Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access

Volume 2 Issue 1

January 2016

Issue of Biomedical Glasses

Contents
Journal Overview

Open Access February 29, 2016

After bleaching enamel remineralization using a bioactive glass-ceramic (BioSilicate®)

A. N. S. Rastelli, G. Nicolodelli, R. A. Romano, D. M. B. P. Milori, I. L. O. Perazzoli, E. J. Ferreira, A. C. B. Pedroso, M. T. Souza, O. Peitl, E. D. Zanotto

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Abstract

Tooth bleaching agents may weaken the tooth structure, therefore, it is important to minimize any risks of enamel and dentine damage caused by them. In this way, different materials have been used to avoid or minimize the tooth damage during bleaching. Recently, bioactive glasses have been demonstrated to be effective in mineralization of dental structures. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of BioSilicate® (a polycrystalline bioactive glass-ceramic) after bleaching by Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. Bovine dental blocks with 4 × 4 × 3 mm were obtained (n = 20), sequentially embedded in epoxy resin and then polished. Bleaching was performed using 35% hydrogen peroxide (Whiteness HP). Calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) intensity values by LIBSwere obtained before the treatment (T0, baseline – control Group), after bleaching (T1), and after BioSilicate® application (T2). The use of BioSilicate® after bleaching showed to be an optimal way to remineralize enamel surface making BioSilicate® application a promising adjunct step to avoid or minimize the mineral loss on enamel surface after bleaching.

Open Access March 10, 2016

SiO₂-CaO-P₂O₅ (58S) sol gel glass applied onto surgical grade stainless steel by spray technique: morphological characterization by digital image processing

S. Omar, J. Pastore, A. Bouchet, S. Pellice, V. Ballarín, S. Ceré, J. Ballarre

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Abstract

AISI 316L stainless steel is commonly used as a low-cost material for permanent implants. It can be protected for degradation and corrosion by applying a hybrid silica based coating. Also the bioactive response of the implant can only be achieved by functionalizing the coated implant surface. The aim of this work is to synthesize and characterize a sol-gel made glass particles from the system SiO2-CaO-P2O5 with potential as bone inductive material, with and without an aging treatment of the precursor solution. The glass was synthesized by sol-gel technique that, comparing with melt glasses, generates an open net structure that could lead to particle dissolution and apatite deposition for biological purposes. The synthesized glass is dispersed by spray onto AISI 316L protected by a hybrid silica based coating, generating deposits with different size and morphology. To characterize the particles composition, microRaman spectroscopy was applied. It showed that no significant changes were reached after aging or thermal treatment of the deposited particles. Image processing techniques based on Mathematical Morphology were used to analyze morphology and sizes of the deposits obtain with the different sols (aged and no aged). Aproximately 50% of the surface was covered with particles made with a glass aged, and a 25% of covered area was reached with no aged one. When no aged glass particles were deposited, the particle size distribution shows the presence of many big particles with a roundness factor between 0.8 and 1 in a high percentage, meaning that they are spherical due to the presence of solvent and with a more open glass structure in the no aged glass. The Digital Image Processing and Raman spectroscopy tools help to analyze, characterize and quantify the bioactive particles deposited onto coated surgical grade stainless steel in terms of morphology, distribution and composition.

Open Access April 11, 2016

The antioxidant properties of Ce-containing bioactive glass nanoparticles explained by Molecular Dynamics simulations

Alfonso Pedone, Francesco Muniz-Miranda, Antonio Tilocca, Maria Cristina Menziani

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Abstract

Molecular dynamics simulations of two glass nanoparticles with composition 25Na2O·25CaO 50SiO2 mol% (Ce-K NP) and 46.1SiO2·24.4Na2O·26.9CaO· 2.6P2O5 mol.% (Ce-BG NP) doped with 3.6 mol% of CeO2 have been carried out in order to explain the enhanced antioxidant properties of the former glass with respect to the latter. The present models show that the different catalase mimetic activity of the two NPs is related to the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio exposed at their surface. In fact, this ratio is about 3.5 and 13 in the bulk and at the surface of the Ce-BG NP, and 1.0 and 2.1 in the bulk and at the surface of the Ce-K NPs, respectively. Since both oxidation states are necessary for the catalysis of the dismutation reaction of hydrogen peroxides, NPs with a very high Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio possess poorer antioxidant properties. Moreover, our simulations reveal that the already low silicate connectivity found in the bulk glasses examined here is further reduced on the nanoparticle surface, whereas the Na+/Ca2+ ratio rapidly increases. Sodium, calcium and cerium sites in proximity of the surface are found to be under-coordinated, prone to quickly react with water present in physiological environments, thus accelerating the glass biodegradation

Open Access April 13, 2016

Incorporation of particulate bioactive glasses into a dental root canal sealer

Susanne Heid, Philipp R. Stoessel, Tobias T. Tauböck, Wendelin J. Stark, Matthias Zehnder, Dirk Mohn

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Abstract

Flame spray synthesis has opened the possibility to add additional elements to complex materials such as bioactive glasseswhile maintaining nanoparticulate properties. In this study, it was investigated whether a flamesprayed bismuth oxide doped nanometric 45S5 bioactive glass could be incorporated into a commercially available epoxy-resin root canal sealer, and how this compared to a conventional, pure 45S5 micrometric bioactive glass. Effects on radiopacity, microhardness, pH and mineral induction in phosphate buffered saline and simulated body fluid were studied. It was revealed that the radiopaque nanometric bismuth-containing 45S5 bioactive glass reduced radiopacity of the root canal sealer less than a conventional micrometric counterpart. In addition, pH induction and calcium phosphate precipitation were quicker with the nanometric compared to the micrometric material, whilst the micrometric glass displayed a higher alkaline capacity. Both materials apparently bound to the epoxy resin matrix, thus increasing its microhardness after polymerization reaction. Effects were dose-dependent. The investigated radiopaque bioactive glass containing bismuth oxide could be a valuable add-on for current root canal sealers.

Open Access June 28, 2016

Ag-doped phosphate bioactive glasses: thermal, structural and in-vitro dissolution properties

A. Mishra, J. Rocherullé, J. Massera

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Abstract

Ag doped-bioactive phosphate glasses were processed by traditional melt quenching technique with the concentration of Ag 2 O ranging from 0 to 5 mol%. The Ag doping led to the depolymerization of the phosphate networkwhich is accompanied by a decrease in the glass transition temperature. The processing window represented by ∆T (∆T=T x -T g ) exhibited a maximum for glasses containing 2-3 mol% of Ag 2 O. An increase in Ag content induced an increase in the glass dissolution rate. The precipitation of a Sr-CaP layer at the surface of the glass particulates was found to occur at shorter immersion time for the Ag containing glasses. The congruent dissolution and wide processing window of these Ag containing glasses may be of great interest for scaffold manufacturing from sintering of glass powders with antimicrobial properties.

Special Section: Larry L. Hench Memorial Symposium on Bioactive Glasses at the AnnualMeeting of the Glass & Optical Materials Division (GOMD) of the American Ceramic Society, 22nd–26th May 2016, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Open Access December 5, 2016

Special Section of Papers presented at the Larry L. Hench Memorial Symposium on Bioactive Glasses at the Annual Meeting of the Glass & Optical Materials Division (GOMD) of the American Ceramic Society, held from 22nd to 26th May 2016 in Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Delia S. Brauer, Julian R. Jones

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Open Access December 5, 2016

Surface functionalization of phosphate-based bioactive glasses with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS)

Jonathan Massera, Ayush Mishra, Salvatore Guastella, Sara Ferraris, Enrica Verné

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Abstract

The effect of SrO substitution for CaO, in the 50P 2 O 5- 10Na 2 O-(40-x)CaO-xSrO glass system, on the ability to graft 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) at the glass surface has been investigated and is partially compared to changes occurring further from the surface. The step used for the APTS grafting led to Na leaching and successively to Ca and/or Sr leaching. This gave rise to a P 2 O 5- rich glass surface, especially on sample containing both Ca and Sr ions. The hydration of the phosphate chainswas found to be the most pronounced for the glasses containing large quantity of SrO as evidenced by contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The increase in phosphate chain hydration was attributed to the expansion of the glass network when Sr ions are introduced. Finally, based on the N1s XPS peak, N species were found at the surface of the glasses in two configurations: NH2 and – NH2-OH as proof of APTS grafting. APTS grafting on phosphate glass is of importance for the grafting of proteins.

Open Access December 5, 2016

Structuring of bioactive glass surfaces at the micrometer scale by direct casting intended to influence cell response

Barbara Pföss, Miriam Höner, Monika Wirth, Andreas Bührig-Polaczek, Horst Fischer, Reinhard Conradt

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Abstract

Defect-free bioactive glass surfaces with a grooved microstructure at the low micrometer scale were achieved by a mold casting process. The process was applied to the well-known glass compositions 45S5 and 13–93. Such microstructured surfaces may exhibit especially favorable conditions for bone cell orientation and growth. The aim of the study was to assess the parameter range for a successful casting process and thus to produce samples suitable to investigate the interaction between structured surfaces and relevant cells. Viscous flow in its temperature dependence and thermal analysis were analyzed to identify a suitable process window and to design a manageable time-temperature process scheme. Counteracting effects such as formation of chill ripples, mold sticking and build-up of permanent thermal stress in the glass had to be overcome. A platinum gold alloy was chosen as mold material with the mold surface bearing the mother shape of the microstructure to be imprinted on the glass surface. First experiments studying the behavior of osteoblast-like cells, seeded on these microstructured glass surfaces revealed excellent viability and an orientation of the cells along the microgrooves. The presented results show that direct casting is a suitable process to produce defined microstructures on bioactive glass surfaces.

Open Access December 5, 2016

Monodispersed strontium containing bioactive glass nanoparticles and MC3T3-E1 cellular response

Parichart Naruphontjirakul, Sarah L. Greasley, Shu Chen, Alexandra E. Porter, Julian R. Jones

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Abstract

Non-porous monodispersed strontium containing bioactive glass (Si2O-CaO-SrO) nanoparticles (Sr- BGNPs), were synthesised using a modified Stöber process. Silica nanoparticles (Si-NPs) with diameters 90 ± 10 nm were produced through hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions of the silicon alkoxide precursor, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), prior to the incorporation of cations; calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr), into the silica networks through heat treatment (calcination). Sr was substituted for Ca on a mole basis from non- (0SrBGNPs) to fullsubstitution (100SrBGNPs) in order to increase the amount of network modifiers in the Si-NPs. The different ratios of Si: Ca; 1:1.3 and 1:8.0, presented various elemental compositions (i.e. 77–92 mol% of SiO 2 ). The effect of Si: Ca/Sr ratio on particle size, morphology and dispersitywas evaluated, as well as the in vitro cell viability effect of Sr- BGNPs and their dissolution products on pre-osteoblast cell line, MC3T3-E1. Sr incorporation did not affect particle size or dispersity. For 1:1.3 ratio, SrBGNPs caused no toxic effects on the cells and dissolution products of 75- and 100- SrBGNPs showed great potential to promote MC3T3-E1 activity.

Open Access December 14, 2016

A thermodynamic discourse on the dissolution behavior of bioactive glasses

Barbara Pföss, Reinhard Conradt

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Abstract

The interaction between bioactive glass and body fluid is crucial for the special properties of this material, therefore a large number of experimental data is available in literature. However, a frame for systematic interpretation of these results in terms of understanding the mechanisms at the interface between glass and body medium and the relation between glass composition and dissolution behavior is still missing. For two multicomponent bioactive glasses, 45S5 and 13-93, the Gibbs energies of the glassy material on one side and their aqueous system on the other side were calculated individually. The difference between solid material and aqueous system further constitutes the pH dependent Gibbs energy of hydration, ∆Ghydr. The impact of glass compositions and glassy or crystalline state on ∆Ghydr is demonstrated referring to chemical durability. Along considerations regarding the aqueous system, the thermodynamic calculations proof the precipitation of hydroxyapatite inwater and simulated body fluid for a systemcontaining P2O5 and Ca2+. In the course of deriving the Gibbs energies for bioactive glass compositions via constitutional compounds, bioactive behavior is discussed from the point of coexisting equilibrium phases in the system of Na2O-CaO-SiO2.

Open Access December 14, 2016

Acellular Bioactivity of Sol-Gel Derived Borate Glass-Polycaprolactone Electrospun Scaffolds

William C. Lepry, Sophia Smith, Liliana Liverani, Aldo R. Boccaccini, Showan N. Nazhat

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Abstract

Recently, sol-gel derived borate glasses (BGs) have shown unprecedented conversion rates to bone-like mineral (hydroxycarbonated apatite). In an effort to explore their potential applications in bone tissue engineering, this study reports on the fabrication and characterization of BG particle incorporated electrospun "- polycaprolactone (PCL) fibrous composites. The electrospinning technique successfully incorporated PCL fibres with BG particles at 2.5 and 5 w/v%, with the higher BG loading creating a three-dimensional cotton-wool like morphology. Dynamic vapour sorption showed greater extents of mass change with BG content attributable to water sorption, and indicating greater reactivity in the composite systems. In vitro bioactivity was investigated in simulated body fluid for up to 7 days. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and xray diffraction indicated apatite formation in the 5 w/v% incorporated composite scaffold, which initiated as early as day 3. In summary, sol-gel derived BGs incorporatedfibrous electrospun PCL composites indicate rapid reactivity and bioactivity with potential applications in mineralized tissue engineering.

Open Access December 14, 2016

Sodium-free mixed alkali bioactive glasses

Delia S. Brauer, Raika Brückner, Maxi Tylkowski, Leena Hupa

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Abstract

Two sodium-free mixed alkali series of bioactive glasses based on compositions Bioglass 45S5 and ICIE1, containing lithium and/or potassium as alkali ions, were prepared by a melt-quench route. Thermal properties showed the well-known mixed alkali effect, with glass transition and crystallisation temperatures and the coefficient of thermal expansion going either through a minimum or a maximum for the mixed alkali composition, resulting in a wider processing window. Ion release, by contrast, was controlled by the modifier ionic radius, with ion release rates in dynamic and static dissolution studies increasing for potassium-substituted glasses compared to the composition containing lithium as the only alkali ion. This was caused by pronounced changes in oxygen packing density and molar volume of the glasses owing to the differences in ionic radii (76 pm for Li+ and 138 pm for K+). Partially substituting one alkali for another therefore helps to improve high temperature processing of bioactive glasses and can also be used to control or tailor ion release.

Open Access December 14, 2016

Evaluation of in vivo angiogenetic effects of copper doped bioactive glass scaffolds in the AV loop model

Gregor Bührer, Ulrike Rottensteiner, Alexander Hoppe, Rainer Detsch, Diana Dafinova, Tobias Fey, Peter Greil, Christian Weis, Justus P. Beier, Aldo R. Boccacini, Raymund E. Horch, Andreas Arkudas

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Abstract

effects of 3D scaffolds made from 45S5 bioactive glass (BG) doped with 1 wt. % copper ions in the arteriovenous loop model of the rat. Materials and Methods: An arteriovenous loop was built in the groin of 10 rats and inserted in 1% copper doped 45S5 BG scaffolds and fibrin. The scaffold and the AV loop were inserted in Teflon isolation chambers and explanted 3 weeks after implantation. Afterwards the scaffolds were analyzed by Micro-CT and histology regarding vascularization. Results were compared to plain 45S5 BG-based scaffolds from a previous study. Results: Micro-CT and histological evaluation showed consistent vascularization of the constructs. A tendency towards an increased vascularization in the copper doped BG group compared to plain BG constructs could be observed. However, therewas no significant difference in statistical analysis between both groups. Conclusions: This study shows results that support an increased angiogenetic effect of 1% copper doped 45S5 BG compared to regular 45S5 BG scaffolds in the rat arteriovenous loop model although these tendencies are not backed by statistical evidence. Maybe higher copper doses could lead to a statistically significant angiogenetic effect.

About this journal

The Biomedical Glasses (BGLASS) journal has been closed since the beginning of the 2021.

Biomedical Glasses was the only peer-reviewed journal entirely focused on biomedical glasses. The aim of the journal was to become the most authoritative publication in the field of glasses for biomedical applications.

The journal was published in Open Access model and is archived in Portico.

All authors retain copyright, unless – due to their local circumstances – their work is not copyrighted. The copyrights are governed by the Creative-Commons license.

Volume 2 Issue 1

Issue of Biomedical Glasses

After bleaching enamel remineralization using a bioactive glass-ceramic (BioSilicate®)

Abstract

SiO2-CaO-P2O5 (58S) sol gel glass applied onto surgical grade stainless steel by spray technique: morphological characterization by digital image processing

Abstract

The antioxidant properties of Ce-containing bioactive glass nanoparticles explained by Molecular Dynamics simulations

Abstract

Incorporation of particulate bioactive glasses into a dental root canal sealer

Abstract

Ag-doped phosphate bioactive glasses: thermal, structural and in-vitro dissolution properties

Abstract

Special Section of Papers presented at the Larry L. Hench Memorial Symposium on Bioactive Glasses at the Annual Meeting of the Glass & Optical Materials Division (GOMD) of the American Ceramic Society, held from 22nd to 26th May 2016 in Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Surface functionalization of phosphate-based bioactive glasses with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS)

Abstract

Structuring of bioactive glass surfaces at the micrometer scale by direct casting intended to influence cell response

Abstract

Monodispersed strontium containing bioactive glass nanoparticles and MC3T3-E1 cellular response

Abstract

A thermodynamic discourse on the dissolution behavior of bioactive glasses

Abstract

Acellular Bioactivity of Sol-Gel Derived Borate Glass-Polycaprolactone Electrospun Scaffolds

Abstract

Sodium-free mixed alkali bioactive glasses

Abstract

Evaluation of in vivo angiogenetic effects of copper doped bioactive glass scaffolds in the AV loop model

Abstract

SiO₂-CaO-P₂O₅ (58S) sol gel glass applied onto surgical grade stainless steel by spray technique: morphological characterization by digital image processing