Open Access Published since December 10, 2014

Curved and Layered Structures

ISSN: 2353-7396

Editor-in-chief: Francesco Tornabene

Managing Editor: Katarzyna Gajewska

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For readers the journal will position itself as the central and most authoritative publication in structural mechanics, engineering structures, architectural design, wind engineering, aerospace engineering, naval engineering, structural stability, structural dynamics, structural stability/reliability, experimental modeling and smart structures.
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The 2nd Thematic Symposium – Integrity of Mechanical Structure and Material
4th International Conference on Mechanics of Composites, Madrid, 9 - 12 July 2018
21st International Conference on Composite Structures (ICCS20), Bologna, Italy, 4 - 7 September 2018
1st Italian Workshop on Shell and Spatial Structures

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Volume 10 Issue 1

January 2023

Research Articles

Open Access January 21, 2023

Investigation of differential shrinkage stresses in a revolution shell structure due to the evolving parameters of concrete

Bodol Momha Merlin, Djopkop Kouanang Landry, Amba Jean Chills, Nkongho Anyi Joseph, Zoa Ambassa, Nzengwa Robert

Article number: 20220179

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Abstract

The article focuses on the influence of differential shrinkage linked by drying at the early-age displacements and strain distribution of a concrete ring specimen. Depending on the gradient of dimension changes through the thickness, tensile stress occurs near the exposed surface where drying is greater and thus results in strain gradients development. An experimental design was carried out on a concrete ring cast in laboratory conditions in order to monitor strains and displacements. Subsequently, a finite element method was used to simulate the ring’s behaviour in drying conditions. The gradient development linked by a non-uniform moisture distribution in the thickness is established by solving the non-linear partial differential drying equation with Mensi’s diffusion law. The stress and displacement analysis was modeled by three nodes curved shell FEM (CSFE-sh) based on strain approximation with the shell theory. Finally, the ring’s behaviour includes both differential shrinkage resulting in the mechanical and physical properties of gradients development in the thickness and the influence of prestressing, in which the tensile creep effects have a great influence. The comparison of experimental results with numerical simulation shows that drying and tensile creep phenomena have the most important influence on the early-age stress development in the walled ring.

Open Access January 23, 2023

Multiphysics analysis for fluid–structure interaction of blood biological flow inside three-dimensional artery

Natiq Abbas Fadhil, Karrar A. Hammoodi, Lina Jassim, Hasan A. Al-Asadi, Laith Jaafer Habeeb

Article number: 20220187

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Abstract

With the development of simulation programs, it is necessary to simulate the problems that occur in the human body that are related to mechanical engineering. Whereas blood is a liquid with mechanical properties, the artery is a substance that also contains mechanical properties. Smoking increases blood viscosity, and this viscosity affects the velocity and blood pressure as well as the artery itself. In this research article, the effect of blood viscosity on the aorta will be studied because it is one of the main arteries of the heart and obtains blood flow in the artery. The blood’s kinetic equations were solved using the COMSOL program’s laminar processor, and fluid–structure interaction was utilized to connect the mechanics of motion with the stresses that affect the artery. In addition, the effect of viscosity on the deformation of the artery and its movement was studied, and the result showed that most of the blood does not reach the branches of the artery, where the speed of blood flow was 0.18 m/s at the value of the viscosity of 0.1 Pa s. The increase in viscoelasticity leads to an increase in pressure at the beginning of the carotid artery, which hinders the flow of blood. The velocity of blood flow decreases with the increase in viscosity, and this reduces pressure on the artery walls, as the stress on 0.1 Pa s was equal to 16,705 Pa s (m.124). An artery’s deformation is directly related to the stresses on it, and when the deformation goes down, the artery’s size goes down.

Open Access February 2, 2023

MD-based study on the deformation process of engineered Ni–Al core–shell nanowires: Toward an understanding underlying deformation mechanisms

Bassam A. Mohammed, Raed S. Batbooti

Article number: 20220188

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Abstract

Nowadays, core/shell structures due to very high thermal and electrical conductivity are taken into account in the manufacture of many industrial sensors and catalysis. Ni–Al core/shell structures are known as one of the most practical materials due to their high chemical stabilities at elevated temperatures. Since the evaluation of the mechanical properties of the industrial core/shell catalysts is crucial, identification of the mechanism responsible for their plastic deformation has been a challenging issue. Accordingly, in this study, the mechanical properties and plastic deformation process of Ni–Al core/shell structures were investigated using the molecular dynamics method. The results showed that due to the high-stress concentration in the Ni/Al interface, the crystalline defects including dislocations and stacking faults nucleate from this region. It was also observed that with increasing temperature, yield strength and elastic modulus of the samples decrease. On the other hand, increasing the temperature promotes the heat-activated mechanisms, which reduces the density of dislocations and stacking faults in the material. Consequently, the obstacles in the slip path of the dislocations as well as dislocation locks are reduced, weakening the mechanical properties of the samples.

Open Access February 18, 2023

Experimental measurement and numerical predictions of thickness variation and transverse stresses in a concrete ring

Djopkop Kouanang Landry, Bodol Momha Merlin, Amba Jean Chills, Nkongho Anyi Joseph, Fongho Eric, Zoa Ambassa, Nzengwa Robert

Article number: 20220180

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Abstract

Concrete shells are widespread in civil engineering constructions. Because of the moldability of concrete, special structures such as domes, bridge caissons, buried or raised reservoirs, and arch dams are built with concrete. In this study, we are particularly interested in the variation of the thickness and the resulting strains during a short-term mechanical loading of a concrete ring in its elastic phase. On the one hand, transverse stresses through the thickness are calculated numerically by implementing a particular family of finite elements (four degrees of freedom per summit node) with a two-dimensional shell model, which accounts for thickness variations and transverse distortions. On the other hand, an experimental device was mounted in order to validate numerical predictions.

Open Access February 21, 2023

Studying the effect of embedded length strength of concrete and diameter of anchor on shear performance between old and new concrete

Rana F. Yousef, Haitham H. Muteb, Ayoob A. Ibrahim

Article number: 20220184

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Abstract

This article illustrates the specifications required to accurately design, specify, and install embedded anchor bolts between old and new concrete composite specimens for concrete repair or reinforcing of collapse concrete a research hotspot. The concrete slabs are facing a major challenge with deterioration, especially for reinforcement corrosion caused mainly by severe cycles of various chemical attacks. In this research, the impact of using contact plates between composite specimens was investigated by testing grouped specimens, thereby the models were divided into two groups, which tested under static load. The findings of a series of tests conducted to evaluate the structural behavior of shear connections (by pushout test) by including many parameters; the diameter (8, 12 and 16 mm), bounding between different compressive strength should be changed [normal concert (NC) mixes , ultra-high performance fiber concrete (UHPFC), and self-compacting mortar (SCM)]. Also, the embedded length of bolts was varied from 70, 130, to 190 mm. These parameters were studied individually in two groups. The first group was without contact plate and the second group was with contact plate. Experimental findings were obtained and reported, including the failure modes, maximum resistance, slippage capacity, and load–slip characteristic responses of the connections. Based on the obtained data, a relationship between the studied parameters was investigated. Experimental findings showed that the ultimate strength of rough surface specimens (without contact plate) was about 31% greater than that of smooth surface specimens (with contact plate), and obviously, all pushout specimens failed due to stud shank failure.

Open Access March 8, 2023

Evaluation of static responses for layered composite arches

Valmik Madhav Mahajan, Amit Sharma

Article number: 20220185

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Abstract

Layered composite materials are widely used across a variety of sectors, including the automotive industry, aerospace engineering, offshore, and various mechanical domains, because of their strong yet lightweight structures. Therefore, various emergent theories are available on the deformation of layered beams. The previous research studies are insufficient as they are based on deformation of layered composite and sandwich arches with simply supported (SS) end conditions. Therefore, it is a good opportunity for researchers to investigate the arches using exponential shear deformation and normal deformation theory. The leading hypothesis mainly adds to the research of bending for sandwich and layered composite arches adopting the exponential theory. The present theory does not require any shear correction factor to satisfy zero transverse shear stress condition at the bottom and top fibers of arches. Governing equations and associated end conditions are derived through principle of virtual work. Navier’s techniques used for sandwich and layered composite arches are SS boundary conditions subjected to uniformly distributed load. The results of the current study showed that the exponential normal and shear deformation theories may be used to evaluate static responses for layered composite and sandwich arches. The obtained results from the present theory are validated through the results available in published literature.

Open Access April 3, 2023

Nonlocal state-space strain gradient wave propagation of magneto thermo piezoelectric functionally graded nanobeam

Rajendran Selvamani, Rubine Loganathan, Rossana Dimitri, Francesco Tornabene

Article number: 20220192

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Abstract

In this work, the state -space nonlocal strain gradient theory is used for the vibration analysis of magneto thermo piezoelectric functionally graded material (FGM) nanobeam. An analysis of FGM constituent properties is stated by using the power law relations. The refined higher order beam theory and Hamilton’s principle have been used to obtain the motion equations. Besides, the governing equations of the magneto thermo piezoelectric nanobeam are extracted by developed nonlocal state-space theory. And to solve the wave propagation problems, the analytical wave dispersion method is used. The effect of magnetic potential, temperature gradient, and electric voltage in variant parameters are presented in graph.

Open Access May 11, 2023

Numerical study of the FRP-concrete bond behavior under thermal variations

Rossana Dimitri, Martina Rinaldi, Francesco Tornabene, Francesco Micelli

Article number: 20220193

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Abstract

In a context where daily and seasonal temperature changes or potential fire exposure can affect the mechanical response of structures strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites during their life cycle, the present work studies the bond behavior of FRP laminates glued to concrete substrates under a thermal variation. The problem is tackled computationally by means of a contact algorithm capable of handling both the normal and tangential cohesive responses, accounting for the effect of thermal variations on the interfacial strength and softening parameters, which defines the failure surface and post cracking response of the selected specimen. A parametric investigation is performed systematically to check for the effect of thermo-mechanical adhesive and geometrical properties on the debonding load of the FRP-to-concrete structural system. The computational results are successfully validated against some theoretical predictions from literature, which could serve as potential benchmarks for developing further thermo-mechanical adhesive models, even in a coupled sense, for other reinforcement-to-substrate systems, useful for design purposes in many engineering applications.

Open Access May 26, 2023

Parametric study of retrofitted reinforced concrete columns with steel cages and predicting load distribution and compressive stress in columns using machine learning algorithms

Larah R. Abdulwahed

Article number: 20220197

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Abstract

Recently, the use of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is becoming very common worldwide. Because of earthquakes or poor design, some of these structures need to be retrofitted. Among different methods of retrofitting a structure, we have utilized a steel cage to support a column under axial load. The numerical modeling of a retrofitted column with a steel cage is carried out by the finite-element method in ABAQUS, and the effectiveness of the number of strips, size of strips, size of angles, RC head, the strips’ thickness, and the steel cage’s mechanical properties are studied on 15 different case studies by the single factorial method. These parameters proved to be very effective on the load distribution of the column because by choosing the optimum case, lower amounts of force are born by the column. By increasing the number of strips, the steel cage would reach 52% of the total load. This value for the size of strips and angles’ size is 48 and 50%, respectively. However, the thickness of the strips does not have a significant effect on the load bearing of the column. In order to fully predict the load distribution of the retrofitted columns, the data of the present study are utilized to propose a predictive model for N c / P FEM and N c / P FEM using artificial neural networks. The model had an error of 1.56 (MAE), and the coefficient of determination was 0.97. This model proved to be so accurate that it could replace time-consuming numerical modeling and tedious experiments.

Special Issue: The 2nd Thematic Symposium - Integrity of Mechanical Structure and Material

Open Access January 3, 2023

Correlation between lamina directions and the mechanical characteristics of laminated bamboo composite for ship structure

Tuswan Tuswan, Parlindungan Manik, Samuel Samuel, Agus Suprihanto, Sulardjaka Sulardjaka, Sri Nugroho, Boris Ferdinando Pakpahan

Article number: 20220186

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Abstract

With the increased emphasis on the use of recyclable bio-based materials and further understanding of the mechanical properties of laminated bamboo, the development of a new generation of low-cost bamboo-based composites for ship structure has generated a significant interest. Laminated bamboo composites comprising Apus bamboo ( Gigantochloa apus ) and Waru fiber at different layer orientations were investigated to obtain the mechanical characteristics. The influence of different laminate directions was studied through several methods of mechanical testing, including impact tests using ASTM D256, bending tests using ASTM D7264, and tensile tests using ASTM D3039. Results showed that material strength properties could be improved by using on-axis direction (0°). The bamboo composites with unidirectional (0°) laminate direction exhibited superior mechanical properties to bidirectional laminate directions (45°/−45° and 0°/90°). The addition of Waru fiber improved the mechanical properties of the currently developed material; that is, bending strength increased by about 3.17–14.18% and tensile strength was in the range of 4.88–20.28%. Only those composites with 0° and 0°/90° layer orientations fulfilled the Indonesian Bureau Classification strength threshold.

Open Access February 27, 2023

Reliability-based assessment of ship hull girder ultimate strength

Ristiyanto Adiputra, Takao Yoshikawa, Erwandi Erwandi

Article number: 20220189

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Abstract

A reliability-based approach is presented to investigate the effects of structural and load uncertainties on the reliability estimation of ship hull girders. Structural uncertainties included randomness in material properties, geometric properties, initial geometric imperfections, and corrosion behavior. Load uncertainties included statistical uncertainties, model uncertainties, environmental uncertainties, and uncertainties related to nonlinearity. The hull girder ultimate strength was calculated using Smith’s method, and the probabilistic density function was evaluated by employing Monte Carlo simulations. In the load estimation, the still water bending moment and wave-induced bending moment were calculated using a simplified formula of the International Association of Classification Societies-Common Structural Rules code and then modified with load parameters. The reliability index was estimated using a first-order reliability method considering the operating time, the duration of the ship in the alternate hold loading condition, and the severity of the corrosion rate. As a result, sagging conditions dominated the collapse mode. The reliability indexes were obtained for the observed cases, and the viability of the ship was assessed accordingly.

Open Access April 5, 2023

Finite element method on topology optimization applied to laminate composite of fuselage structure

Agus Aribowo, Muhammad Ilham Adhynugraha, Fadli Cahya Megawanto, Arif Hidayat, Teguh Muttaqie, Fajar Ari Wandono, Abian Nurrohmad, Chairunnisa, Sherly Octavia Saraswati, Ilham Bagus Wiranto, Iqbal Reza Al Fikri, Muhammad Dito Saputra

Article number: 20220191

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Abstract

This research applies a numerical study of topology optimization of laminate composite structures by using a finite element method (FEM). In this methodology, the plies orientation is excluded from the optimization. The geometry-based optimization from frames of a MALE UAV fuselage structure is presented. The minimum strain energy with an optimization constraint of 20% of weight reduction is used in the objective function. Before the primary analysis, benchmark studies of topology optimization without considering orientations from previously published literature are performed. The convergence studies were taken to acquire the appropriate mesh size in the FEM technique, which utilized a four-noded shell element. The finite element analysis and optimization results showed that the structural design of the newly framed composite fuselage MALE UAV meets the structural strength requirements specified in the airworthiness standard STANAG 4671.

Open Access April 28, 2023

Dynamic response of high-speed craft bottom panels subjected to slamming loadings

Muryadin, Teguh Muttaqie, Cahyo Sasmito, Fariz Maulana Noor, Andi C. P. T. Nugroho, Dany Hendrik Priatno, Buddin Al Hakim, Abid Paripurna Fuadi, Muh Hisyam Khoirudin, Teguh Wibowo, Arfis Maydino F. Putra

Article number: 20220190

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Abstract

The inelastic deformation of a 30 m high-speed craft (HSC) subjected to slamming pressure is the main topic of this research. In this work, the commercial software package ABAQUS FEA is used to predict the structural behavior, especially in the hull area under the chine. Dynamic explicit solver simulations are done to predict plastic deformation. Before the principal analysis of the actual size of the ship hull structure model, the numerical studies were validated against relevant experimental data from the previous open literature. A reassessment of the design guidelines was also done to forecast the slamming load on the HSC structure. Then, with the slamming load pressure increased to the design limit, a parametric analysis was also conducted with two different idealizations of the pressure type: rectangular and triangular. Finally, this study identifies the variables that must be considered when calculating the degree of structural deformation brought on by slamming loads.

Cite Score	3.2
Journal Citation Indicator	0.51
SCImago Journal Rank	0.410
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	0.973

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Editorial

Editor-in-Chief
Francesco Tornabene, University of Salento, Italy

Associate Editors
Salvatore Brischetto, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Snehashish Chakraverty, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India
Rossana Dimitri, University of Salento, Italy
Lorenzo Dozio, Polytechnic of Milan, Italy
Elena Ferretti, University of Bologna, Italy
Aurora Angela Pisano, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Alfred G. Striz, The University of Oklahoma, USA

Editorial Advisory Board
Raffaele Barretta, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Francesco Marotti de Sciarra, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Serge Abrate, Southern Illinois University, USA
Sarp Adali, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
Maria Antonietta Aiello, University of Salento, Italy
Luigi Ascione, University of Salerno, Italy
J. Ranjan Banerjee, City University London, UK
Romesh C. Batra, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA
Zdenek P. Bazant, Northwestern University, USA
Alberto Carpinteri, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
Jeng-Tzong Chen, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan
Zhengtao Chen, University of Alberta, Canada
Ömer Civalek, Akdeniz University, Turkey
Moshe Eisenberger, Technion, Israel
Luciano Feo, University of Salerno, Italy
Fernando Fraternali, University of Salerno, Italy
Seyed M. Hashemi, Ryerson University, Canada
Alexander L. Kalamkarov, Dalhousie University, Canada
Gennady M. Kulikov, Tambov State Technical University, Russia
Giuseppe Lacidogna, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Kim Meow Liew, City University of Hong Kong, China
Parviz Malekzadeh, Persian Gulf University, Iran
Federico M. Mazzolani, University of Naples "Federico II", Italy
Claudio Mazzotti, University of Bologna, Italy
Francesco Micelli, University of Salento, Italy
Evgeny V. Morozov, The University of New South Wales, Australia
Roberto Nascimbene, European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering, Italy
Eugenio Oñate, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain
Wiesław M. Ostachowicz, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Wojciech Pietraszkiewicz, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Olivier Polit, Université Paris Ouest, France
Mohamad S. Qatu, Eastern Michigan University, USA
Alessandro Reali, University of Pavia, Italy
Junuthula N. Reddy, Texas A&M University, USA
Elio Sacco, University of Cassino, Italy
Mohammad Shariyat, Khaje Nasir Toosi University of Technology, Iran
Hui-Shen Shen, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Abdullah H. Sofiyev, Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey
Angelo Di Tommaso, University of Bologna, Italy
Francesco Ubertini, University of Bologna, Italy
Erasmo Viola, University of Bologna, Italy
Antony M. Waas, University of Michigan, USA
Ashraf M. Zenkour, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt

Assistant Editors
Ada Amendola, University of Salerno, Italy
Erica Magagnini, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy
Ana M. A. Neves, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Rosa Penna, University of Salerno, Italy
Stefano Valvano, Kore University of Enna, Italy

(Deutsch)

Type: Journal
Language: English
Publisher: De Gruyter Open Access
First published: December 10, 2014
Publication Frequency: 1 Issue per Year
Audience: Researchers in the fields of: Mechanical Engineering and Materials Processing