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Volume 76 Issue 2
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HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials
Contents
Journal Overview
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Contents
Page range: 77-78
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Segregations in Steels during Heat Treatment – A Consideration along the Process Chain
M. Hunkel
Page range: 79-104
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Abstract
Segregation is an unavoidable phenomenon in continuous or ingot casting of steel for thermodynamic reasons. If costly processes that explicitly reduce segregation are not carried out, the segregations remain until the final product. Therefore, an understanding of the development and effects of segregation along the entire process chain is necessary. The focus in this publication is on the treatment of segregations in low alloy steels. First, the characterisation of segregation is presented. An overview of the formation and development of segregations during primary shaping and forming processes is given. The focus is on segregation-related effects during heat treatment with regard to inhomogeneous microstructure and negative heat treatment results such as distortion or hardening cracks. In a short outlook, the influence of segregation on the component behaviour is described. ◼
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April 23, 2021
Sinter Hardening PM Steels Prepared through Hybrid Alloying
S. Geroldinger, R. de Oro Calderon, C. Gierl-Mayer, H. Danninger
Page range: 105-119
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In powder metallurgy (PM), there are several ways of introducing alloying elements into a PM material in order to adjust a certain alloying element content. Each alloying route has its advantages and disadvantages. Master alloys (MA), powders with a high content of typically several alloying elements, can be added in small amounts to a base powder, especially to introduce oxygen sensitive elements such as Cr, Mn, and Si. In addition, the master alloy can be designed in such a way that a liquid phase is formed intermediately during the sintering process to improve the distribution of alloying elements in the material and to accelerate homogenization. In this study, such master alloys were combined with pre-alloyed base powders to form hybrid alloyed mixtures with the aim of improving the material‘s sinter hardenability. The hybrid alloys were compared with mixtures of master alloy and plain Fe as reference material. The sinter hardenability of all materials was determined by generating CCT diagrams recorded with 13 different cooling rates. These were verified by metallographic cross-sections of specimens treated at common cooling rates of 3 and 1.5 K/s and subsequent hardness measurements of the microhardness (HV 0.1) of the microstructural constituents and the apparent hardness (HV 30). ◼
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A Model to Predict the Microstructural Constituents after Quenching and Partitioning of Martensitic Stainless Steels
S. Kresser, R. Schneider, H. Zunko, C. Sommitsch
Page range: 120-131
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The typical heat treatment of martensitic stainless steels comprises hardening and subsequent tempering. Depending on the application and size of the component, tempering is carried out either at low temperatures (< 300 °C) or at high temperatures (> 500 °C). In this paper, tempering at lower temperatures is examined. First, the austenitizing step is considered in greater detail and an optimized formula for the calculation of the M S temperature of such steel grades is created in order to enable to be modelled. For the calculations, the austenite composition is determined at different austenitizing temperatures using thermodynamic simulation. Furthermore, the transformation of austenite into martensite during quenching is described with the help of the Koistinen-Marburger equation. The second part deals with effects in the material at low holding temperatures. Here, the influence of different hardening temperatures and interception temperatures of the quenching procedure is investigated. There is no complete partitioning at temperatures of 300 °C. Certain tempering processes can also take place, such as the formation of transition carbides, so-called M 3 C carbides. A typical tempering with formation of stable Cr-rich carbides does not occur at this low temperature. Finally, the calculated results of the model correlate well with microstructural investigations (XRD, LOM). ◼
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Numerical Study to Understand the Distortion Behavior of a Weight-Reduced Counter Gear
*
J. Kagathara, T. Lübben
Page range: 132-154
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Objectives in the field of lightweight construction can be achieved by changing the component design, among other things. However, a design suitable for production would have to be taken into account, since serious distortion problems can occur after the final heat treatment due to reduced stiffness or asymmetries in the mass distribution. To illustrate this problem area, case hardening experiments using the example of a weight-reduced counter gear made of 20MnCr5 were carried out and have shown significantly different distortion behavior depending on the geometry and process parameters. However, it is difficult or even impossible to understand such a distortion behavior only through experiments, since many different variables can be responsible for dimensional and shape changes. In this context, a simulation tool can be very helpful to identify important variables that cause dimensional and shape changes and to understand the associated processes. This paper attempts to answer some open questions that arise from experiments on distortion behavior through simulations. ◼
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Heat Treatment and Properties of High-Temperature Steels for Rolling Bearings
O. Beer
Page range: 155-171
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It is demonstrated that high speed steels are suitable for manufacturing of heat resistant rolling element bearings especially for applications in aero engines. A detailed analysis of heat treating processes and metallurgical evaluation shows how the properties of these steels grades can be adjusted to meet the specific requirements for engine bearings. Based on results from rig testing it is shown how variations in heat treating parameters can influence the rolling contact fatigue performance. The role of carbides, a typical constituent of high speed steels, on bearing applications is discussed in detail. The high level of heat resistance of high speed steels allows a nitriding in addition to the conventional heat treatment. By nitriding an increase in hardness close to the surface can be achieved which can make bearings more robust against indentation of hard particles. ◼
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Impressum/Imprint
Page range: 172-172
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From and for Practice / Praxis-Informationen
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AWT-Info / HTM 02-2021
Page range: A5-A15
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HTM Praxis
Page range: A16-A26
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About this journal
HTM is a bilingual (German-English) independently assessed and periodical standard publication that provides reports on all aspects of heat treatment and material technology in research and production. By publishing trend-setting contributions to research and practical experience reports, HTM helps in answering scientific questions as well as regarding investment decisions in the industry. All articles are subject to thorough, independent peer review.
HTM is the official organ of AWT – the Association of Heat Treatment and Materials Technology.
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