Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access

Volume 15 Issue 1

January 2023

Issue of Open Geosciences

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Contents
Journal Overview

Regular Articles

Open Access February 1, 2023

Diagenesis and evolution of deep tight reservoirs: A case study of the fourth member of Shahejie Formation (cg: 50.4-42 Ma) in Bozhong Sag

Juan Zhang, Chenchen Wang, Yunqian Jia, Qianyu Wu

Article number: 20220441

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Abstract

This study focused on the deep tight sandstone reservoir (DTSR) of the fourth member of the Shahejie Formation in the Bozhong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, a special type of reservoir. To reveal the diagenesis and evolution of the reservoir in the study area, cores observation, thin section identification, scanning electron microscopy, grain size analysis, and petrophysical properties measurements are available to analyze the mechanics of diagenesis and densification processes. The recognition is agreed on that (1) the lithology of the fourth member is mainly composed of lithic arkose and feldspathic lithic sandstone with low compositional maturity, and grain sizes vary from middle to coarse; (2) the porosity of reservoir ranges from 4 to 11.5% (av. 6.8%), which belongs to the medium low porosity sandstone reservoir; the pore structure is complex and the type of pore spaces is mainly secondary pore, while original pores are less developed due to the deep distribution of strata; (3) based on the quantitative calculation of porosity of the DTSR, it was identified that compaction is the main reason for sandstone reservoir densification, with an average porosity reduction of 62%, followed by cementation filling intergranular pores with an average pore reduction rate of 25.1%. Dissolution plays a constructive role in improving porosity, with an average increase rate of 18.5%.

Open Access February 1, 2023

Petrography and mineralogy of the Oligocene flysch in Ionian Zone, Albania: Implications for the evolution of sediment provenance and paleoenvironment

Ana Fociro, Oltion Fociro, Irakli Prifti, Redi Muçi, Jeton Pekmezi

Article number: 20220442

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Abstract

In this study, the reconstruction of the formation condition in the Oligocene flysch (Berati and Zhitomi section), in the Berati anticline structure, north-eastern part of the Ionian tectonic zone (Albania), is elucidated using petrographic–mineralogical characteristics and grain size analysis. Outcrops from the Berati and Zhitomi and the drilled wells were selected for sampling based on previous stratigraphic and paleontological studies. The mineralogical study of the flysch deposits made it possible to evidence for the first time three mineralogical zones: (a) quartz–garnet (b) serpentine, epidote with mica, and (c) feldspar zone, and three these petrographic zones: (a) quartz, (b) quartz–serpentine, and (c) quartz with mica and feldspars. The reconstruction of the depositional environment is based on the petrographic study of rock types, their textural characteristics, and grain size statistics. The granulometry coefficients like mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis are calculated arithmetically and the C / M diagram as well. Referring to the mineralogical composition of the sandstones and siltstones, the obtained data were used for the correlation of the sections and the delineation of the leaching area and the direction of the sediment movement. The mineralogic and petrographic characteristics show that during the Oligocene, the region has been under continuous paleogeographic change and under intensive orogenic activity, which has influenced the character of the mineralogical–petrographic composition of these deposits. Based on the pebbles petrography present in the slump horizons and on heavy mineral assemblages, it was evidenced that the eastern tectonic zones of Kruja, Krasta, and Mirdita (Albania) were the main suppliers of sedimentary material. The Passega C / M diagram suggests suspension and saltation as the main mode of sediment transport prior to deposition.

Open Access February 13, 2023

Biostratigraphy of the Late Campanian–Maastrichtian of the Duwi Basin, Red Sea, Egypt

Orabi H. Orabi, Ahmed M. Eldosouky, Kamal Abdelrahman, Reda M. El Gammal, Malarkodi Nallamuthu, Mohammed S. Fnais, Peter Andráš

Article number: 20220444

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Abstract

During the Late Campanian, sea-level fluctuation occurred in the form of two chert bands and the topmost conglomeratic phosphate beds (CF8a zone). A great transgression event occurred associated with the global warming (CF8b zone) trend indicated by large double-keeled foraminifera as Globotruncana aegyptiaca Nakkady of oligotrophic conditions. Through the event of CF6/CF5 zones, a gradual increase in the relative abundance of Gublerina rajagopalani Govindan and Planoheterohelix planata (Cushman) and other heterohelicids have been shown to tolerate and thrive in a wide range of environmental conditions as in high-stress environments. Sea-level fall at the CF6 zone and the overlying CF5 boundary marked a warming climate for the Middle Maastrichtian Event. In the latest CF4 records, the beginning of the decrease in planktic/benthic ratio, globotruncanids, rugoglobigerinids, and heterohelicids indicating a fall in sea level coincided with the CF4/CF3 and the development of dark grey shales in a regressive regime. The observed low abundance of planktic specimens may be due to the presence of pyrite with black shale interval suggesting low oxygen condition. The latest zones CF3, CF2, and CF1 are generally characterized by heterohelicids blooms specially Planoheterohelix globulosa (Ehrenberg), and a gradual decrease in diversity associated with the warming phase before the K/Pg boundary event, implying high biotic stress to even absent of Guembelitria cretacea species through CF3–CF1 zones. Pseudotextularia elegans (Rzehak) occurs in the zones CF4 and CF2 warming of phases 1 and 2 of Deccan Trap Volcanic. The absence of P. elegans (Rzehak) in the zone (CF3) is postulated due to a tectonic cause (maximum cooling of Deccan Trap Volcanic) whereas its absence in the zone (CF1) was due to regression of phase 2.

Open Access February 13, 2023

Structural deformation and its implication for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Wuxia fault belt, northwestern Junggar basin, China

Shuai Sun, Sen Yang, Wenjun He, Menglin Zheng, Yang Zou, Liliang Huang, Yi Zhao, Wei Song

Article number: 20220452

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Abstract

With the great discovery of unconventional oil in the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu sag, the Wuxia fault belt, which shows similar lithological characteristics and lithofacies, is considered the most favorable area for future petroleum exploration. However, the complicated structural patterns remain unclear and restrict the petroleum exploration and development. In this study, combined with new seismic data and some borehole data, we conclude the structural styles in the Wuxia fault belt and analyze their distribution characteristics, and further investigate their implications for tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation. Five typical seismic sections are captured from the west to the east of the fault belt. Decollement folds and fold accommodation faults superimpose on the underlying basement fault related folds. Structure patterns also show a zonation in S–N direction and a segmentation in E–W direction. The balanced section reveals that the present-day structure features were fundamentally formed by Late Permian. The structural deformation shows distinctive features of a foreland basin which may develop in Early Permian and continue until the Late Permian. The oil reservoirs in the Fengcheng Formation in deeper detachment fold and the autochthonous Fengcheng Formation in fault propagation folds are the most favorable regions for further unconventional petroleum exploration.

Open Access February 14, 2023

Carbonate texture identification using multi-layer perceptron neural network

Oltion Fociro, Ana Fociro, Redi Muçi, Klodian Skrame, Jeton Pekmezi, Mario Mezini

Article number: 20220453

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Abstract

This study proposes an approach to identifying carbonate rocks depositional texture utilizing more than 1250 thin-section photos as a data set from shallow-water carbonates of the Kruja zone (Albania). The proposed technique uses a numerical methodology based on digitized images of thin sections. According to the Dunham classification, it permits the user to recognize the carbonate texture automatically. The carbonate rock should not be affected by post-depositional processes. This technique uses as input gray-scale digital images taken from thin sections. Image processing can extract (as output) a set of 22 numerical parameters measured in the entire image, including white areas representing calcite cement. A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network inputs these numerical parameters and produces, as output, the estimated depositional texture. We utilized 654 images of thin sections to evaluate this technique to train the neural network. We used 348 pictures taken from the same data set and 250 from the Burizana section (Kruja zone, Albania) to test the technique. The proposed method has shown 90.5 and 91.3% accuracy in identifying the automatically depositional texture using digitized images on the 348 and 250 test sets. Based on the good results obtained, this technique can be extending not only in identifying carbonate rocks texture but in every type of rock, getting fast and correct results. Python was used as a computer programming language for image processing and displaying images.

Open Access February 16, 2023

Metallogenic model of the Hongqiling Cu–Ni sulfide intrusions, Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Insight from long-period magnetotellurics

Zhi-He Xu, Guan-Wen Gu, Ji-Yi Jiang, Fei-Da Li, Xing-Guo Niu

Article number: 20220430

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Abstract

The Hongqiling magmatic Cu–Ni sulfide deposit is one of the most important deposits in the easternmost segment of the Central Asian Metallogenic Belt, northeast China. However, the existence or non-existence of magmatic chambers is still not been determined, which is the key to decipher the formation of Hongqiling Cu–Ni deposit. Therefore, this study proposes to adopt long-period magnetotellurics method to image the deep-seated metallogenic system in Hongqiling Cu–Ni deposit. Two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear conjugate gradient inversion technology allows us to describe entire magma plumbing system, including the mantle-derived magma channels (banded low-resistivity anomalies), deep separated chamber (low-resistivity anomaly C2), and shallow magma conduits (low-resistivity anomaly C1). These results indicated that the mantle-derived primitive magma gave rise to the parental magma for the mafic–ultramafic intrusions in Hongqiling Cu–Ni deposit and triggered the segregation of Cu–Ni sulfides in the shallow chamber. By combining the experimental simulation, geochemistry, geochronology, and geotectonics data in the study area, we suggest that the partial melting processes which produced the large magma plumbing system probably have been triggered by lithospheric delamination.

Open Access February 27, 2023

Assessments of recent Global Geopotential Models based on GPS/levelling and gravity data along coastal zones of Egypt

Ahmed Al Shouny, Ragab Khalil, Abdullah Kamel, Yehia Miky

Article number: 20220450

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Abstract

The orthometric height has an essential role in a variety of civil engineering projects and it is defined as the length of the curved plumbline from a point (on the earth surface) to its intersection with the geoid surface. Leveling process is considered as the most accurate technique for obtaining these heights. However, regardless of its potentials, it is tedious, costly, and time consuming. Recently many organizations and research centers have developed multi Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) depending on several types of available gravity and height datasets to estimate orthometric heights from GNSS measurements. In this study, we present an evaluation and assessment of the accuracy of five of recent and popular GGM S : XGM2016, XGM2019e, EIGEN-6C4, GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R6e, and EGM2008 using actual 145 GNSS/leveling points and 96 terrestrial gravity points. The goal of this research is to find the best fit model along the study area located along the coastal zones of Egypt with distances of about 1,970 km for further determination of geoid modeling at regional scale. The selection of these areas basically was due to their developmental, urban, and economical importance and their continuous need for protection works to fight against the coastal erosion caused by climate change and global warming. The results indicated that for geoid undulation, GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R6e model is the best fit GGM for the estimation of geoid model along Mediterranean Sea coastal line, while XGM2019e_2159 model is the best suitable for coastal line of the Red Sea. And regarding the gravity anomalies, the most reliable GGMs for this study area are XGM2019e_2159 and EIGEN-6C4 for Bouguer and free-air gravity anomaly, respectively.

Open Access February 27, 2023

Accuracy assessment and improvement of SRTM, ASTER, FABDEM, and MERIT DEMs by polynomial and optimization algorithm: A case study (Khuzestan Province, Iran)

Azim Saberi, Mostafa Kabolizadeh, Kazem Rangzan, Majid Abrehdary

Article number: 20220455

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Abstract

Satellite digital elevation models (DEMs) are used for decision-making in various fields. Therefore, evaluating and improving vertical accuracy of DEM can increase the quality of end products. This article aimed to increase the vertical accuracy of most popular satellite DEMs (i.e., the ASTER, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission [SRTM], Forest And Buildings removed Copernicus DEM [FABDEM], and Multi-Error-Removed Improved-Terrain [MERIT]) using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. For this purpose, at first, the vertical error of DEMs was estimated via ground truth data. Next, a second-order polynomial was applied to model the vertical error in the study area. To select the polynomial with the highest accuracy, employed for vertical error modeling, the coefficients of the polynomial have been optimized using the PSO algorithm. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated by other ground truth data and in situ observations. The results show that the mean absolute error (MAE) of SRTM DEM is 4.83 m while this factor for ASTER DEM is 5.35 m, for FABDEM is 4.28, and for MERIT is 3.87. The obtained results indicated that the proposed model could improve the MAE of vertical accuracy of SRTM, ASTER, FABDEM, and MERIT DEMs to 0.83, 0.51, 0.37, and 0.29 m, respectively.

Open Access February 27, 2023

Uncertainty assessment of 3D geological models based on spatial diffusion and merging model

Xiaoyan Nie, Cai Lu, Kai Luo

Article number: 20220456

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Abstract

The geological model plays an important role in geophysics and engineering geology. The data source of geological modeling comes from interpretation data, borehole data, and outcrop data. Due to economic and technical limitations, it is impossible to obtain highly accurate and high-density data sources. The sparsity and inaccuracy of data sources lead to the uncertainty in geological models. Unlike the problem of probability, there is not enough samples for a geological model. Spatial diffusion model and merging model are introduced, which are more satisfied with the cognition of uncertainty than the existing methods. And then, using conditional information entropy, a quantification method of geological uncertainty, is proposed. Compared with the approaches of information entropy, this method took full account of the constraints of geological laws. Based on the uncertainty models and conditional information entropy, a framework of uncertainty assessment in geological models is established. It is not necessary in our framework to create multiple geological models, which is a time-consuming and laborious task. The application of Hashan survey located at north of China shows that the method and framework of this study are reasonable and effective.

Open Access March 7, 2023

Evaluation of dynamic behavior of varved clays from the Warsaw ice-dammed lake, Poland

Krzysztof Nielepkowicz, Paweł Dobak, Anna Bąkowska

Article number: 20220459

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Abstract

Soil stiffness degradation due to dynamic loading may result in damage to engineering structures. Therefore, dynamic soil properties gained importance in recent years in the areas where vibrations of different origins are transmitted to the ground. The aim of the study was to determine the stiffness properties of the Warsaw varved clay (central Poland), as a measure of its response to dynamic loading. A set of triaxial tests were conducted. Undisturbed samples were subjected to initial deviator stress of 100 kPa, reflecting vertical stress due to construction load, and then to three dynamic stages under axial displacement control conditions. Secant shear modulus G was adopted as a parameter of soil stiffness during dynamic loading. Main methodological result of the study is application of coefficient α (gradient of logarithmic change in stiffness with time) indicating type of soil behavior under dynamic loading. Negative α values (ranging from −0.48 to −0.91) indicated a weakening effect of the applied vibrations (decrease in stiffness), while positive α values (ranging from 0.11 to 0.21) indicated soil strengthening (increase in stiffness). Results of the study may be applied to compare an impact of several factors influencing soil stiffness during dynamic loading

Open Access March 7, 2023

Impact of AMSU-A and MHS radiances assimilation on Typhoon Megi (2016) forecasting

Chaoshun Liu, Junqiang Gong

Article number: 20220460

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Abstract

To better understand the assimilation contribution and influence mechanism of different satellite platforms and different microwave instruments, the radiance data of Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) and the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) onboard NOAA-15 and NOAA-18 are assimilated to investigate various assimilation effects on the prediction of path and intensity of Typhoon Megi (2016) based on Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) three-dimensional variation and the WRF model. The community radiative transfer model is employed as the forward operator. The quality control and bias correction procedures before the radiance data assimilation (DA) are performed to improve the simulations. Impact of AMSU-A and MHS radiances assimilation on Typhoon Megi (2016)’s path and intensity is investigated by six experiments (without and with AMSU-A and MHS DA) with initial conditions at 1200 UTC on 25 September 2016 and 60 h forecast integration. The results are compared to the observational data from the China Meteorological Administration tropical cyclone database. The impact mechanisms of DA adjustments to the initial fields and assimilation increment analysis of each physical quantity field are investigated in detail. The findings show that NOAA-15 AMSU-A assimilation produces the best output over the course of the 60 h simulation, demonstrating that assimilation satellite data from multiple platforms is not always better than assimilation satellite data from a single platform. In comparison, MHS assimilation has a favorable effect on short-term path and strength forecasts, but has a negative impact on long-term forecasts. The effect of MHS DA needs to be further investigated.

Open Access March 9, 2023

Contribution to the building of a weather information service for solar panel cleaning operations at Diass plant (Senegal, Western Sahel)

Mohamed Cherif Aidara, Pape Abdoulaye Fam, Derrick Kwadwo Danso, Eric Mensah Mortey, Amy Mbaye, Mamadou Lamine Ndiaye, Abdou Latif Bonkaney, Rabani Adamou, Sandrine Anquetin, Arona Diedhiou

Article number: 20220449

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Abstract

The accumulation of dust on the surface of solar panels reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the solar cells and results in a decrease in panel performance. To avoid this loss of production and thus, to improve the performance capacity, solar panels must be cleaned frequently. The West African region is well known for its high solar energy potential. However, this potential can be reduced by the high occurrence of dust storms during the year. This article aims to provide a contribution to the construction of a meteorological information service for solar panel cleaning operations at Diass solar plant in Senegal (Western Sahel). It is based on a full year in situ experiment comparing the power loss due to dust between solar panels cleaned at different frequencies and those not cleaned. The model to determine the cleaning frequencies is based on the deposition rate of airborne particles, the concentration of airborne particles, and the density of the dust that has a major impact on the power loss. Cleaning frequencies are presented at seasonal scale because in the study area, dust episodes differ according to the seasons. A cost–benefit analysis is also performed to demonstrate the advantage of using weather information service to support the dust cleaning operations at Diass plant. As results, it is found that cleaning every 3 weeks is required during the dry seasons, December–January–February and March–April–May. During the rainy season, cleaning every 5 weeks is recommended in June–July–August, while in September–October–November cleaning every 4 weeks is sufficient to maintain an optimal performance of the solar panel. The total costs of cleaning operations based on these results are reduced compared to the current costs of cleaning and the benefits are much higher than without cleaning action.

Open Access March 9, 2023

Measuring spatiotemporal accessibility to healthcare with multimodal transport modes in the dynamic traffic environment

Xinxin Zhou, LinWang Yuan, Changbin Wu, Zhaoyuan Yu, Wang Lei

Article number: 20220461

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Abstract

Research on healthcare accessibility is developing with a focus on multimodal transport modes (MTMs) and multiple time-series variations. A dynamic traffic environment leads travelers to make distinct decisions at different time slots, which impacts spatiotemporal accessibility markedly. Our article proposes a methodological framework to measure spatiotemporal accessibility with multimodal transportation modes and its variation at multiple time series, while accounting for traffic congestion and the probability of residential transport mode choices in a dynamic traffic environment. We selected Nanjing, China, as the study area and pediatric clinic services (PCS) as specific healthcare services to estimate the spatiotemporal accessibility at four representative time slots. The results indicate that the weight estimation of travel time based on MTMs is more propitious than the travel time of single-mode to present real-world travel characteristics and reflects the spatiotemporal distribution and variation of services synthetically. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal accessibility variation of PCS in peripheral suburbs is more pronounced than that in urban centers and rural areas. This work holds pragmatic implications for policymakers in terms of services planning and allocation optimization to improve the equity of resource supply.

Open Access March 15, 2023

Mathematical model for conversion of groundwater flow from confined to unconfined aquifers with power law processes

Makosha Ishmaeline Charlotte Morakaladi, Abdon Atangana

Article number: 20220446

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Abstract

In this work, we propose a mathematical model to depict the conversion of groundwater flow from confined to unconfined aquifers. The conversion problem occurs due to the heavy pumping of confined aquifers over time, which later leads to the depletion of an aquifer system. The phenomenon is an interesting one, hence several models have been developed and used to capture the process. However, one can point out that the model has limitations of its own, as it cannot capture the effect of fractures that exist in the aquitard. Therefore, we suggest a mathematical model where the classical differential operator that is based on the rate of change is substituted by a non-conventional one including the differential operator that can represent processes following the power law to capture the memory effect. Moreover, we revise the properties of the aquitard to evaluate and capture the behaviors of flow during the process in a different aquitard setting. Numerical analysis was performed on the new mathematical models and numerical solutions were obtained, as well as simulations for various fractional order values.

Open Access March 21, 2023

NSP variation on SWAT with high-resolution data: A case study

Wu Cheng, Yin Qian, Lu Xiaoning, Chen Jun, Fu Rui, Li Shuang

Article number: 20220339

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Abstract

As a typical lake in the early stage of eutrophication, the non-point source pollution (NSP) in Erhai Lake was highly concerned. Since 2017, protection and rescue actions have been implemented in the Erhai Lake basin which significantly improved the water quality of Erhai Lake. But little attention has been paid to the interception effects of these actions on NSP. Based on high resolution datasets, including refinement land use/land cover (LU/LC) data, China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Database for the SWAT (CMADS), and Advanced Land Observing Satellite-1 (ALOS-12) data, the interception effects of ecological ponds newly built in 2018 on NSP was discussed with the support of the soil and water assessment (SWAT) model. These three high resolution datasets can meet the needs for simulating NSP by SWAT model, which was conductive to better reveal the interception effects of ecological ponds on NSP. Besides, the pollution load of shrubbery on Total nitrogen (TN)/Total phosphorous (TP), which has never been involved in similar research works in the Erhai Lake basin, was measured. Compared the temporal and spatial variations in TN/TP concentration before and after 2018, the interception effects of ecological ponds on NSP in the Erhai Lake basin were revealed by a sharp decrease in TN/TP concentration and a delayed presence of annual peak value about 1 month late in TN concentration before and after 2018. The interception intensity of NSP was determined by the number and volume of ecological ponds in each sub-basin and their corresponding upstream.

Review Article

Open Access March 3, 2023

The actual state of the geodetic and cartographic resources and legislation in Poland

Adam Doskocz

Article number: 20220458

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Abstract

Official data, including national geodetic and cartographic resources, are integrated in a spatial reference system. This study outlines national resources in Poland as an important part of the spatial information infrastructure in the European Community. They also provide reference data, including: geodetic control networks, base map, and topographic maps, for other resources of spatial data infrastructure. The study presents changes in the methods of sharing geo-data and technical standards for their collecting in the last few years, and additionally also presents some aspects of progressing geodetic and cartographic resources and legislation in Poland. It was noted that modern national geoportal or regional and district resources and progress, especially in the form of their standardization of presentation, enable to promote the use of spatial data in Poland and their popularization among the international community.

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3rd Edition of International Conference on Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy
2nd International Meet on Infrastructure and Construction
2nd Global Summit on Environmental Science and Applications (EnScience2023)
GEOTRENDS 2nd International Conference on Geoheritage & Geotourism
GeoSym2018 – III Polish Symposium on Geointerdisciplinary Research Methods
ESC2018-GA - The 36th General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission
Hazards2018 - Natural hazards - lessons from the past and contemporary challenges
“Geodetic Engineering” – The 14th Conference “Current Issues in Engineering Geodesy”
“Alkaline-Carbonatitic magmatism” dedicated to Lalchand Govindram (Lalou) Gwalani
“Applied Geomorphology” – The 3th edition of Geomorphology conference - natural and activated processes
SPP2019 – The 26th Conference on Pleistocene Stratigraphy of Poland
12th International Symposium on Digital Earth – ISDE12 – July, 6-8 2021
2nd International Conference on Geology, Resources Exploration and Development (ICGRED 2021)

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