conversion of zymogen species of the coagulation cascade to their enzymatically active forms. This process culminates in the generation of the serine protease thrombin and polymerization of fibrin to prevent vascular leak at sites of endothelial cell injury or loss of cellular junctions. Thrombin generation can be initiated by the extrinsic pathway of coagulation through exposure of blood to tissue factor at sites of vascular damage, or alternatively by the coagulation factor (F) XII activated by foreign surfaces with negative charges, such as glass, through the contact activation pathway. Here, we used transient particle tracking microrheology to investigate the mechanical properties of fibrin in response to thrombin generation downstream of both coagulation pathways. We found that the structural heterogeneity of fibrin formation was dependent on the reaction kinetics of thrombin generation. Pharmacological inhibition of FXII activity prolonged the time to form fibrin and increased the degree of heterogeneity of fibrin, resulting in fibrin clots with reduced mechanical properties. Taken together, this study demonstrates a dependency of the physical biology of fibrin formation on activation of the contact pathway of coagulation.

Open Access 1. April 2023

Analysis of complex fluid discharge from consumer dispensing bottles using rheology and flow visualization

Baran Teoman, Andrei Potanin, Piero M. Armenante

Artikelnummer: 20220144

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Abstract

Complex fluids, such as gels, shampoos, and creams, are ubiquitous in the consumer product industry. However, little information is available on their discharge from consumer packaging, often resulting in a considerable heel, i.e., the residual waste material after the discharge process is complete. Here, we used rheological analysis and particle image velocimetry (PIV) to investigate the discharge of rheologically different fluids from a dispensing bottle provided with a modified hand pump. The fluids were described in terms of rheological parameters established by fitting rheometric data with the Carreau equation. The effect of operational parameters was also studied, which included the dip tube diameter, suction pressure, and volumetric flow rate. The data were also analyzed in terms of the dimensionless region of interest (ROI), which captures the relative “high-velocity” region in the fluid during the discharge process and is measured directly using PIV. Both rheological and operational parameters affect the heel at the end of the discharge process. The results presented here enable predicting the heel either by measuring ROI as in the case of transparent fluids and packages or by making use of the heel correlation with operational and rheological parameters also established in this work. Graphical abstract

Open Access 13. April 2023

A method of safety monitoring and measurement of overall frost heaving pressure of tunnel in seasonal frozen area

Guangyao Cui, Yong Xiong

Artikelnummer: 20220148

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Abstract

Antifreeze design, scientific operation, and maintenance of tunnels with broken surrounding rock in seasonal frozen areas are key factors that affect the safety of tunnel. According to a freezing damage treatment project, theoretical analysis, field monitoring, and numerical simulation are used to study the calculation method of the overall frost-heaving pressure of a tunnel with broken surrounding rock in the seasonal frozen area. Based on the overall frost-heaving model of the broken freeze–thawing lithosphere, a calculation method of the overall frost-heaving pressure of the horseshoe-shaped tunnel with broken surrounding rock in a seasonal frozen area is proposed. The results show that the management grading results based on the freezing depth of the surrounding rock on site are consistent with those based on the minimum safety factor of the lining structure, which indicates that the proposed method for calculating the overall frost-heaving pressure of broken surrounding rock tunnel and management standards for safety monitoring and measurement of tunnel linings can be applied to engineering practice. The research results can provide a reference for the calculation of frost-heaving pressure, operational safety, and prevention of freezing damages in tunnels with broken surrounding rock in a seasonal frozen area.

Open Access 18. April 2023

Application of isolation technology in shallow super-large comprehensive pipe galleries in seismically vulnerable areas with weak soils

Jianfei Ma, Guangyao Cui, Shaohui He, Xiabing Liu

Artikelnummer: 20220150

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Abstract

Shallow urban tunnels with super-large sections in weak soils may experience much more devastating seismic hazards than conventionally deep tunnels in seismically vulnerable areas. This study investigates the seismic response and isolation technology for the largest comprehensive urban pipe gallery in the Xiong’an New Area, Hebei Province, China, using seismic simulation. First, the engineering background, static-seismic model, dynamic motions, and measuring points of the numerical simulation are introduced. Then, using the finite difference method to explore seismic behaviors of the super-large comprehensive urban pipe gallery under strong earthquake excitations are explored. The indexes including the deformation, the stress, the internal force, and the safety factor of segments are analyzed. Meanwhile, the aseismic effects of three proposed isolation schemes (namely, the cushion scheme, the partial buffer layer, and the integral buffer layer), which are proposed to be employed in the super-large comprehensive urban pipe gallery, are explored comparatively. The result shows that the integral buffer layer presents the most dramatic seismic isolation effect (97.85%), followed by the partial buffer layer (22.58%), and the cushion (15.07%). The integral buffer layer scheme is recommended to be employed in the seismic design for the present super-large pipe gallery. These conclusions can give scientific guidance for the seismic design of the super-large urban tunnels.

Open Access 5. Mai 2023

Application of the ramp test from a closed cavity rheometer to obtain the steady-state shear viscosity η(γ̇)

Felix Ellwanger, Christos K. Georgantopoulos, Heike P. Karbstein, Manfred Wilhelm, M. Azad Emin

Artikelnummer: 20220149

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Abstract

The steady-state shear viscosity η ( γ ̇ ) \eta (\dot{\gamma }) is required in controlling processing parameters for the extrusion processing of polymer melts. A new method, the so-called ramp test , is investigated in this study to obtain the steady-state shear viscosity with a closed cavity rheometer (CCR). To verify the method and the accuracy of the CCR data, three commercial polyolefin polymers, a low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and a polybutadiene (PBD), were used as model systems. Measurements of the magnitude of the complex viscosity ∣ η ⁎ ( ω ) ∣ | {\eta }^{\ast }(\omega )| were compared with the steady-state shear viscosity data obtained by capillary rheometer and CCR. Further, time–temperature superposition master curves of the magnitude of the complex viscosity and steady-state shear viscosity obtained by CCR were developed for LLDPE and PBD. The influence of the cavity sealing on the instrument’s accuracy to obtain the steady-state shear viscosity was investigated using the finite element method simulations. Thus, it was shown that the ramp test performed by CCR is a practical method to determine reliable and reproducible data of the steady-state shear viscosity within a wide range of temperatures ( T = 50–180°C) for low and high viscous materials ( ∣ η ⁎ ( ω ) ∣ | {\eta }^{\ast }(\omega )| = 1.6–480 kPa s, M w = 144–375 kg mol −1 ).

Open Access 11. Mai 2023

Research on large deformation control technology of highly weathered carbonaceous slate tunnel

Guangyao Cui, Qinlong Chen

Artikelnummer: 20220152

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Abstract

In order to further explore the large deformation control technology of high ground stress soft rock tunnel, this study takes the highly weathered carbonaceous shale section of Muzhailing tunnel as the research background, the large deformation control effect of scheme 1 “three-step method” and scheme 2 “pilot tunnel expansion method” are compared and analysed by field test and numerical simulation. The results show that the numerical simulation results are consistent with the field test, and the deformation trend of the tunnel is the same. The maximum deformation of the tunnel occurs at the middle step. From the perspective of tunnel deformation, control effect is reduced by about 10% compared with scheme 1, and the deformation of both schemes does not exceed the reserved deformation (400 mm). From the perspective of construction efficiency, the construction efficiency of scheme 2 is 23.07% lower than that of scheme 1. Taking into account the deformation control effect and construction efficiency, it is recommended that the three-step method should be adopted in the construction of this section, and the research results can provide a reference for the construction of the carbonaceous slate section of the tunnel.

Open Access 17. Mai 2023

Tailoring a symmetry for material properties of tellurite glasses through tungsten(vi) oxide addition: Mechanical properties and gamma-ray transmissions properties

Ghada ALMisned, Ziad Y. Khattari, Elaf Rabaa, Yasser S. Rammah, Duygu Sen Baykal, Gokhan Kilic, Hesham M. H. Zakaly, Antoaneta Ene, Huseyin Ozan Tekin

Artikelnummer: 20220151

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Abstract

We report a correlation outcome for mechanical and gamma-ray transmission properties of tellurite glasses by increasing tungsten( vi ) oxide concentration in glass structure. The mechanical properties as well as Poisson’s ratio ( σ ) of the studied glasses are estimated by applying Makishima–Mackenzie model. Gamma-ray attenuation properties using various fundamental parameters are determined in 0.015–15 MeV energy range. Poisson’s ratio ( σ ) decreased from 0.43017 to 0.42711, while all elastic moduli increased linearly with the molar increment of either [WO 3 ] or [TeO 2 ] in the molecular structure of the glass network. Moreover, gamma-ray attenuation properties are enhanced as a function of increasing WO 3 substitution amount from 30 to 50% mol in the glass structure. Half-value layer values at 15 MeV are found to be between 2.648 and 2.8614 cm. I4 samples with a composition of 20TeO 2 –50WO 3 –30GdF 3 and density of 6.0530 g/cm 3 was found to have superior material properties in terms of elastic and gamma-ray attenuation properties. It can be concluded that maximized WO 3 contribution into the tellurite glasses may be considered as a critical tool in terms of establishing a symmetry between mechanical and gamma-ray attenuation properties for high-density tellurite glasses for their potential utilization in nuclear waste management, radiation shielding, and radioactive source transportation purposes.

Open Access 26. Mai 2023

An experimental investigation into the radiation-shielding performance of newly developed polyester containing recycled waste marble and bismuth oxide

Aljawhara H. Almuqrin, Sabina Yasmin, Mohammad Ibrahim Abualsayed, Mohamed Elsafi

Artikelnummer: 20220153

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Abstract

To obtain better radiation shielding, a new polyester has been made by the combination of 40 wt% of polyester and 30 wt% of fine waste marble mixed along with PbO (30–0) wt% and Bi 2 O 3 (0–30) wt%. A few significant shielding parameters such as linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic number ( Z eff ) have been measured experimentally using an HPGe detector. Theoretical values have also been calculated using XCOM software. With the aim of validating the experimental setup, the measured shielding parameters, such as LAC and HVL, have been compared with their theoretical analogs. At 0.662 MeV energy, the prepared new polyester’s HVL and MFP exhibited that the sample PWPBi-10 composed of polyester (40 wt%), fine waste marble (30 wt%), PbO (20 wt%), and Bi 2 O 3 (10 wt%) provides the best shielding ability among other studied polyesters herein. The MFP behavior indicates that the ratio of Bi 2 O 3 and PbO on these new polyesters has a direct impact on their radiation-shielding properties. It is noteworthy that new polyester PWPBi-10 exposed the lowest value of MFP compared to the rest of the studied samples. In conclusion, considering all the measured shielding parameters, it can be stated that the sample PWPBi-10 has the ultimate radiation diffusion capability among the rest of the studied samples.

Open Access 14. Juli 2023

A study on the fractal and permeability characteristics of coal-based porous graphite for filtration and impregnation

Qili Wang, Jing Wang, Shuwei Yang, Jiarui Sun

Artikelnummer: 20220157

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Abstract

In order to distinguish the differences in the heterogeneous fractal structure of porous graphite adopted in the filtration and impregnation, the fractal dimensions (FDs) were obtained by the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) to calculate the volumetric FDs of ten graphite samples, following the fractal theory. The FD expression of the tortuosity along with all the parameters from the MIP test was optimized to simplify the calculation. In addition, the percolation evolution process of mercury in the porous media was analyzed based on the data collected in the experiment. According to the analysis conducted, the FDs in the backbone formation regions of samples varied from 2.695 to 2.984, with 2.923 to 2.991 in the percolation regions and 1.224 to 1.544 in the tortuosity. Based on the correlation coefficients ( R 2 ) ({R}^{2}) ranging between 0.906 and 0.999, and the root mean square errors ranging between 0.0001 and 0.0065 mL g −1 , a high level of reliability was identified. According to the MIP test, the mercury distribution in porous graphite demonstrated a transitional process from the local aggregation, the gradual expansion, the infinite cluster connection to the global connection.

Open Access 12. September 2023

Creep behavior of layered salt rock under triaxial loading and unloading cycles

Yanlin Zhao, Xiaguang Wang, Wenyu Tang, Yang Li, Hang Lin, Yixian Wang, Lianyang Zhang

Artikelnummer: 20230103

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Abstract

This paper presents an extensive laboratory investigation of layered salt rocks under triaxial loading and unloading cycles aiming to better understand their viscoelastic plasticity strain characteristics. Specifically, creep curves were obtained from the triaxial loading and unloading tests and analyzed using the Burgers model. The microstructure of the layered salt rocks before and after the creep test was comparatively analyzed using the dry grinding optical diagram. The results show that the creep deformation of layered salt rocks is mainly viscoelastic under a low deviatoric stress and contains both viscoelastic and viscoplastic deformations when the deviatoric stress is high. With the increase of deviatoric stress, both the instantaneous elastic and plastic strains increase, and the increasing rate becomes lower as the deviatoric stress increases. The creep curves of layered salt rocks can be well represented with the Burgers model. Since the creep leads to fracturing and interlayer rupturing and producing new fluid seepage channels in layered salt rocks, this study has great value for understanding the long-term performance of gas and hydrocarbon liquid storage caverns in layered salt rock formation.

Open Access 13. September 2023

Research and optimization of tunnel construction scheme for super-large span high-speed railway tunnel in poor tuff strata

Jianfei Ma, Shaohui He, Xiabing Liu, Jiaxin He

Artikelnummer: 20230101

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Abstract

The rapid traffic developments create demands for shallow four-line high-speed railway tunnels in weak soils, while construction technologies of such tunnels have yet to be reported. In this article, the construction schemes for a shallow four-line high-speed railway tunnel with a span of 26.3 m in weak tuff strata are investigated by numerical analysis and in-situ tests. First, 20 construction schemes of the shallow super-large span high-speed railway tunnel are proposed and simulated by the Finite Difference Method, including eight schemes for grade V rocks and 12 schemes for grades IV and III rocks. The mechanical response of grade V rock mass is simulated by the Bolt–Kelvin Mohr–Coulomb rheological model. The influence of construction method, rock grade, area, quantity, and excavation sequence of pilot tunnels on the rock deformation and the internal force of the primary support are comparatively explored. For further analysis, an 8 month field test was conducted to study the optimized effect of the construction scheme. Finally, a suggested construction method selection chart for super-large span tunnels in weak rocks (spans between 17 and 34 m) has been proposed. The research conclusion could provide a reference for building the super-large span tunnel in complex conditions.

Special Issue on Rheological Behavior and Engineering Stability of Rock Mass

Open Access 2. März 2023

Seismic response and damage mechanism of tunnel lining in sensitive environment of soft rock stratum

Guangchen Sun, Wenchen Fan, Helin Fu, Shan He, Hao Shen, Shuiping Yin, Peng Yin, Xueyi Wang

Artikelnummer: 20220141

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Abstract

In order to investigate the dynamic response characteristics and damage mechanism of the tunnel lining at the tunnel portal in the bridge–tunnel overlapping section in soft rock strata, a physical model with the scale ratio of 1:50 was made based on the similarity theory for shaking table tests. The acceleration and strain results of the tunnel lining under EL Centro seismic waves with different acceleration peak values were studied. Test results show that most of the acceleration values have significant amplification effects compared to input seismic waves, which increased significantly with greater peak values and elevations. Tensile deformations appear along the longitudinal and the circumferential directions of the tunnel lining. The tunnel spandrel and tunnel vault are the maximum deformation parts, respectively, at the standard section and the enlarged section of the tunnel lining. Therefore, it is suggested that the longitudinal anti-tensile design of the tunnel lining at the tunnel portal in such sensitive environments should be strengthened. And the anti-seismic design standard and durability requirement of the standard section of the tunnel lining adjacent to the enlarged section should be improved, so as to meet the requirements for stress deformation and overall stability when subjected to severe earthquakes.

Open Access 23. März 2023

Correlation analysis of physical and mechanical parameters of inland fluvial-lacustrine soft soil based on different survey techniques

Liujun Zhang, Youqiang Qiu, Tong Wu, Wei Zhang

Artikelnummer: 20220145

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Abstract

Based on the collected soil property index test data of more than 2,500 groups of inland fluvial-lacustrine soft soil, the correlation of physical and mechanical parameters of this soft soil was systematically analyzed. The results show that the physical indexes of inland fluvial-lacustrine soft soil are close to that of marine soft soil, while its mechanical indexes are higher. However, the variation coefficient of its mechanical indexes is much larger than that of the physical indexes. In addition, it is found that the cone penetration parameters of this soft soil are significantly correlated with its physical and mechanical indexes by establishing a series of empirical relationships between the static point resistance and the natural unit weight, the liquidity index, the quick shear cohesion, and vane shear strength. On the basis of the previous research results, the disturbance strength of inland fluvial-lacustrine soft soil can be converted into in situ strength by deriving the theoretical formula between the vane shear strength and the disturbance degree. The calculation process of the above conversion relation is explained in detail through an engineering case, which indicates that the theoretical formulas have good applicability for inland fluvial-lacustrine soft soil.

Open Access 28. März 2023

An effective method for real-time estimation of slope stability with numerical back analysis based on particle swarm optimization

Jiaqiang Zou, Hao Chen, Yu Jiang, Wei Zhang, Aihua Liu

Artikelnummer: 20220143

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Abstract

The purpose of this article is to provide an effective approach to evaluate slope stability in real-time in a reservoir area, which is significant for carrying out risk management for landslide disaster prevention in various engineering practices. A comprehensive idea for stability estimation of bank slope under the influence of rainfall or the reservoir water level is presented in this work. Slope stability analysis and back analysis of soil parameters are both included based on numerical simulation. The mechanical parameters of the bank slope were first back-analyzed using particle swarm optimization (PSO), and real-time stability analysis with high accuracy and efficiency was then established based on multiple continuously monitored displacements. Two case studies were carried out in this study. The results show that (1) based on the real-time monitored displacement and numerical simulation, the mechanical parameters of the slope can be reasonably retrieved through PSO; and (2) based on the inverse mechanical parameters, the safety factors of the slope can be numerically obtained, so that the real-time estimation of slope stability can be realized.

Open Access 13. April 2023

An efficient method for computing slope reliability calculation based on rigorous limit equilibrium

Juxiang Chen, Dayong Zhu, Yalin Zhu

Artikelnummer: 20220147

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Abstract

Traditional rigorous limit equilibrium methods satisfy all equilibrium conditions and usually have high accuracy, however, which are less efficient for slope reliability analysis. The main reason is that the limit state functions are highly nonlinear implicit functions of safety factor. Complex numerical iterations are required, which may sometimes lead to computational convergence problems. A new method for computing slope reliability calculation with high efficiency and accuracy was proposed. This method was based on the rigorous limit equilibrium method by modifying normal stresses over the slip surface. The critical horizontal acceleration factor K c {K}_{c} , which can be expressed explicitly, was used to replace the implicit safety factor as a representation of slope stability. The difference between K c {K}_{c} and the known value K c 0 {K}_{c0} was used as the limit state function. Two slope examples were analyzed. The results showed that the calculation results of this method were in good agreement with those of the traditional Morgenstern–Price limit equilibrium method, but the computational efficiency was significantly improved. When this method was combined with the subset simulation method, the calculation time was only a few seconds. Therefore, this method can be used for rapid calculation of slope reliability.

Open Access 25. Mai 2023

Mechanical behavior of a new similar material for weathered limestone in karst area: An experimental investigation

Nan Jiang, Panpan Guo, Hui Zhang, Fangqing Lu, Jian Liu

Artikelnummer: 20220154

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Abstract

Considering the important effect of mineral composition, this article deduces the similarity criterion based on the dimensional method. Similar materials suitable for tuffs with different degrees of weathering in karst areas are made. By virtue of the orthogonal experiment, the mechanical behaviors of the similar materials with various mix proportions are systematically investigated. It provides an important reference and basis for the next proposed model tests on the stability of tuff strata in karst areas. The results indicate that a stable mechanical behavior can be achieved for the similar material made of quartz sand, cement, gypsum, limestone powder, diatomite, red clay, and water. Moreover, it is also found that the aggregate and the binder have an observable influence on the mechanical behavior of the similar material. With an increase in the amount of cement and gypsum, the homogeneity of the sample increases, failure mode in which the specimen shows lateral compression damage. However, with increasing the amount of quartz sand, there is a tendency that a weak structural plane will be generated within the sample. Thus, this similar material can be satisfactorily used for simulating limestone of different weathering degrees in a scaled model test.

Open Access 14. Juni 2023

Semi-analytical method for solving stresses in slope under general loading conditions

Ping Wu, Xuejun Sun, Dayong Zhu Zhu

Artikelnummer: 20220156

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Abstract

Assessing the stress distribution within the slope in geotechnical engineering is critical. Despite the widely available numerical methods, no analytical solutions are available for determining the stress distribution within a slope under general loading conditions. This study presents a method of analytically approximating elastic stresses within a slope of arbitrary inclination subject to general surcharges and supporting forces. The prototype model of this problem is equivalent to a superposition of two sub-models: a half-plane body subjected to an initial earth stress field as well as surcharges on the crest (Model I) and a slope loaded by the release stresses caused by excavation, together with supporting forces on its inclined surface and bottom (Model II). The former stresses can be calculated analytically using Flamant’s solution, and the latter stresses can be further thought of as being composed of two additional components: one in an infinite plane with a half-infinite hole loaded by virtual tractions upon hole’s boundary (Model II 1 ), which can be analytically approximated, and the other in a half-plane subjected to virtual tractions along the ground surface (Model II 2 ), which can be calculated analytically as well. The two sets of virtual tractions that lead to stresses in Model II are calculated using an iterative process. The current approach provides analytical approximations of elastic stress solutions for slopes that are sufficiently close to the exact ones as accurate as much. A case study demonstrates that such solutions are in good agreement with those of the finite-element method’s over the entire region, the stresses within the region up to 10 −11 times the slope’s height away from the slope toe can also be accurately determined using the current method. With this method, contour plots of stresses within a slope inclined at various angles are presented, which can be applied directly in practical engineering.

Open Access 4. Juli 2023

Study on the risk of seepage field of Qiantang River underground space excavated in water-rich rheological rock area

Tianjiao Zhang

Artikelnummer: 20220155

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Abstract

With the rapid development of underwater space construction, the theoretical research is at the initial stage. At present, the theoretical research methods mainly include mirror image method and conformal transformation method. At present, almost all the research objects in analytical research are homogeneous soil layers. However, in practical engineering, soil layers are often distributed in layers. In this study, the seepage field of layered soil layers is analyzed, and the analytical derivation method of seepage field in heterogeneous media based on traditional conformal transformation method is given, which is verified by numerical simulation. The hydraulic head loss of the medium with better permeability in shallow layer is very small, and the streamline is vertically distributed. In the weak interlayer, the hydraulic head loss is huge, and the streamline bends greatly, showing a strong horizontal distribution and converging towards the center. It can provide theoretical basis for the design of water and soil pressure in practical engineering.

Open Access 7. September 2023

Numerical analysis of the impact of excavation for undercrossing Yellow River tunnel on adjacent bridge foundations

Liangliang Xin, Shuaihua Ye, Dengqun Wang

Artikelnummer: 20230104

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Abstract

Taking the twin-tunnel shield tunnel of the urban rail transit in Lanzhou City as an example, this article applies the hardening soil small criterion and utilizes finite element software to simulate the excavation process of the undercrossing Yellow River tunnel. The analysis focuses on the deformation effects and axial force variations of nearby bridge foundations in three directions: vertical to the tunnel, along the tunnel, and the vertical direction. The simulation results are compared with monitoring data. The findings indicate that shield tunnel construction increases the deformation of bridge foundations in the vertical and tunnel directions, while mitigating the deformation in the vertical direction. The influence is more significant as the distance between the tunnel and the foundations decreases. The redistribution of stress due to soil disturbance causes foundation deformation, and the magnitude of foundation deformation reflects the extent of soil disturbance. The simulated vertical displacement of the pile head is consistent with the trend observed in the field measurements. The simulation results generally align with the conclusion that the tunnel has minimal impact on the soil beyond a distance of 3–5 times the tunnel diameter.

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Editorial

Editors-in-Chief:

Luís Alves, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), University of Coimbra, Portugal
Mehdi Habibi, Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, Netherlands

Editorial Advisory Board

Bruno Filipe Figueiras Medronho, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Algarve, Portugal
Francisco Galindo Rosales,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal
Leonard M. C. Sagis, Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, Netherlands

Editors:
Günter K. Auernhammer, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Germany
Corneliu Balan, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Hydraulics Dept., REOROM Laboratory, Romania
Gregory Barshtein, Dept. of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Patrice Estellé, Université de Rennes 1, France
José M. Franco, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Huelva, Spain
Crispulo Gallegos-Montes, Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH, Germany
Georgios Georgiou, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oceanography Center, University of Cyprus, Cyprus
Lorenzo Guerrini, Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Italy
Mohamed Yousfi, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Lyon, France
Ole Hassager, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Denmark
Giovanni Ianniruberto, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Michele Iervolino, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
Lesław Juszczak, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Anna Kalogirou, University of Nottingham, School of Mathematical Sciences, UK
Przemysław Kowalczewski, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland
Patricia Lopez-Sanchez, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Yuichi Masubuchi, Department of Materials Physics, Nagoya University, Japan
Robert Poole, University of Liverpool, UK
Paulo Ricardo de Matos, State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Brazil
Luqman Ali Shah, National Centre of Excellence in Physical, Chemistry University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
Thamil Selvi Velayutham, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia　
Fernando Tavares de Pinho, Center for the Study of Transport Phenomena, University of Porto, Portugal
David C. Venerus, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
Juan de Vicente, University of Granada, Spain 　
Yixian Wang, School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, China
Bettina Wolf, University of Birmingham, School of Chemical Engineering, UK 　　　　　　
Nick Triantafillopoulos, Arditos Innovation LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
Manfred Wilhelm, KIT, Institute of Technical and Polymer Chemistry, Germany

Editorial Contact:
Kumaran Rengaswamy
Assistant Managing Editor, Compuscript
AssistantManagingEditor@degruyter.com

Managing Editor
Małgorzata Komadowska
appliedrheology@degruyter.com

(English)

Typ: Zeitschrift
Sprache: Englisch
Verlag: De Gruyter Open Access
Erstveröffentlichung: 30. August 2018
Erscheinungsweise: 1 Heft pro Jahr

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