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Volume 19 Issue 1

January 2021

Issue of Open Chemistry

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Contents
Journal Overview

The one-pot acid-catalyzed the conversion of furfuryl alcohol (FA) to ethyl levulinate (EL) was investigated in the presence of mesoporous aluminosilicate (TUD-1) with a high surface area (up to 579 m 2 g −1 ) and well-interconnected mesospheres synthesized via a solvothermal process and characterized using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, 27 Al-NMR, and N 2 sorption isotherm. The resulting solid acid catalyst was tested for the alcoholysis of FA with ethanol, affording 87.8% EL yield under the optimal reaction conditions of 120°C and 4 h. Moreover, the catalyst showed a good reusability with less loss of activity after a simple solvent washing and calcination procedure.

Direct urea fuel cell (DUFC) has attracted many researchers’ attention due to the use of wastewater, for example urine, which contains urea for the fuel. The main factor to improve the electrochemical oxidation performance of urea and further enhance the performances of DUFC is the use of a good anode catalyst. Non-noble metal catalyst, such as nickel, is reported to have a good catalytic activity in alkaline medium towards urea electro-oxidation. Besides optimizing the anode catalyst, the use of supporting electrode which has a large surface area as well as the use of H 2 O 2 as an oxidant to replace O 2 could help to improve the performances. The recent progress in anode catalysts for DUFC is overviewed in this article. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages as well as the factors that could help to escalate the performance of DUFC are discussed together with the challenges and future perspectives.

Rapid Communications

Open Access February 24, 2021

A comparative morphological study of titanium dioxide surface layer dental implants

Dragos Vladimir Budei, Danut-Ionel Vaireanu, Petronela Prepelita, Gianina Popescu-Pelin, Mihaela Mincu, Ioana-Alina Ciobotaru

Page range: 189-198

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Abstract

Most dental implants used in dental practices are made of titanium or titanium alloys so that the essential differences promoted by the various manufacturers are at the level of their surface; through specific surface treatments, the aim is to obtain improved results regarding osseointegration. This study attempts to identify the differences between a series of used brands of dental implants by analyzing the chemical composition and the morphology of their surface and is particularly significant for the potential users as it highlights the manner of performances of the aforementioned implants, providing them with a tool in choosing the proper dental implant to suit their needs. It was found that, as the technology evolved and the costs were reduced, there is a net preference for using pure titanium or its alloys in the manufacture of dental implants versus the stainless steel titanium alloys, considered now a thing of the past.

Open Access May 19, 2021

Changes in the antioxidative properties of honeys during their fermentation

Bronisław K. Głód, Paweł Piszcz

Page range: 600-603

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Abstract

The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate whether the fermentation process affects the antioxidative properties of honeys. Therefore, the total antioxidant potential (TAP) of eleven meads was examined. TAPs were estimated using DPPH, hydroxyl radicals, and amperometric measurements in the flow-through HPLC system. The results were correlated with the total content of polyphenols and anthocyanins. Additionally, the concentrations of ethanol, sugars, and hydrogen peroxide were measured. The influence of side reactions and the presence of hydrogen peroxide, glucose, ethanol, and anthocyanins on the free radicals generation were also tested. The use of HPLC electrochemical detection for TAP measurements is particularly preferred. Depending on the potential used, different antioxidants can be measured. It turned out that fruit and species meads are characterized by much higher TAPs measured at high potential of the working electrode than at lower potential due to the high concentration of weak antioxidants which do not provide signals at low potentials. It was found that dark honeys (buckwheat, honeydew) are characterized by much higher TAP values than light ones (acacia, linden, multi-floral). The concentration of anthocyanins decreased during fermentation. They are removed together with the sediment.

Erratum

Open Access July 9, 2021

Erratum to “Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study”

Veprim Thaçi, Ramiz Hoti, Avni Berisha, Jane Bogdanov

Page range: 794-795

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Open Access September 30, 2021

Erratum to “Modified TDAE petroleum plasticiser”

Stefan Ptak, Wojciech Krasodomski, Janusz Jakóbiec, Artur Antosz

Page range: 1021-1022

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Corrigendum

Open Access July 12, 2021

Corrigendum to “A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species”

Jindong Xie, Lieqian Chen, Dongqiang Huang, Weiwei Yue, Jingyu Chen, Chunxiao Liu

Page range: 818-819

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In the last few decades, the energy crisis has been one of the main concerns related to the lack of long-term petroleum-based reserves as primary energy resources. Biodiesel emerged as a promising alternative. Nowadays, it is produced from edible vegetable oil, thereby causing commodity prices and food security disruption. In this case, microalgae serve as a sustainable and renewable feedstock for their fast growth, high lipid content, and CO 2 absorbing agent. Five processes are applied on the production of microalgae-based biodiesel, namely cultivation, harvesting, extraction, conversion, and refinement. There is currently limited study on technology selection on industrial-scale technology for oil extraction from Chlorella spp. of microalgae. Therefore, this study aims to review and select the most suitable technology using simple multi-attribute rating technique extended to ranking – multi-criteria decision analysis (SMARTER-MCDA). Preliminary studies showed that conventional organic solvent extraction (COE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), electric pulse extraction (EPE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) were the most promising technologies. These technologies required a series of evaluations using SMARTER-MCDA with several criteria, including easy scalability, extraction productivity, energy input, additional compound, and environmental impact. The result ranking showed that MAE technology was selected as the most suitable technology for oil extraction from Chlorella spp. Graphical abstract

The properties of three types of CoMo/USY catalysts with different synthesized methods have been studied. The sequential and co-impregnation methods followed by activation using calcination and reduction process have been conducted. The properties of the catalysts were examined using Fourier-transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) with refinement, and surface area analyzer (SAA). The FTIR spectrum study revealed the enhanced intensity of its Bronsted acid site, and the XRD diffractogram pattern verified the composition of pure metals, oxides, and alloys in the catalyst. The SAA demonstrated the mesoporous features of the catalyst. Scanning electron microscopy showed an irregular particle morphology. Additional analysis using the transmission electron microscopy indicated that the metal has successfully impregnated without damaging the USY structure.

This study displays the facile and fluent electrochemical determination of uric acid (UA) through exceptional copper oxide nanostructures (CuO), as an effective sensing probe. The copper oxide nanostructures were fabricated via an aqueous chemical growth method using sodium hydroxide as a reducing agent, which massively hold hydroxide source. Copper oxide nanostructures showed astonishing electrocatalytic behavior in the detection of UA. Different characterization techniques such as XRD, FESEM, and EDS were exploited to determine crystalline nature, morphologies, and elemental composition of synthesized nanostructures. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) was subjected to investigate the electrochemical performance of UA using copper oxide nanostructures modified glassy carbon electrode CuO/GCE. The CV parameters were optimized at a scan rate of 50 mV/s with −0.7 to 0.9 potential range, and the UA response was investigated at 0.4 mV. PBS buffer of pH 7.4 was exploited as a supporting electrolyte. The linear dynamic range for UA was 0.001–351 mM with a very low limit of detection observed as 0.6 µM. The proposed sensor was successfully applied in urine samples for the detection of UA with improved sensitivity and selectivity.

A proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic study was used to characterize 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 vintages of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from Ningxia, which were vinified using the same fermentation technique. The pattern recognition methods of principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) clearly distinguished between the different vintages of wine driven by the following metabolites: valine, 2,3-butanediol, ethyl acetate, proline, succinic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, glycerol, gallic acid, and choline. The PLS-DA loading plots also differentiated among the metabolites of different vintages. In the 2009 vintage wines, we found the highest levels of gallic acid, valine, proline, and 2,3-butanediol. The 2011 vintage wines contained the highest levels of lactic acid, and the highest levels of ethyl acetate, succinic acid, glycerol, and choline were observed in the 2012 vintage wines. We selected eight metabolites from the 1 H NMR spectra that were quantified according to their peak areas, and the concentrations were in agreement with the results of PLS-DA and OPLS-DA analyses.

Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)

Open Access April 21, 2021

Diatomaceous Earth: Characterization, thermal modification, and application

Arianit A. Reka, Blagoj Pavlovski, Emira Fazlija, Avni Berisha, Musaj Pacarizi, Maria Daghmehchi, Carmen Sacalis, Gligor Jovanovski, Petre Makreski, Ayhan Oral

Page range: 451-461

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Abstract

The diatomaceous earth (DE), collected from the Mariovo region in North Macedonia, was characterized and thermally modified. The material represents a sedimentary rock of biogenic origin, soft solid that can be easily disintegrated, with white to grayish color, with bulk density of 0.51–0.55 g/cm 3 , total porosity of 61–63%, and specific gravity of 2.25 g/cm 3 . The chemical composition is as follows: SiO 2, 86.03; Al 2 O 3 , 3.01; Fe 2 O 3 , 2.89; MnO, 0.06; TiO 2, 0.20; CaO, 0.76; MgO, 0.28; K 2 O, 0.69; Na 2 O, 0.19; P 2 O 5 , 0.15; and loss of ignition, 5.66 (wt%). The mineralogy of the raw DE is characterized by the predominant presence of amorphous phase, followed by crystalline quartz, muscovite, kaolinite, and feldspar. Significant changes in the opal phase are observed in the 1,000–1,200°C temperature region. At 1,100°C, the entire opal underwent solid–solid transition to cristobalite. Further ramp of the temperature (1,100–1,200°C) induced formation of mullite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy depict the presence of micro- and nanostructures with pores varying from 260 to 650 nm. SEM analysis further determined morphological changes in terms of the pore diameters shrinkage to 120–250 nm in comparison to the larger pores found in the initial material. The results from this investigation improve the understanding of mechanism of silica phase transition and the relevant phase alterations that took place in DE upon calcination temperatures from 500 to 1,200°C.

Open Access August 30, 2021

Electrochemical determination of atenolol and propranolol using a carbon paste sensor modified with natural ilmenite

Nevila Broli, Majlinda Vasjari, Loreta Vallja, Sonila Duka, Alma Shehu, Sadik Cenolli

Page range: 875-883

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Abstract

In this study, a simple voltammetric method was reported for independent determination of propranolol (PROP) and atenolol (ATN) in pharmaceutical tablets using carbon paste electrode modified with natural Ilmenite (CPE-I). The analytical performance of the modified sensor was evaluated using the square wave voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry for determination of both β(beta) blockers in 0.1 mol L −1 of sulfuric acid solution (H 2 SO 4) . The signal obtained with modified carbon paste electrode in 0.1 mol L −1 of H 2 SO 4 showed a good electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidations of PROP and ATN compared with the bare one. The enhanced oxidation peak current response can be attributed to the catalytic effect of the ilmenite nanomaterial incorporated into the carbon paste electrode. Under optimal condition, good linear calibration curves were obtained ranging from 0.20 to 8.9 mmol L −1 for PROP and 2.0 to 9.9 µmol L −1 for ATN, with detection limits of 80 and 0.31 µmol L −1 , respectively. The CPE-I sensor had good repeatability and reproducibility (RSD ≤ 3.2%) and high sensitivity for the detection of both ATN and PROP. The proposed sensor was applied for detection of these drugs in pharmaceutical tablets. The obtained results indicate that the voltammetric CPE-I sensor could be an alternative method for the routine quality control of the β blockers in complex matrices.

Lactic acid is a naturally existing organic acid, which may be used in many different branches of industrial application. It can be made in the sugar fermentation process from renewable raw lactic acid, which is an indispensable raw material, including in the agricultural, food, and pharmaceutical industries. It is an ecological product that has enjoyed great popularity in recent years. In 2010, the US Department of Energy published a report about lactic acid to be a potential building element for future technology, whose demand grows year by year. The lactic acid molecule naturally exists in plants, microorganisms, and animals and can also be produced by carbohydrate fermentation or chemical synthesis from coal, petroleum products, and natural gas. In industry, lactic acid can be produced by chemical synthesis or fermentation. Although racemic lactic acid is always produced chemically from petrochemical sources, the optically pure L(+) – or D(−) – lactic acid forms can be obtained by microbial fermentation of renewable resources when an appropriate microorganism is selected. Depending on the application, one form of optically pure LA is preferred over the other. Additionally, microbial fermentation offers benefits including cheap renewable substrates, low production temperatures, and low energy consumption. Due to these advantages, the most commonly used biotechnological production process with the use of biocatalysts, i.e., lactic acid bacteria. The cost of raw materials is one of the major factors in the economic production of lactic acid. As substrate costs cannot be reduced by scaling up the process, extensive research is currently underway to find new substrates for the production of LA. These searches include starch raw materials, lignocellulosic biomass, as well as waste from the food and refining industries. Here, the greatest attention is still drawn to molasses and whey as the largest sources of lactose, vitamins, and carbohydrates, as well as glycerol – a by-product of the biodiesel component production process. Focusing on the importance of lactic acid and its subsequent use as a product, but also a valuable raw material for polymerization (exactly to PLA), this review summarizes information about the properties and applications of lactic acid, as well as about its production and purification processes. An industrial installation for the production of lactic acid is only planned to be launched in Poland. As of today, there is no commercial-scale production of this bio-raw material. Thus, there is great potential for the application of the lactic acid production technology and research should be carried out on its development.

Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry

Open Access May 13, 2021

Theoretical study of energy, inertia and nullity of phenylene and anthracene

Zaheer Ahmad, Zeeshan Saleem Mufti, Muhammad Faisal Nadeem, Hani Shaker, Hafiz Muhammad Afzal Siddiqui

Page range: 541-547

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Abstract

Energy of a molecule plays an important role in physics, chemistry and biology. In mathematics, the concept of energy is used in graph theory to help other subjects such as chemistry and physics. In graph theory, nullity is the number of zeros extracted from the characteristic polynomials obtained from the adjacency matrix, and inertia represents the positive and negative eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix. Energy is the sum of the absolute eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. In this study, the inertia, nullity and signature of the aforementioned structures have been discussed.

Open Access June 4, 2021

Banhatti, revan and hyper-indices of silicon carbide Si₂C₃-III[n,m]

Dongming Zhao, Manzoor Ahmad Zahid, Rida Irfan, Misbah Arshad, Asfand Fahad, Zahid Ahmad, Li Li

Page range: 646-652

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Abstract

In recent years, several structure-based properties of the molecular graphs are understood through the chemical graph theory. The molecular graph G G of a molecule consists of vertices and edges, where vertices represent the atoms in a molecule and edges represent the chemical bonds between these atoms. A numerical quantity that gives information related to the topology of the molecular graphs is called a topological index. Several topological indices, contributing to chemical graph theory, have been defined and vastly studied. Recent inclusions in the class of the topological indices are the K-Banhatti indices. In this paper, we established the precise formulas for the first and second K-Banhatti, modified K-Banhatti, K-hyper Banhatti, and hyper Revan indices of silicon carbide Si 2 C 3 {{\rm{Si}}}_{2}{{\rm{C}}}_{3} - III [ n , m ] {\rm{III}}\left[n,m] . In addition, we present the graphical analysis along with the comparison of these indices for Si 2 C 3 {{\rm{Si}}}_{2}{{\rm{C}}}_{3} - III [ n , m ] {\rm{III}}\left[n,m] .

Topical Issue on Agriculture

Open Access June 7, 2021

Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland

Grażyna Kowalska, Radosław Kowalski

Page range: 653-664

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Abstract

The objective of this study was the estimation of the content of 13 mycotoxins (diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenone X, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone) in various products from the eastern part of Poland. The content of mycotoxins in the analysed samples was assayed using the extraction method combined with HPLC-MS/MS analysis. We found mycotoxins in 25 of the 92 samples tested (27%). Contamination with mycotoxins was noted most frequently in samples of cereals – 56% – and also in samples of flour and cocoa, in which a content of mycotoxins was noted in 24 and 16% of the samples, respectively. The most frequently identified were the following – deoxynivalenol detected in 18 samples (72%), zearalenone detected in eight samples (32%), toxin HT-2 detected in four samples (16%), ochratoxin A identified in three samples (12%), and toxin T-2 detected in one sample (4%). In one analysed sample of mixed flour and in one analysed sample of wheat and rye flour, the maximum allowable concentration was exceeded in the case of two identified mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol (2,250 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (15.6 and 17.1 μg/kg).

Artemisia absinthium (AA) is an indigenous medicine used for treatment of inflammation of the liver and chronic fever, and is studied as an antimalarial and anticancer agent. The focus of the current investigation was to determine the action and effect of AA on microRNAs (miRNAs) from breast cancer cell lines. Molecular docking is a structure-based drug design process that studies the interaction of small molecule ligands with receptor biomacromolecules to predict binding mechanism and affinity. MiRNA expression profiling was done using microarray technology. Validation of transcripts with regulated expression pattern was done by SYBR-based quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). AutoDock 4.2 programming allots polar hydrogens, bound together total Kollman charges, solvation borders, and fragmental volumes to the protein using auto dock devices in docking research (ADT). As confirmed by SYBR-based RT-PCR, our investigation discovered an upregulation of the miRNA-22 articulation and a downregulation of miRNA-199a*. These findings support and demonstrate the role of AA as a miRNA articulation-influencing factor in human breast cancer progression. AA’s tetramethoxy hydroxyflavone (p7F) molecule was found to be effective in the treatment of cancer. Changes in miRNA expression patterns could be a key pathogenic component in AA’s physiological action on cancer cells.

Thermoplastic elastomer foams based on styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS)/polypropylene (PP) were produced by using different processing techniques such as extrusion and injection molding to achieve optimized mechanical and thermal properties in terms of strength, elongation, and damping capability. Foaming is a method of introducing gas-filled cells into the material and it is considered an effective way to meet the requirements for higher impact resistance with low density and relatively low hardness. In this study, microspheres were used as a foaming agent and were introduced to the system by using an injection molding machine. They were used in different percentages and ranged from 1 and 3%. They decrease the density of the product thereby lowering the weight and cost. Besides improving damping abilities and decreasing the density, inorganic fillers such as talc, silica, and calcium carbonate were used to increase the mechanical strength, and their effectivity was also investigated. It was observed that a higher amount of foaming agent lowered the density by creating voids in the blend, as expected. The introduction of fillers increases the mechanical properties; however, the density had a negative effect even in the presence of foaming agents. About 3% density reduction can be achieved in the presence of talc and a foaming agent whereas the other fillers had an opposite effect on the density. Accordingly, the impact resistance was affected negatively because of the stiffness of the filler materials, and the highest Izod impact value was 50.2 kJ/m 2 . The elastic modulus values for foamed samples and filled with CaCO 3 , talc, and silica were 808, 681, and 552 MPa respectively. Combining foaming and thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) offers a wide variety of possibilities to new and existing applications. In addition to low hardness and density, foaming provides better damping ability thanks to its morphological structure.

Growing Najdi lambs were randomly selected from lambs weaned at 30, 45, and 60 days old which were treated with 3 doses of direct-fed microbial (DFM) at 5, 10, and 15 days old to investigate the carryover effect of early weaning and DFM supplementation on their growth performance and carcass characteristics. Ten lambs from each group were transferred to individual pens for a feeding trial using the total mixed ration (Wafi). Lambs treated with DFM and weaned at 60 days old showed numerically higher body weight and average daily gains compared to other groups. Concerning the carcass and meat quality, there were significant differences between all groups in all carcass and tissue measurements, except for the back-fat and body wall thickness. In conclusion, treatment did not have any significant negative effect on body weight, feed intake, and conversion ratio compared with the control, but positively affected Zn and Cu absorption. DFM also played an important role in fat metabolism, which affects fat deposits in carcasses. The most important finding was that early weaning can be performed using DFM supplementation without any negative effect on the lambs’ performance during growth.

Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)

Open Access September 24, 2021

The electrochemical redox mechanism and antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds based on inlaid multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified graphite electrode

Xiaofen Li, Yuntao Gao, Huabin Xiong, Zhi Yang

Page range: 961-973

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Abstract

The electrochemical redox mechanism of polyphenolic compounds (gallic acid [GA], caffeic acid [CA], ferulic acid [FA], and vanillic acid [VA]) were investigated by electrochemical methods at the inlaid multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified graphite electrode (MWCNTs/GCE). The obtained micro-information such as the number of electrons and protons were used to deduce the electrochemical oxidation mechanism of four polyphenolic compounds. The antioxidation activities of these compounds were also studied by two methods. The radical scavenging activity followed the order: GA > CA > FA > VA, which was in agreement with the result from the spectrophotometry method. The result indicated that compounds with lower oxidation peak potential ( E pa ) showed stronger antioxidation activity. At the same time, compounds with high E pa showed lower antioxidant activity. The greater the number of hydroxyls linked to the aromatic ring, the greater the antioxidation activities of four compounds. Structural analysis of these phenolic-based compounds suggested that multiple OH substitutions and conjugations determine their free radical scavenging activity and electrochemical behavior.

Open Access December 6, 2021

Study of an adsorption method for trace mercury based on Bacillus subtilis

Yijin Li, Shanhong Xia

Page range: 1155-1161

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Abstract

In order to decrease the difficulty in trace mercury determination, an adsorption method for trace mercury based on Bacillus subtilis cells was proposed in this article. The adsorption process was characterized by optical microscopy and SEM. The adsorption mechanism was analyzed by IR. The adsorption performance was studied by measuring the concentration of supernate and calculating the adsorption efficiency. When adsorbing Hg 2+ , Bacillus subtilis cells gathered and their structure turned coarse. The IR results illustrated that functional groups bound with Hg for complexation during adsorption. Bacillus subtilis completed adsorption for trace Hg 2+ in 15 min. The adsorption efficiency was maintained above 80% under low Hg 2+ concentrations (<200 µg/L). The proposed study illustrates that Bacillus subtilis cells are highly efficient and easily obtained material for the adsorption of trace mercury, which shows potential to be further used in the pretreatment of trace Hg 2+ detection.

Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)

Open Access December 14, 2021

Mitigating membrane biofouling in biofuel cell system – A review

Nur Iman Syafiqah Muhammad Nasruddin, Mimi Hani Abu Bakar

Page range: 1193-1206

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Abstract

A biofuel cell (BFC) system can transform chemical energy to electrical energy through electrochemical reactions and biochemical pathways. However, BFC faced several obstacles delaying it from commercialization, such as biofouling. Theoretically, the biofouling phenomenon occurs when microorganisms, algae, fungi, plants, or small animals accumulate on wet surfaces. In most BFC, biofouling occurs by the accumulation of microorganisms forming a biofilm. Amassed biofilm on the anode is desired for power production, however, not on the membrane separator. This phenomenon causes severities toward BFCs when it increases the electrode’s ohmic and charge transfer resistance and impedes the proton transfer, leading to a rapid decline in the system’s power performance. Apart from BFC, other activities impacted by biofouling range from the uranium industry to drug sensors in the medical field. These fields are continuously finding ways to mitigate the biofouling impact in their industries while putting forward the importance of the environment. Thus, this study aims to identify the severity of biofouling occurring on the separator materials for implementation toward the performance of the BFC system. While highlighting successful measures taken by other industries, the effectiveness of methods performed to reduce or mitigate the biofouling effect in BFC was also discussed in this study.

Open Access December 14, 2021

Mechanical properties of polymeric biomaterials: Modified ePTFE using gamma irradiation

Nur Ain Mohd Radzali, Norsyahidah Mohd Hidzir, Irman Abdul Rahman, Abdul Khaliq Mokhtar

Page range: 1207-1215

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Abstract

Evaluating the mechanical properties of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) is essential to measure its resistance to permanent deformation from an applied force. These mechanical ePTFE properties must be comparable to the properties of real tissue. Various hydrophilic comonomers 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), N -isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM), and N -vinylcaprolactam were used individually for copolymerization with acrylic acid (AA) to be grafted onto ePTFE using the gamma irradiation-induced grafting method. After surface modification, the hydrophobic and mechanical properties of ePTFE were altered. The water uptake and contact angle measurement showed that the modified ePTFE was less hydrophobic (∼500%, θ < 90°) than the unmodified ePTFE (0%, θ = 140°). Moreover, the mechanical properties of ePTFE changed after the modification process due to the polymer grafted onto the ePTFE surface. The data from mechanical tests, such as Young’s modulus (74–121 MPa), ultimate tensile strength (5–9 MPa), and elongation at break (56–121%), obtained for the sample AA- co -HEMA and AA- co -NIPAAM remain within the ranges and are considered desirable for use as a biomaterial. The mechanical strength correlates well with the percentage of the grafting yield after the modification process and is dependent on the parameters used, such as irradiation dose and type of comonomer. Graphical abstract

About this journal

Open Chemistry is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research, reviews, and communications in the fields of chemistry in an ongoing way. Our central goal is to provide a hub for researchers working across all subjects to present their discoveries, and to be a forum for the discussion of the important issues in the field.

There are no submission charges. In order to sustain the production of our fully-refereed open access journal, each article accepted for publication in Open Chemistry is subject to Article Processing Charges (APC).

Special/Topical Issues:

Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications
Submission deadline: 30.09.2023
Marine Environmental Sciences and significance of the multidiscplinary approaches for assessing pollutions, remedies, and predictions
Submission deadline: 30.09.2023
Energy conversion and energy storage reactions
Submission deadline: 30.09.2023
Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
Submission deadline: 30.09.2023
Therapeutic Potentials of Natural Compounds Targeting Malaria
Submission deadline: 30.09.2023
Advancements at the Nexus of Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence, and IoT in Medicinal Chemistry and Healthcare
Submission deadline: 30 June 2024

You are also welcome to submit your Special Issue proposal by contacting Managing Editor at openchemistry@degruyter.com

Cooperation with conferences:

Catalysis Conferences
Submission deadline: 30.09.2023
MATERIALS and MAT Conferences 2023
Submission deadline: 30.09.2023
Euro-Mediterranean Conference for Environmental Integration 2023
Submission deadline: 30.10.2023
CFP Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2023
Submission deadline: 30.11.2023
World Chemistry Forum 2024
Date: 1.02 - 3.02.2024
2nd International Summit on Biopolymers and Polymer Science
Date: 10-12.06.2024
4th Edition of the International Conference on Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy
Date: 17-19.06.2024
11th International Conference on Materials Research and Nanotechnology
Date: 1.07 – 2.07.2024
2nd Global Summit on Advanced Materials and Sustainable Energy (GAMSE24)
Submission Deadline: 31.07.2024
European Congress of Applied Chemistry (ECAC24)
Submission Deadline: 31.07.2024

Volume 19 Issue 1

Issue of Open Chemistry

Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of anthocyanins in Tibetan hulless barley from different geographical locations by UPLC-QTOF-MS and their antioxidant capacities

Abstract

Effect of sodium chloride on the expression of genes involved in the salt tolerance of Bacillus sp. strain “SX4” isolated from salinized greenhouse soil

Abstract

GC-MS analysis of mango stem bark extracts (Mangifera indica L.), Haden variety. Possible contribution of volatile compounds to its health effects

Abstract

Influence of nanoscale-modified apatite-type calcium phosphates on the biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms

Abstract

Removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution by containment composites

Abstract

Investigating a human pesticide intoxication incident: The importance of robust analytical approaches

Abstract

Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by chloroform fraction of Juniperus phoenicea and chemical constituents analysis

Abstract

Recovery of γ-Fe2O3 from copper ore tailings by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation

Abstract

Effects of different extraction methods on antioxidant properties of blueberry anthocyanins

Abstract

Modeling the removal of methylene blue dye using a graphene oxide/TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation by intelligent system

Abstract

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its application in food preservation

Abstract

Full spectrum and genetic algorithm-selected spectrum-based chemometric methods for simultaneous determination of azilsartan medoxomil, chlorthalidone, and azilsartan: Development, validation, and application on commercial dosage form

Abstract

Evaluation of the performance of immunoblot and immunodot techniques used to identify autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases

Abstract

Computational studies by molecular docking of some antiviral drugs with COVID-19 receptors are an approach to medication for COVID-19

Abstract

Synthesis of amides and esters containing furan rings under microwave-assisted conditions

Abstract

Simultaneous removal efficiency of H2S and CO2 by high-gravity rotating packed bed: Experiments and simulation

Abstract

Design, synthesis, and biological activities of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyrazole, pyridine, coumarin and isoxazole: Dydrogesterone derivatives as antitumor agents

Abstract

Content and composition analysis of polysaccharides from Blaps rynchopetera and its macrophage phagocytic activity

Abstract

A new series of 2,4-thiazolidinediones endowed with potent aldose reductase inhibitory activity

Abstract

Assessing encapsulation of curcumin in cocoliposome: In vitro study

Abstract

Rare norisodinosterol derivatives from Xenia umbellata: Isolation and anti-proliferative activity

Abstract

Comparative study of antioxidant and anticancer activities and HPTLC quantification of rutin in white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and root extracts grown in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Comparison of adsorption properties of commercial silica and rice husk ash (RHA) silica: A study by NIR spectroscopy

Abstract

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a high-capacity material for next-generation sodium-ion capacitors

Abstract

Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry

Abstract

The effects of salinity on changes in characteristics of soils collected in a saline region of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Abstract

Synthesis, properties, and activity of MoVTeNbO catalysts modified by zirconia-pillared clays in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane

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Synthesis and crystal structure of N,N′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea N,N-dimethylformamide

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Quantitative analysis of volatile compounds of four Chinese traditional liquors by SPME-GC-MS and determination of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities

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A novel separation method of the valuable components for activated clay production wastewater

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On ve-degree- and ev-degree-based topological properties of crystallographic structure of cuprite Cu2O

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Antihyperglycemic effect and phytochemical investigation of Rubia cordifolia (Indian Madder) leaves extract

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Microsphere molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for diazepam analysis using itaconic acid as a monomer in propanol

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A nitric oxide-releasing prodrug promotes apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species

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Machine vision-based driving and feedback scheme for digital microfluidics system

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Study on the application of a steam-foam drive profile modification technology for heavy oil reservoir development

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Ni–Ru-containing mixed oxide-based composites as precursors for ethanol steam reforming catalysts: Effect of the synthesis methods on the structural and catalytic properties

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Preparation of composite soybean straw-based materials by LDHs modifying as a solid sorbent for removal of Pb(ii) from water samples

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Synthesis and spectral characterizations of vanadyl(ii) and chromium(iii) mixed ligand complexes containing metformin drug and glycine amino acid

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Recovery of γ-Fe₂O₃ from copper ore tailings by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation

Modeling the removal of methylene blue dye using a graphene oxide/TiO₂/SiO₂ nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation by intelligent system

Simultaneous removal efficiency of H₂S and CO₂ by high-gravity rotating packed bed: Experiments and simulation

Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) as a high-capacity material for next-generation sodium-ion capacitors

On ve-degree- and ev-degree-based topological properties of crystallographic structure of cuprite Cu₂O

Molecularly imprinted membrane for transport of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B₁₂ as a hemodialysis candidate membrane

Preparation of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–ZnO catalyst and its catalytic synthesis of rosin glycol ester

Construction of a new luminescent Cd(ii) compound for the detection of Fe³⁺ and treatment of Hepatitis B