Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access

Volume 4 Issue 1

January 2018

Issue of Biomedical Glasses

Contents
Journal Overview

Open Access January 24, 2018

Amine-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A New Nanoantibiotic for Bone Infection Treatment

Daniel Pedraza, Jaime Díez, Isabel-Izquierdo-Barba, Montserrat Colilla, María Vallet-Regí

Page range: 1-12

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Abstract

This manuscript reports an effective new alternative for the management of bone infection by the development of an antibiotic nanocarrier able to penetrate bacterial biofilm, thus enhancing antimicrobial effectiveness. This nanosystem, also denoted as “nanoantibiotic”, consists in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) loaded with an antimicrobial agent (levofloxacin, LEVO) and externally functionalized with N-(2-aminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (DAMO) as targeting agent. This amine functionalization provides MSNs of positive charges, which improves the affinity towards the negatively charged bacteria wall and biofilm. Physical and chemical properties of the nanoantibiotic were studied using different characterization techniques, including Xray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N 2 adsorption porosimetry, elemental chemical analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta (ζ)-potential and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). “In vial” LEVO release profiles and the in vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of the different released doses were investigated. The efficacy of the nanoantibiotic against a S. aureus biofilm was also determined, showing the practically total destruction of the biofilm due to the high penetration ability of the developed nanosystem. These findings open up promising expectations in the field of bone infection treatment.

Open Access February 2, 2018

The effect of serum proteins on apatite growth for 45S5 Bioglass and common sol-gel derived glass in SBF

Sen Lin, Julian R. Jones

Page range: 13-20

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Abstract

The inhibitive effects of serum proteins on apatite growth was compared between melt-derived 45S5 Bioglass ® and sol-gel derived bioactive glass of the 70S30C (70 mol% SiO 2 , 30 mol% CaO). By using techniques of XRD, TEM and Raman spectroscopy, the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate to crystalline apatite, and the resulting size and aspect ratio of the crystals, in simulated body fluid (SBF), was seen to decrease in the presence of serum. XRD showed more rapid HA formation on Bioglass particles, compared to that forming on 70S30C particles, however TEM showed similar size and frequency of the needle-like crystals. Phosphate reduction in SBF was similar for Bioglass and 70S30C. Calcium carbonate formation was more likely on the phosphate-free sol-gel glass than on Bioglass.

Open Access January 24, 2018

Bioglass and bioceramic composites processed by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS): biological evaluation Versus SBF test

Devis Bellucci, Roberta Salvatori, Maria Cannio, Marina Luginina, Roberto Orrù, Selena Montinaro, Alexandre Anesi, Luigi Chiarini, Giacomo Cao, Valeria Cannillo

Page range: 21-31

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Abstract

The biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite (HA), a lab-made bioglass (BGCaMIX) with high crystallization temperature and different HA/BGCaMIX composites, produced by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), was tested with respect to murine osteocytes both by direct and indirect tests, in order to also investigate possible cytotoxic effects of the samples’ extracts. Previous investigations demonstrated that the samples’ bioactivity, evaluated in a simulated body fluid solution (SBF), increased with the increasing amount of BGCaMIX in the sample itself. Although none of the samples were cytotoxic, the findings of the biological evaluation did not confirm those arising from the SBF assay. In particular, the results of direct tests did not show an enhanced “biological performance” of materials with higher glass content. This finding may be due to the high release of ions and particulate from the glass phase. On the contrary, the performance of the BGCaMIX alone is better for the indirect tests, based on filtered samples’ extracts. This work further demonstrates that, when considering bioglasses and HA/bioglass composites, the results of the SBF assays should be interpreted with great care, making sure that the results arising from direct contact tests are integrated with those arising fromthe indirect ones.

Open Access February 2, 2018

Investigating the Effect of Glass Ion Release on the Cytocompatibility, Antibacterial Eflcacy and Antioxidant Activity of Y₂O₃ / CeO₂ doped SiO₂-SrO-Na₂O glasses

L. M. Placek, T. J. Keenan, A. Coughlan, A. W. Wren

Page range: 32-44

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Abstract

The effect on ion release and cytocompatibility of Yttrium (Y) and Cerium (Ce) are investigated when substituted for Sodium (Na) in a 0.52SiO 2 -0.24SrO-0.24-Na 2 OMOglass series (where MO= Y 2 O 3 or CeO 2 ). Glass leaching was evaluated through pH measurements and Inductive Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysiswhere the extract pH increased during incubation (11.2 - 12.5). Ion release of Silicon (Si), Na and Strontium (Sr) from the Con glass was at higher than that of glasses containing Y or Ce, and reached a limit after 1 day. Ion release from Y and Ce containing glasses reached a maximum of 1800 μg/mL, 1800 μg/mL, and 10 μg/mL for Si, Na, and Sr, respectively. Release of Y and Cewas below the ICP- OES detection limit <0.1 μg/mL. Cell viability of both L929 fibroblasts and MC3T3 osteoblasts decreased for Con, LY, and LCe extracts; HY extracts did not significantly decrease cell viability while YCe and HCe saw concentrationdependent viability decrease (20%, 33% extract concentrations). Bacterial studies saw Con and LCe eliminating >75% of bacteria at a 9% extract concentration. Antioxidant capacity (mechanism for neuroprotection) was evaluated using the ABTS assay. All glasses had inherent radical oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capability with Con reaching 9.5 mMTE.

Open Access February 17, 2018

In vitro degradation of chitosan composite foams for biomedical applications and effect of bioactive glass as a crosslinker

Talita Martins, Cheisy D. F. Moreira, Ezequiel S. Costa-Júnior, Marivalda M. Pereira

Page range: 45-56

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Abstract

In tissue engineering applications, 3D scaffolds with adequate structure and composition are required to provide durability that is compatiblewith the regeneration of native tissue. In the present study, the degradation of novel flexible 3D composite foams of chitosan (CH) combined with bioactive glass (BG)was evaluated, focusing on the role of BG as a physical crosslinker in the composites, and its effect on the degradation process. Highly porous CH/BG composite foams were obtained, and an elevated degradation temperature and lower degradation rate compared with pure chitosan were observed, probably as a result of greater intermolecular interaction between CH and BG. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data suggest that hydrogen bonds were responsible for the physical crosslinking between CH and BG. The results confirm that CH/BG foams can combine controllable bioactivity and degradation behavior and, therefore, could be useful for tissue regeneration matrices.

Open Access July 5, 2018

Effects of Fe₂O₃ addition and annealing on the mechanical and dissolution properties of MgO-and CaO-containing phosphate glass fibres for bio-applications

Chao Tan, Ifty Ahmed, Andrew J. Parsons, Chenkai Zhu, Fernando B. Betanzos, Chris D. Rudd, Xiaoling Liu

Page range: 57-71

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Abstract

This paper investigated the preparation of phosphate glass fibres (PGFs) in the following systems: i) 45P 2 O 5 -5B 2 O 3 -5Na 2 O-(29-x)CaO-16MgO-(x)Fe 2 O 3 and ii) 45P 2 O 5 -5B 2 O 3 -5Na 2 O-24CaO-(21-x)MgO-(x)Fe 2 O 3 (where x = 5, 8 and 11 mol%) for biomedical applications. Continuous fibres of 23 ± 1 μm diameter were prepared via a meltdraw spinning process. Compositions with higher Fe 2 O 3 content and higher MgO/CaO ratio required higher melting temperature and longer heating time to achieve glass melts for fibre pulling. The effects of Fe2O3 addition and annealing treatment on mechanical properties and degradation behaviours were also investigated. Adding Fe2O3 was found to increase the tensile strength from 523 ± 63 (Ca-Fe5) to 680 ± 75 MPa (Ca-Fe11), improve the tensile modulus from72 ± 4 (Ca-Fe5) to 78 ± 3 GPa (Ca-Fe11) and decrease the degradation rate from 4.0 (Mg-Fe5) to 1.9 × 10 −6 kg m −2 s −1 (Mg-Fe11). The annealing process reduced the fibre tensile strength by 46% (Ca-Fe5), increased the modulus by 19.6%(Ca-Fe8) and decreased the degradation rate by 89.5% (Mg-Fe11) in comparison to the corresponding as drawn fibres. Additionally, the annealing process also impeded the formation of precipitate shells and revealed coexistence of the precipitation and the pitting corrosion as fibre degradation behaviours.

Open Access July 25, 2018

Bioactive glass combined with zein as composite material for the application in bone tissue engineering

Jasmin Hum, Shiva Naseri, Aldo R. Boccaccini

Page range: 72-81

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Abstract

The present study has focused on the development of new composite scaffolds based on the combination of zein with bioactive glass for the application in bone tissue engineering. Porous polymeric matrices were produced by the salt leaching technique. By incorporating 45S5 bioactive glass particles the lack of bioactivity can be remedied. However, the addition of bioactive glass is influencing the plasticization behavior of the zein matrix during the salt leaching which negatively affects the compression strength as well as the degradation behavior. This paper describes the process during leaching and explains the different behavior of zein with and without the presence of bioactive glass

Open Access October 5, 2018

Chemical Composition Refining of Bioactive Glass for Better Processing Features, Part I

Firas Hmood, Oliver Goerke, Franziska Schmidt

Page range: 82-94

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Abstract

Bioactive glass is an emerging research area for many scientists around the world. A large processing window combined with high bioactivity are anticipated features for such kind of glass. In fact, both features depend upon the glass network connectivity (NC). A good bioactive glass has a network that ensures a balance between the processing properties and the bioactivity. This study aims at developing a new chemical composition based on that of ICIE16 bioactive glass. Therefore, new compositions were investigated by introducing boron oxide and magnesium oxide with different molar ratios ranging from 1 to 3 mol% each to the composition of ICIE16; In addition,Na 2 O was partially replaced by P 2 O 5 . Melt-quenching technique was followed to prepare the bioactive glass. So far, the results have shown that the processing window increases with the proposed modifications. BP3 and BM2 bioactive glasses show the maximum processing window of a round 250 K. The relationship between the chemical composition and the processing window as well as the corresponding bioactivity will be hereafter discussed.

Open Access November 10, 2018

The Anti-biofilm Activity of Nanometric Zinc doped Bioactive Glass against Putative Periodontal Pathogens: An in vitro Study

Nasrin Esfahanizadeh, Mohammad Reza Nourani, Abbas Bahador, Nasrin Akhondi, Mostafa Montazeri

Page range: 95-107

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Abstract

Colonization of periodontal pathogens on the surgical sites is one of the primary reasons for the failure of regenerative periodontal therapies. Bioactive glasses (BGs) owing to their favorable structural and antimicrobial properties have been proposed as promising materials for the reconstruction of periodontal and peri-implant bone defects. This study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm activity of zinc-doped BG (Zn/BG) compared with 45S5 Bioglass ® (BG ® ) on putative periodontal pathogens. In this in vitro experimental study, the nano BG doped with 5-mol% zinc and BG ® were synthesized by sol-gel method. Mono-species biofilms of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. a), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. g), and Prevotella intermedia (P. i)were prepared separately in a well-containing microplate. After 48 hours of exposure to generated materials at 37°C, the anti-biofilm potential of the samples was studied by measuring the optical density (OD) at 570nm wavelengths with a microplate reader. Two-way ANOVA then analyzed the results. Both Zn/BG and BG® significantly reduced the biofilm formation ability of all examined strains after 48 hours of incubation (P=0.0001). Moreover, the anti-biofilm activity of Zn/BG was significantly stronger than BG® (P=0.0001), which resulted in the formation of a weak biofilm (OD<1) compared with a moderately adhered biofilm observed with BG® (1<OD<2). Zn/BG showed a significant inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation of all examined periodontal pathogens. Given the enhanced regenerative and anti-biofilm properties of this novel biomaterial, further investigations are required for its implementation in clinical situations.

Open Access December 5, 2018

Polycaprolactone / bioactive glass hybrid scaffolds for bone regeneration

Cédric Bossard, Henri Granel, Yohann Wittrant, Édouard Jallot, Jonathan Lao, Christophe Vial, Hanna Tiainen

Page range: 108-122

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Abstract

Bioactive glasses (BG) bond to bone and stimulate bone regeneration, but they are brittle. Inorganicorganic hybrids appear as promising bone substitutes since they associate the bone mineral forming ability of BG with the toughness of polymers. Hybrids comprised of polycaprolactone (PCL) and SiO 2 -CaO BG were produced by sol-gel chemistry and processed into porous scaffolds with controlled pore and interconnection sizes. The obtained scaffolds are highly flexible, meaning that PCL effectively introduces toughness. Apatite formation is observed within 24 hours of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) and is not limited to the surface as the entire hybrid progressively changes into bone-like minerals. The degradation rate is suitable for bone regeneration with a 13.2% weight loss after 8 weeks of immersion. Primary osteoblasts cultured in scaffolds demonstrate that the samples are not cytotoxic and provide good cell adhesion. The in vivo study confirms the bioactivity, biocompatibility and suitable degradation rate of the hybrid. A physiological bone made of trabeculae and bone marrow regenerates. The structure and kinetic of bone regeneration was similar to the implanted commercial standard based on bovine bone, demonstrating that this new synthetic PCL-BG hybrid could perform as well as animal-derived bone substitutes.

Open Access December 13, 2018

Bioactive glass-polycaprolactone fiber membrane and response of dental pulp stem cells in vitro

S. Labbaf, A. Baharlou Houreh, M. Rahimi, Hung-Kai Ting, Jr. Jones, Mh Nasr-Esfahani

Page range: 123-130

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Abstract

The study reports the fabrication and in vitro biological evaluation of a sol-gel derived bioactive glass (BG) / polycaprolactone (PCL) composite fiber membrane, as a potential candidate for bone regeneration applications. The non woven composite mats were prepared by introducing the glass particles into the electrospinning process. Adding the glass improved the homogeneity of the fibers. The apatite forming ability of the membranes in simulated body fluid were evaluated and showed that hydroxyapatite had formed within 21 days in SBF and completely covered the surface of the membrane. In cell culture, dental pulp stem cells adhered proliferated and produced mineralized matrix on the PCL/BG fiber membrane.

Open Access December 31, 2018

Surface Properties and Reactivity of Phosphate-based Glasses by Inverse Gas Chromatography and Dynamic Vapour Sorption

Shiva Naseri, William C. Lepry, Maziar Shah Mohammadi, Kristian E. Waters, Showan N. Nazhat

Page range: 131-142

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Abstract

The chemical durability of phosphate-based glasses (PGs) in an aqueous environment is crucial in determining their dissolution properties and their ultimate performance in vivo. In this study, inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and dynamic vapour sorption (DVS)were used to investigate the short-term aqueous interactions of PG particles doped with SiO 2 and TiO 2 (50P 2 O 5 -40CaO-xSiO 2 - (10-x)TiO 2 , where x=7, 5, 3, and 0 mol%). IGC was used to evaluate the solubility parameter and surface energy of PGs. A good correlation between the polar parts of the solubility parameter and surface energy with glass transition temperature (Tg) and dissolution rates was demonstrated. DVS was applied to monitor the sorption characteristics of the PG particles. An increase in silica content resulted in greater vapour sorption and mass change. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data of the PGs post exposure to vapour demonstrated that increased SiO 2 content disrupted the glass network and formed protonated phosphate species. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy verified the presence of non-reacted water molecules in the PGs depending on SiO 2 content. Moreover, there was a good correlation between the values measured through IGC and DVS, demonstrating the ability of both techniques in predicting the dissolution properties of PGs as consequence of alterations in their chemistry.

About this journal

The Biomedical Glasses (BGLASS) journal has been closed since the beginning of the 2021.

Biomedical Glasses was the only peer-reviewed journal entirely focused on biomedical glasses. The aim of the journal was to become the most authoritative publication in the field of glasses for biomedical applications.

The journal was published in Open Access model and is archived in Portico.

All authors retain copyright, unless – due to their local circumstances – their work is not copyrighted. The copyrights are governed by the Creative-Commons license.

Volume 4 Issue 1

Issue of Biomedical Glasses

Amine-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A New Nanoantibiotic for Bone Infection Treatment

Abstract

The effect of serum proteins on apatite growth for 45S5 Bioglass and common sol-gel derived glass in SBF

Abstract

Bioglass and bioceramic composites processed by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS): biological evaluation Versus SBF test

Abstract

Investigating the Effect of Glass Ion Release on the Cytocompatibility, Antibacterial Eflcacy and Antioxidant Activity of Y2O3 / CeO2 doped SiO2-SrO-Na2O glasses

Abstract

In vitro degradation of chitosan composite foams for biomedical applications and effect of bioactive glass as a crosslinker

Abstract

Effects of Fe2O3 addition and annealing on the mechanical and dissolution properties of MgO-and CaO-containing phosphate glass fibres for bio-applications

Abstract

Bioactive glass combined with zein as composite material for the application in bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Chemical Composition Refining of Bioactive Glass for Better Processing Features, Part I

Abstract

The Anti-biofilm Activity of Nanometric Zinc doped Bioactive Glass against Putative Periodontal Pathogens: An in vitro Study

Abstract

Polycaprolactone / bioactive glass hybrid scaffolds for bone regeneration

Abstract

Bioactive glass-polycaprolactone fiber membrane and response of dental pulp stem cells in vitro

Abstract

Surface Properties and Reactivity of Phosphate-based Glasses by Inverse Gas Chromatography and Dynamic Vapour Sorption

Abstract

Investigating the Effect of Glass Ion Release on the Cytocompatibility, Antibacterial Eflcacy and Antioxidant Activity of Y₂O₃ / CeO₂ doped SiO₂-SrO-Na₂O glasses

Effects of Fe₂O₃ addition and annealing on the mechanical and dissolution properties of MgO-and CaO-containing phosphate glass fibres for bio-applications