journal: High Temperature Materials and Processes

Open Access Published since January 1, 1984

High Temperature Materials and Processes

ISSN: 2191-0324

Editor-in-chief: Hiroyuki Fukuyama

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About this journal

Special Issues:

Special Issue on Polymer and Composite Materials (PCM) and Graphene and Novel Nanomaterials (GNN)
Guest Editor: Prof. Osman Adiguzel, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
Submission deadline: 10th of December 2023
Focus on Hot Deformation of Metal and High Entropy Alloys: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
Guest Editors: Dr. Kuldeep Kumar Saxena, Division of Research and Developments, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India,
Dr. Chander Prakash, School of Mechanical Engineering,Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
Dr. Shankar Sehgai, Mechanical Engineering, UIET, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Dr. Ajit Behera, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
Submission deadline: 31^st　of October 2023
Special Issue on Materials and Nanomaterials (M&N) with Cooperation of the Sciknowledge Team
Guest Editors: Prof. Ilaria Cacciotti, Engineering Department, University of Rome “Niccolò Cusano”, Italy
Prof. Mario Monzón Verona, Mechanical Engineering Department University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Submission deadline: 30st of November 2022

Topical Issues:

High-temperature Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage
Guest Editors:
Assoc. Prof. Takahiro Nomura, Center for Advanced Research of Energy & Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan
Assoc. Prof. Kenta Yamanaka, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Japan
Submission deadline: 30st of November 2022
Science and Technology of Solar Energy
Guest Editors:
Dr. Yoshitaro Nose, Kyoto University, Japan
Dr. Issei Suzuki, Tohoku University, Japan
Submission deadline: 1st of July 2022
Nuclear Energy Application Materials
Guest Editors:
Prof. Yoshinao Kobayashi, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Dr. Hidemasa Yamano, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan
Submission deadline: 1st of July 2022

Objective

High Temperature Materials and Processes (HTMP) offers an international publication forum for new ideas, insights, and results related to high-temperature materials and processes in science and technology. The journal publishes original research papers, short communications, reviews articles, Topical and Special Issues papers of high-temperature materials and processes.

Get easy access to the whole content of High Temperature Materials and Processes with only one click! All most cited and most downloaded articles of HTMP at your fingertips!

Table of contents 2020 & 2021

The Editorial Office of HTMP puts emphasis on the multi-disciplinary nature of high-temperature materials and processes for various materials in a variety of states. Subject areas suitable for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

High-temperature applications and behavior of metals and alloys, intermetallic compounds, oxide ceramics, and non-oxide ceramics such as nitrides, carbides, borides, and graphite,
Polymers, glasses, glassy metals, composite materials,
Oxidation and environmental attack,
High-temperature corrosion,
Design with high-temperature materials,
Processes for achieving high temperature,
Processing of materials involving lasers, plasma, and arc sources,
Materials and processes involved in using solar energy,
Materials in nuclear energy applications,
Thermochemistry,
Kinetics of reactions,
Liquid metal processing,
Rapid solidification processes.

For the information on Article Processing Charges please go to the Supplementary Materials section below and view "Article Processing Charges" document (in PDF).

Detailed information on Editorial Policy, Publication Ethics, Instructions for Authors, etc. can be found below in the Supplementary Materials section.

Past Special Issues:

Special Issue on the FUTURE MATERIALS 2020, Materials Science & Nanotechnology Conference - February 26-28 2020, Lisbon, Portugal
The honored speakers of the meeting are Prof. Ada E. Yonath (Nobel Laureate 2009) and Prof. Michael Kosterlitz (Nobel Laureate 2016).
Guest Editors:
Leonard Deepak Francis, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Portugal
Begoña Espiña, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Portugal
All participants of the 2019 AlChE Annual Meeting in Orlando, FL are welcome to submit their manuscripts in this journal on special conditions. For details, please visit this website.

Journal Partners:

Partnership with Chinese Geosynthetic Conference and International Symposium on Civil Engineering and Geosynthetic (ISCEG) that will be held on Chengdu (China) on 23-27 September 2020.

Your Benefits

From volume 2019, High Temperature Materials and Processes has become an open access journal. Publication costs are covered by so-called Article Processing Charges (APC), paid by authors' affiliated institutions, funders or sponsors. All manuscripts published since 2019 are subject to APC.

Your Benefits

All published articles are made freely and permanently accessible online.
Authors benefit from fair and constructive peer review, language-correction services, and extensive promotion of each published article.
The journal uses a continuous publication model - accepted manuscripts are published quickly after the acceptance.
Authors retain the copyright of articles published in the journal, there is no embargo period on self-archiving.
The journal is archived in Portico to ensure long-term monitoring, archiving, and management of the electronic publications stored on its servers.

History

Previously published by Freund Publishing House Ltd.

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Volume 42 Issue 1

January 2023

Research Articles

Open Access January 10, 2023

First-principles investigation of phase stability and elastic properties of Laves phase TaCr₂ by ruthenium alloying

Shishi Wei, Xuan Xiao, Kai Zhou, Jing Yao, Dezhi Chen

Article number: 20220255

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Abstract

Based on the first-principles method of density functional theory, the microscopic mechanism of the effect of addition of alloying element Ru content on the stability and elastic properties of Laves phase TaCr 2 was investigated by parameters such as formation enthalpy, electronic structure, and elastic constants. The addition of Ru atoms tends to preferentially occupy the lattice sites of Cr. With the increase in the Ru content, the alloying ability of Ta 8 Cr 16− n Ru n ( n = 0–6) becomes progressively weaker, the stability gradually decreases, whereas the Poisson’s ratio grows. The bonding peak appears to drop and widen, weakening the bonding strength of Ta–Cr atoms, rendering the shear deformation to be performed easily, thereby improving toughness. When the Ru content rises to 20.83 at%, the bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of the alloy attain the maximum value, the brittleness diminishes to the most extent, the resistance to elastic deformation is the strongest, as well at the optimum fracture toughness.

Open Access January 16, 2023

Improvement and prediction on high temperature melting characteristics of coal ash

Yifan Chai, Xing Gao, Yanfeng Liang, Junjie Wang, Wenxian Hu, Yici Wang

Article number: 20220039

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Abstract

In order to improve the high temperature melting characteristics of bituminous coal with low ash melting point, three kinds of anthracites were used to improve the ash melting characteristics of blended coal to meet the requirement of blast furnace injection. The complete melting temperature of pulverized coal ash had been calculated by using FactSage thermodynamic calculation software. The results showed that after adding different proportions of anthracite with high ash melting point, the deformation temperature, softening temperature, hemispherical temperature, and flow temperature of the blended coal increased. After adding different proportions of Yang Quan anthracite, compared to Bu Lian Ta bituminous coal, the ash melting point of blended coal increased by 98, 136, 149, and 170 K, respectively. The relationship between the ash melting point of pulverized coal and the calculated value of ash complete melting temperature was obtained as: T ST = 0.7098 T C + 257.98.

Open Access January 20, 2023

First-principles calculations to investigate the thermal response of the ZrC_(1−x)N_x ceramics at extreme conditions

Hassan Alipour, Ali Hamedani, Ghasem Alahyarizadeh

Article number: 20220241

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Abstract

We present the thermodynamic properties of ZrC (1− x ) N x ceramics at elevated temperature (0–1,000 K) and pressure (0–150 GPa) conditions, explored by density functional theory. We implemented the Debye–Grüneisen quasi-harmonic model in our calculations. In our investigation, we cover elastic constants, elastic moduli, compressibility, ductility/brittleness, hardness, sound velocities, minimum thermal conductivity, melting temperature, anisotropy indices, isothermal bulk modulus, heat capacities, entropy, Debye temperature, Grüneisen parameter, thermal expansion coefficient, and thermal pressure. We address the effect of the structural anisotropy and bonding nature of ZrC (1− x ) N x compounds on their thermal response to extreme conditions. Considering ZrC (1− x ) N x with the x in the range of 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, ZrC 0.50 N 0.50 stands out in the response to the applied conditions. At higher temperatures, the thermal expansion of the ZrC 0.50 N 0.50 shows a smaller increase, which makes it a favorable candidate for coating material in cutting tools against commonly used ZrN and ZrC ceramics. Similar behavior is observed for the heat capacity by increasing pressure at higher temperatures, where a smaller reduction is observed. It could be interpreted as a more stable response regarding the application-specific design conditions.

Open Access January 25, 2023

Study on the cladding path during the solidification process of multi-layer cladding of large steel ingots

Li Yi-hong, Niu Jin-yu, Zhao Yu-kun, He Yi-bo, Ren Zhi-feng, Chen Hui-qin

Article number: 20220267

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Abstract

Aiming at the quality problems such as segregation, porosity and shrinkage cavities that are difficult to eliminate due to the size effect of large die-cast steel ingots as large forging blanks, the idea of layered casting of large steel ingots is proposed. The transient heat transfer process and cladding path of the ingot core and cladding layer under different molten steel casting temperatures, different ingot core diameters and different ingot core preheating temperatures were studied by combining numerical simulation and thermal experiments. The research results show that the cladding path has a certain functional relationship with the diameter of the ingot core and the preheating temperature of the ingot core. Obviously, the interfacial melting rate can be significantly improved. The thermal scaling experiment was carried out on the cladding path under the condition of a casting temperature of 1,560°C and no preheating of the ingot core. The microhardness of the interface is higher than that of the clad steel ingot, and the metallurgical bond of the interface is good.

Open Access January 25, 2023

Thermodynamic analysis of vanadium distribution behavior in blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces

Yang He, Chunlin Chen, Xiaodong Yang

Article number: 20220259

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Abstract

Production data from a vanadium (V)-containing titaniferous magnetite (VTM) smelting blast furnace (BF) ironmaking plant and a V-recovering basic oxygen furnace (BOF) shop were collected over a period of 1 year. The corresponding thermodynamics was analyzed in terms of V reduction in the BF operation and V oxidation in the BOF operation. The thermodynamic calculations were performed using the software Multi-Phase Equilibrium (MPE), in which generalized central atom model was introduced into the description of molten slag and applied for the slag database. The effects of operating conditions on V distribution ratios between slag and hot metal/semi-steel were analyzed and compared with the plant data. The simulated results could reproduce the variation of V distribution ratios with slag temperature and composition and provide the guidance for operators to control V distribution behavior for the better process operation.

Open Access January 30, 2023

Comparison of data-driven prediction methods for comprehensive coke ratio of blast furnace

Xiuyun Zhai, Mingtong Chen

Article number: 20220261

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Abstract

The emission of blast furnace (BF) exhaust gas has been criticized by society. It is momentous to quickly predict the comprehensive coke ratio (CCR) of BF, because CCR is one of the important indicators for evaluating gas emissions, energy consumption, and production stability, and also affects composite economic benefits. In this article, 13 data-driven prediction techniques, including six conventional and seven ensemble methods, are applied to predict CCR. The result of ten-fold cross-validation indicates that multiple linear regression (MLR) and support vector regression (SVR) based on radial basis function are superior to the other methods. The mean absolute error, the root mean square error, and the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) of the MLR model are 1.079 kg·t −1 , 1.668, and 0.973, respectively. The three indicators of the SVR model are 1.158 kg·t −1 , 1.878, and 0.975, respectively. Furthermore, AdaBoost based on linear regression has also strong prediction ability and generalization performance. The three methods have important significances both in theory and in practice for predicting CCR. Moreover, the models constructed here can provide valuable hints into realizing data-driven control of the BF process.

Open Access January 28, 2023

Effect of different isothermal times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength rebar

Tianyou Wang, Zhiying Li, Jie Wang, Changrong Li, Zeyun Zeng, Fulong Wei

Article number: 20220266

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Abstract

High-strength rebar plays a supporting role in large engineering structures due to its excellent performance. In this study, the effect of different isothermal time treatments (30, 60, 100, and 200 s) at 650°C on the microstructure transformation and mechanical properties of rebars was investigated. The hot-rolling process was simulated by Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator. The microstructure, precipitates, and mechanical properties of high-strength rebar were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and a universal tensile test machine. Results show that when the isothermal time increased from 30 to 200 s, the ferrite grain size decreased from 10.632 to 8.326 μm, and the pearlite lamellar spacing was refined from 0.230 to 0.142 μm. The TEM confirmed that when the isothermal time increased from 30 to 200 s, the nanoscale (Nb, V, and Ti) C precipitates were uniformly distributed in the ferrite matrix and grain boundary, and the size of precipitates decreased from 34.014 to 29.916 nm; thus, the tensile strength increased from 752.477 to 780.713 MPa, and the yield strength increased from 574.714 to 621.434 MPa.

Open Access January 30, 2023

Analysis of the evolution law of oxide inclusions in U75V heavy rail steel during the LF–RH refining process

Hongbo Liu, Rongyuan Xie, Min Li, Caidong Zhang, Hongyong Yao, Zhiqiang Tian, Haibin Yang, Zhanli Liu, Qiang Wang, Ju Kang

Article number: 20220257

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Abstract

The number density, size and composition of inclusions in U75V heavy rail steel during ladle furnace (LF)–RH refining process were studied by an Aztec-Feature inclusion automatic software which equipped with a field emission microscope. The results showed that the MnO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 -type inclusions were the main inclusions at LF start. The MnO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 -type inclusions were transformed into the CaO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 -type inclusions during the LF refining process because of the Ca and Al elements which were brought by ferroalloy. At the RH start stage, the main inclusions were CaO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 -type inclusions with low melting temperature and CaO–MgO–Al 2 O 3 -type inclusions with high melting temperature in the sample. And, the CaO–MgO–Al 2 O 3 -type inclusions were obviously removed during RH vacuum treatment. The average compositions of CaO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 -type inclusions had no obvious change from RH vacuum holding for 15 min, RH vacuum break to RH soft blowing.

Open Access February 2, 2023

Simultaneous extraction of uranium and niobium from a low-grade natural betafite ore

Zihu Lv, Dengkui Zhao, Qiliang Sun, Changmiao Liu, Hongwei Cheng, Fei Yang, Bo Zhang

Article number: 20220260

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Abstract

This work efficiently investigated the simultaneous extraction of uranium (U) and niobium (Nb) from a low-grade natural betafite ore by using novel technique, namely, sulfatizing roasting coupled to sulfuric acid leaching process. First, the sulfatizing roasting was adopted to alert the properties of the raw ore, aiming to destroy the crystal structure of the ores and convert the valuable elements to soluble sulfate compounds. Moreover, the influences of the parameters affecting the sulfatizing roasting including roasting temperature, amount of sulfuric acid, and roasting time were studied. The results indicated that the extraction of U and Nb from the ores with sulfatizing roasting was an order of magnitude higher than the extraction of U and Nb from the ores without roasting under the same test conditions. Then, the effects of amount of sulfuric acid concentration, liquid–solid ratio, leaching temperature, and leaching time on U and Nb recoveries were systematically investigated. To verify the process parameters of extracting U and Nb for the novel technique, three validating tests were conducted, and the results showed that over 95% of U and 85% of Nb were leached out under the optimal conditions. The novel technique was proven as advantageous since it conspicuously improved the leaching rates of U and Nb and promoted the refractory natural betafite ores to become an economic source for uranium.

Open Access February 3, 2023

Transfer and transformation mechanism of chromium in stainless steel slag in pedosphere

Shuang Cai, Liguang Wang, Yuzhu Zhang, Tao Li, Tielie Tian, Tianji Liu

Article number: 20220252

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Abstract

The trivalent chromium (Cr) leached from stainless steel slag can be oxidized into hexavalent Cr with strong toxicity in the natural storage process, thus causing severe pollution to the surrounding soil, water, and atmosphere. Currently, the toxicity hazards caused by high Cr concentrations in plants, animals, and humans have attracted widespread attention from across the world. In this study, an overview is presented regarding the occurrence mode, leaching mechanism, and influencing factors for the presence of Cr in the soil of stainless steel slag under natural landfilling conditions. Meanwhile, a summary is made for the research progress in Cr absorption, transport, and accumulation in the soil–plant system. Besides, allowing for the toxicity and detrimental effect of Cr( vi ) in the soil as well as the application of biological and chemical methods for the remediation of Cr( vi )-contaminated soil, a review is conducted on the approach to recycling Cr from stainless steel slag and the application of chemical remediation and biological methods to remedy Cr-containing soil. Finally, a discussion is conducted about the transfer and transformation behavior of Cr in soil–plant system, the practical application of soil remediation technology and the prospect of research in this field.

Open Access February 6, 2023

Effect of tool traverse speed on joint line remnant and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 2195-T8 Al–Li alloy joints

Qingsong Zhang, An Yan, Ke Chen, Fengbo Dong, Hongde Jia, Min Wang

Article number: 20220265

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Abstract

AA2195-T8 Al–Li alloy plates were welded by friction stir welding (FSW) at tool rotational speed of 1,000 rpm and tool traverse speeds (TS) of 100–400 mm·min −1 under three types of butting surface conditions, i.e., (1) without butting surface treatment, (2) butting surface milled, and (3) bead-on-plate welding. The effect of welding heat input and butting surface condition on joint line remnant (JLR) and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 2195-T8 Al–Li alloy was investigated comprehensively. In the stir zone of 2195-T8 FSW joints, there exists JLR composed of alumina-particle arrays and microcracks generated from the initial butting surface, and the morphology of JLR would evolve from smooth to serrate as TS increases. Moreover, as TS increases (i.e., the welding heat input decreases), JLR deteriorates the tensile strength of the 2195-T8 FSW joints, with joints prematurely fracturing along JLR. The fracture mode of 2195-T8 FSW joints was considered to be determined by the lower one between strength of JLR ( S JLR ) and strength of the lowest hardness zone ( S LHZ ), and JLR tends to be the fracture path at lower welding heat input. Furthermore, butting surface treatment (milling off oxide layer prior to welding) was found to be able to make the JLR in the 2195-T8 FSW joints less distinct and thus improve S JLR , while fracture along JLR could not be avoided.

Open Access February 7, 2023

Technology and analysis of 08Cr9W3Co3VNbCuBN steel large diameter thick wall pipe welding process

Feng Wang, Fengshou Zhang, Jiang Ma, Xizhen Ma

Article number: 20220256

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Abstract

In this article, the welding technology of large diameter thick wall 08Cr9W3Co3VNbCuBN (G115) heat-resistant steel pipes for the main steam pipe of a 650°C ultra-supercritical power station boiler has been investigated, and the mechanical properties and microstructure of welded joints at different wall thickness positions have also been analyzed. The results show that the mechanical properties of narrow gap welded joint of 115 mm thick large diameter 08Cr9W3Co3VNbCuBN heat-resistant steel pipe obtained by Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) + shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) + automatic submerged arc welding (SAW) can meet the requirements of relevant standards after tempering at 780°C. The tensile failure of the welded joint occurs in the base metal zone far away from the weld, an obvious necking phenomenon appears at the fracture position, and the welded joint has good tensile properties. No δ ferrite phase was found in the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ). The microstructures of each zone are tempered martensite.

Open Access February 8, 2023

Influence of shielding gas on machining and wear aspects of AISI 310–AISI 2205 dissimilar stainless steel joints

Mahadevan Govindasamy, Lloyd Jenner Mangalakaran Joseph Manuel, Senthilkumar Thamilkolunthu

Article number: 20220262

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Abstract

In this article, the effect of shielding gas combinations on gas tungsten arc-welded dissimilar AISI 310 steel and AISI 2205 steel joints was investigated. Two gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide were substituted in argon shielding gas and its corresponding improvement in the mechanical, microstructural, machining, and wear aspects of the dissimilar AISI 310–AISI 2205 joints was studied. Weld bead studies, tensile, and weld region microhardness were conducted. X-ray diffraction studies revealed joint intermetallics, and microstructural evaluation was conducted. Machining studies were conducted using drilling experiments. Using local analysis and global analysis, the cutting force variations in the feed direction and cutting direction were studied. Wear tests revealed that the variations in traction force, specific wear rate, coefficient of friction and tribo wear mass loss were studied. A considerable improvement in wear characteristics of AISI 310–AISI 2205 joints was observed by substituting CO 2 and N in shielding gas.

Open Access February 10, 2023

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on 6156 aluminum alloy joint formed by electron beam welding

Shaogang Wang, Junke Xu, Yongpeng Wang

Article number: 20220253

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Abstract

The 6156 aluminum alloy is welded by electron beam welding, and different post-weld heat treatments (PWHTs) are carried out on the joints. The microstructure, mechanical property, and corrosion behavior of the welded joint before and after PWHT are investigated, respectively. Results show that the fusion zone is composed of columnar crystal and equiaxed grain in as-welded (AW) condition. There are mainly α-Al matrix phase, and some strengthening phases β″(Mg 2 Si) and Q(Al 4 CuMg 5 Si 4 ) in weld metal. After PWHT, the quantity of strengthening phases in weldment is greatly increased, and their distribution is also improved. The tensile strength of welded joint is 65.8% of that of the base metal (BM) in AW condition. After the heat treatment of HT2, the strength coefficient of joint reaches 85.1%. There are many dimples on the tensile fracture surface, and the joint obviously presents the characteristic of ductile fracture. The electrochemical corrosion performance and resistance to intergranular corrosion of weldment in AW condition are higher than that of the BM. However, they are decreased to a certain extent after PWHT. Compared with that of the AW joint, the resistance to intergranular corrosion is slightly decreased after PWHT, and that of the HT2 joint is the best among them.

Open Access February 13, 2023

Ash melting behavior and mechanism of high-calcium bituminous coal in the process of blast furnace pulverized coal injection

Yifan Chai, Wenxian Hu, Guoping Luo, Xing Gao, Junjie Wang, Jinzhou Liu

Article number: 20220044

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Abstract

High-calcium bituminous coal has the advantages on combustibility, but its ash melting point is low, and it is easy to slag in blast furnace injection process. In order to explore the ash melting slag formation mechanism of high-calcium bituminous coal, the mineral evolution of ash in the combustion process of high-calcium bituminous coal and the influence of ash components on the liquid formation in the melting process were studied. The results showed that the melting behavior of ash gradually occurs with the change in the morphology, and the main mineral transformation is carried out around different deposition forms of Ca and Si. The liquid phase formation of ash at high temperature is the essential reason of its melting behavior. The higher the content of CaO, the higher the starting temperature of the liquid phase formation. The higher the content of SiO 2 , the lower the starting temperature of the liquid phase formation, and the more the liquid phases generated at a given temperature. Increasing the content of Al 2 O 3 can expand the temperature range of reducing the formation of ash liquid phase to 1,473–1,673 K. When the temperature is above 1,573 K, Fe 2 O 3 can promote ash liquid phase formation.

Open Access February 13, 2023

Effect of high temperature tempering on the phase composition and structure of steelmaking slag

Shuai Hao, Guo-ping Luo, Yin-sheng Chen, Yi-fan Chai, Sheng-li An, Wei Song

Article number: 20220264

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Abstract

Blast furnace slag and steelmaking slag, as the main accessory products of iron and steel smelting, are piled up in large quantities due to their huge output, high treatment difficulty and low comprehensive utilization rate, which has a serious impact on the land and environment. In order to improve the comprehensive utilization of steelmaking slag, low basicity blast furnace slag was added to the existing steel slag for quenching and tempering. The influence of basicity on the chemical composition and phase precipitation of mixed slag was analyzed. In the research process, the phase composition and morphology of blast furnace slag and steel slag of Baotou Steel were analyzed using FactSage7.1 thermodynamic calculation software, ZEISS high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM), modern fast high-resolution Bruker energy dispersive spectrometer and AMICS-Mining automatic mineral analysis software. The results show that the mineral phase composition of blast furnace slag is mainly calcium aluminum yellow feldspar and that of steelmaking slag is mainly dicalcium silicate(C 2 S), magnesium-iron phase solid solution, rose pyroxene and calcium iron aluminate. When the basicity of the mixed slag is 2.0, it can effectively inhibit the formation of non-cementitious mineral anorthite and promote the formation of better cementitious mineral C 2 S. At the same time, it is found that the melting temperature of mixed slag decreases with the increase in Al 2 O 3 content.

Open Access February 15, 2023

Numerical simulation of shrinkage porosity defect in billet continuous casting

Xingjuan Wang, Yinxing Guo, Pengcheng Xiao, Zengxun Liu, Liguang Zhu

Article number: 20220246

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Abstract

Shrinkage porosity is a typical internal defect in the continuous casting billet, which occurs frequently and is difficult to solve. To explore the influence factors of central shrinkage porosity, a novel unsteady thermomechanical coupling analysis algorithm is developed based on the billet solidification characteristics, and the central shrinkage behavior during the ending solidification process is simulated. Results show that when the casting speed increases from 1.6 to 2.8 m·min −1 and the center outward displacement is reduced from 9.20 × 10 −2 mm to 5.8 × 10 −2 mm, it means casting speed has a significant effect on the formation of shrinkage porosity, and for this caster, the higher casting speed is more suitable for the secondary cooling zone. Without the changes in the solidification structure, when the superheat degree of molten steel increases from 10 to 40°C, the center outward displacement value decreases from 7.12 × 10 −2 mm to 6.91 × 10 −2 mm. In that case, the superheat degree has no obvious effect on the center displacement value.

Open Access February 15, 2023

Influence of submerged entry nozzle on funnel mold surface velocity

Limin Zhang, Liguang Zhu, Caijun Zhang, Pengcheng Xiao, Xingjuan Wang

Article number: 20220247

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Abstract

In this article, physical and numerical simulation of the flow field in flexible thin slab caster funnel mold at high casting speed is carried out with a five-hole submerged entry nozzle (FHSEN), and characteristics of the flow field on funnel mold liquid level under different casting speeds (4, 5, and 6 m·min −1 ) and different submerged depths (130, 160, and 190 mm) are studied by comparing with the new submerged entry nozzle (NSEN) designed. Physical simulation is based on the funnel mold prototype. Numerical simulation is carried out based on FLUENT software, and industrial experiments of two kinds of submerged entry nozzle are also carried out. The results show that in the case of both physical and numerical simulation, the maximum surface velocity of the FHSEN funnel mold is 0.58 m·s −1 , and the funnel mold liquid level is prone to slag entrapment. The NSEN funnel mold’ maximum surface velocity is 0.37 m·s −1 . Compared with the FHSEN, the NSEN funnel mold’ maximum surface velocity decreases by 0.21 m·s −1 , and funnel mold surface velocity decreases significantly. Finally, the accuracy of simulation results is verified by industrial tests, and it is also show that NSEN can greatly reduce funnel mold surface velocity and probability of slag entrapment.

Open Access February 15, 2023

Effect of cold-rolling deformation and rare earth yttrium on microstructure and texture of oriented silicon steel

Zhihong Guo, Pengjun Liu, Yaxu Zheng, Liguang Zhu, Yuanxiang Zhang, Huilan Sun, Xiangyang Li, Yu Liu, Ruifang Cao

Article number: 20220258

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Abstract

In order to study the effect of cold-rolling deformation and rare earth Y on the microstructure and texture of 3.0% Si-oriented silicon steel, the microstructure and texture of cold-rolled oriented silicon steel with 60, 72, and 86% deformation are analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction and image analysis software. The experimental results show that the deformation band becomes narrower and the distribution of shear bands becomes denser with increasing cold-rolling deformation. Compared to the Y-free steel, cold-rolled sheet containing rare earth Y has greater shear bands. The pinning effect of rare earth Y hinders the dislocation movement, which leads to the increase of kernel average misorientation value and shear bands. With the increase of cold-rolling deformation, the texture concentrates on α and λ. This is mainly due to the change from {100} 〈001〉 to {001} 〈110〉, intensifying λ texture, and the change from {111} 〈112〉 to {111} 〈110〉, thus strengthening the α texture. The texture strength of cold-rolled sheets can be decreased by rare earth Y. But the γ texture strength in cold-rolled sheets containing Y is significantly higher than in those without Y. The γ texture strength can reach up to 7.3, and the strong points are mainly {111} 〈112〉. This is because the number of inclusions in steel increases with the addition of rare earth Y. In the process of grain nucleation, the {111} oriented grains nucleate heterogeneously on the inclusions. It forms a large number of {111} oriented grains and improves the γ texture strength.

Open Access February 27, 2023

Investigation of microstructure, machinability, and mechanical properties of new-generation hybrid lead-free brass alloys

Özbey Semih, Artir Recep

Article number: 20220263

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Abstract

In this study, hybrid alloys were obtained by casting method with alloy elements and additive such as Si and MoS 2 , which can be used instead of lead, and compared with Ecobrass and free cutting brass samples used in the market in terms of microstructure, mechanical, and machinability properties. The microstructures of lead-free hybridized brass consists of alpha, beta, and intermetallic compound which were confirmed by the results of X-Ray Diffraction analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. The hardness values of the beta phase in the microstructure are between 180 and 220 Vickers hardness. It has been observed that increasing the amount of beta prime phase also increases the hardness. The machinability of samples was evaluated in terms of surface roughness and chip formation. Chips obtained from samples after machining process were categorized according to ISO 6385-G1 standard. Chip morphologies were examined under optic microscope and scanning electron microscope. The surface roughness value of samples with MoS 2 additives was found to be the lowest due to its lubricity effect. Moreover, morphologies, distribution of phases, and intermetallic compounds in the microstructure are found to have a great impact on the machinability and ultimate tensile strength.

Open Access March 6, 2023

Soft sensor method of multimode BOF steelmaking endpoint carbon content and temperature based on vMF-WSAE dynamic deep learning

Lu Yang, Hui Liu, Fugang Chen

Article number: 20220270

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Abstract

The difficulty of endpoint determination in basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking lies in achieving accurate real-time measurements of carbon content and temperature. For the characteristics of serious nonlinearity between process data, deep learning can perform excellent nonlinear feature representation for complex structural data. However, there is a process drift phenomenon in BOF steelmaking, and the existing deep learning-based soft sensor models cannot adapt to changes in the characteristics of samples, which may lead to their performance degradation. To deal with this problem, considering the characteristics of multimode distribution of process data, an adaptive updating deep learning model based on von-Mises Fisher (vMF) mixture model and weighted stacked autoencoder is proposed. First, the stacked autoencoder (SAE) and vMF mixture model are constructed for complex structural data, which can initially establish nonlinear mapping relationships and division of different distributions. Second, for each query sample, the basic SAE network will perform online adaptive fine-tuning according to its data with the same distribution to achieve dynamic updating. Moreover, each sample is assigned a weight according to its similarity with the query sample. Through the designed weighted loss function, the updated deep network will better match the working conditions of the query sample. Experimental studies with numerical examples and actual BOF steelmaking process data are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Open Access March 23, 2023

Mechanical properties and nugget evolution in resistance spot welding of Zn–Al–Mg galvanized DC51D steel

Linlin Zhao, Yue Lu, Ziliu Xiong, Li Sun, Jianjun Qi, Xinjian Yuan, Jian Peng

Article number: 20220243

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Abstract

Zn–Al–Mg coating galvanized steel in resistance spot welded (RSW) in different configurations of DC51D was investigated to illustrate the nugget evolution process and mechanical properties of the joints. Results show that the microstructure of welded joints can be divided into nugget zone (FZ), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base metal zone (BM). FZ was composed of lath martensite. The average hardness value of the weld joint was 110 HV 0.2 while the FZ was up to 300 HV 0.2 due to the formation of lath martensite. The failure modes can be divided into interface fracture (IF) and pull-out fracture occurred (PF) under different welding parameters, in which shear dimples showed had a typical plastic fracture morphology. The best range for welding parameters was found to be 12–18 cycles in which the nugget diameter reached 5.5 mm. The process of nugget evolution in HAZ and FZ was discussed.

Open Access April 3, 2023

Research on the behaviour and mechanism of void welding based on multiple scales

Ruxing Shi, Xingsheng Yu, Huiqin Chen, Yongxing Jiao, Juan Chen, Fei Chen, Sizhe He

Article number: 20220271

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Abstract

As the core foundation of major national equipment, large forgings have a great influence on the national economic construction, the development of national defence equipment and the development of modern cutting-edge science and technology. In the production of large forgings, welding the internal void of forgings is a technical problem that directly affects the quality of large forgings. In view of the phenomenon of void welding in large forgings, the behaviour and mechanism of void welding were deeply studied based on the stretching test and molecular dynamics simulation, combined with a lot of theoretical analysis. The results show that multi-pass stretching deformation is a kind of plastic deformation process which can eliminate void defects. When the forging ratio reaches 2.2, the void can be welded completely and the tensile strength can be restored to the level of the matrix. With the increase of compression deformation, the stress will increase sharply, especially at the grain boundary. In addition, the main void welding mechanism of 30Cr 2 Ni 4 MoV steel is the recrystallization and grain growth mechanism. Recrystallization and grain growth are of great significance for promoting the reduction of void volume and realizing metallurgical bonding of the interface.

Open Access April 13, 2023

Preparation of CaO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃ inorganic fibers from melting-separated red mud

Peipei Du, Yuzhu Zhang, Yue Long, Lei Xing

Article number: 20220272

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Abstract

To investigate the feasibility of preparing CaO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 inorganic fibers with melting-separated red mud, the properties of the melting-separated red mud were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and differential thermal-thermogravimetric analyses. The composition of the melting-separated red mud satisfied the requirements for the composition of inorganic fibers. During the melting of the melting-separated red mud, tetrahedral skeleton fracture reactions occurred at 1,234°C, anionic group reverse binding occurred at 1,250°C, and there was no other obvious reaction peak during the whole melting process, which lasted for 51 min. The minimum suitable fiber forming temperature of the melting-separated red mud melt was 1,433°C, which was 83°C greater than its crystallization temperature, 1,350°C. Within this temperature range, the activation energy of particle movement in the melt was 1008.65 kJ·mol −1 , and the melt exhibited good fluidity. Considering the temperature distribution corresponding to the melting properties of the melting-separated red mud, CaO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 inorganic fibers could be prepared when the melting-separated red mud was subjected to component reconstruction by increasing the silicon content, reducing the aluminum content, and adding a moderate amount of calcium. Quartz sand and light burnt dolomite were used as modifying agents and inorganic fibers were prepared under laboratory conditions. The fibers prepared from the modified melting-separated red mud by adding different amounts of melting-separated red mud had smooth surfaces and were arranged in a crossed manner at the macroscopic level. Their color was grayish-white, and small quantities of slag balls were doped inside the fibers. With an increase in the amount of melting-separated red mud from 50 to 100%, the average fiber diameter increased from 5.5 to 8.0 μm, and their slag ball content increased from 2.9 to 6.0%. Overall, under laboratory conditions, when the amount of melting-separated red mud added was 50%, dolomite was 22.5% and quartz sand was 27.5%, the performance of the fiber was the best.

Open Access May 19, 2023

Study on diffusion kinetics of chromium and nickel electrochemical co-deposition in a NaCl–KCl–NaF–Cr₂O₃–NiO molten salt

Shixian Zhang, Kai Hu, Xiaoping Zhao, Jinglong Liang, Yungang Li

Article number: 20220276

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Abstract

The process of preparing surface composite by molten salt co-deposition is the result of the mass transfer of active particles in molten salt, electrochemical reduction, and solid diffusion. In this study, we prepared Cr–Ni alloy/low-carbon steel surface composites in NaCl, KCl, NaF, Cr 2 O 3 , and NiO melt salt system successfully, and analyzed the entire diffusion dynamics process, aiming to find out the limiting links and provide ideas for further improving the preparation efficiency. The results show that chromium and nickel ions are simultaneously reduced on the cathode surface through two and one steps, respectively. And an alloy layer with Fe content of 64.52 wt%, Ni content of 28.96 wt%, and Cr content of 6.52 wt% is formed on the surface of low-carbon steel substrate. The average diffusion coefficients of chromium and nickel atoms in the surface composites are 1.16 × 10 −14 and 1.44 × 10 −14 m 2 ·s −1 . The mass transfer process in molten salt is the limiting link in the whole preparation process.

Open Access May 25, 2023

Enhancing the efficiency of polytetrafluoroethylene-modified silica hydrosols coated solar panels by using artificial neural network and response surface methodology

Kirthika Ramasamy, Chandrasekar Murugesan, Senthilkumar Thamilkolunthu

Article number: 20220273

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Abstract

In this article, an attempt was made to improve the efficiency of coated solar panels by using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and response surface methodology (RSM). Using the spray coating technique, the glass surface of the photovoltaic solar panel was coated with silicon dioxide nanoparticles incorporated with polytetrafluoroethylene-modified silica sols. Multilayer perceptron with feed-forward back-propagation algorithm was used to develop ANN models for improving the efficiency of the coated solar panels. Out of the 200 sets of data collected, 75% were used for training and 25% were used for testing. On evaluating the models using performance indicators, a four-input technological parameter model (silicon dioxide nanoparticle quantity, coating thickness, surface temperature and solar insolation) with eight neurons in a single hidden layer combination was observed to be the best. The prediction accuracy indicator values of the ANN model were 0.9612 for the coefficient of determination, 0.1971 for the mean absolute percentage error, 0.2317 for the relative root mean square error and 0.00741 for the mean bias error. Using a central composite design model, empirical relationships were developed between input and output responses. The significance of the developed model was ascertained by using analysis of variance, up to a 95% confidence level. For optimization, the RSM was used, and a high efficiency of 17.1% was predicted for the coated solar panel with optimized factors; it was validated to a very high level of predictability. Using interaction and perturbation plots, a ranking of the parameters was done.

Topical Issue on High-temperature Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage

Open Access February 6, 2023

Compositional and thermophysical study of Al–Si- and Zn–Al–Mg-based eutectic alloys for latent heat storage

Yusuke Kageyama, Kazuki Morita

Article number: 20220269

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Abstract

In this study, the eutectic temperature and latent heat of Al–Si- and Zn–Al–Mg-based eutectic alloys were determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry measurements in order to identify eutectic alloys for latent heat storage in the eutectic temperature ranges of 450–550 and 300–350°C. First, the eutectic compositions of the Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Zn and Zn–Al–Mg–Sn alloys were identified using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and DTA in two steps. In the second step, metallographic analysis was repeated until a uniform eutectic microstructure was obtained. Thermophysical analysis revealed that the eutectic temperatures of several types of Al–Si- and Zn–Al–Mg-based eutectic alloys were within the targeted temperature ranges with relatively high latent heat. These results confirmed that Al–Si- and Zn–Al–Mg-based eutectic alloys have suitable properties as phase change materials for use in the 300–350 and 450–550°C temperature ranges.

Topical Issue on Nuclear Energy Application Materials

Open Access April 27, 2023

Dry synthesis of brannerite (UTi₂O₆) by mechanochemical treatment

Daisuke Akiyama, Tomoki Mishima, Yoshihiro Okamoto, Akira Kirishima

Article number: 20220268

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Abstract

A powder mixture of UO 2 and TiO 2 was mechanochemically treated in a planetary ball mill under Ar atmosphere for 1 h using a tungsten carbide vial and balls as the milling medium. Such mechanochemical (MC) treatment reduced the crystallinity of UO 2 and TiO 2 . The mechanochemically treated powder mixture was heated at 700–1,300°C for 6 h under Ar atmosphere and analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis. For comparison, a UO 2 and TiO 2 mixture without MC treatment was heated and analyzed under the same conditions. UTi 2 O 6 did not form below 1,100°C without MC treatment and only the starting materials were observed. At 1,200 and 1,300°C, a small amount of UTi 2 O 6 and equal amounts of UTi 2 O 6 and UO 2 were formed, respectively. The mechanochemically treated sample produced nearly pure UTi 2 O 6 containing small amounts of UO 2 impurities when heated above 900°C for 6 h. UTi 2 O 6 was highly crystalline and uniform regardless of the synthesis temperature. It is suggested that the crystallinity of UO 2 and TiO 2 was reduced and the formation of UTi 2 O 6 was promoted by MC treatment.

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Editorial

Editor-in-Chief
Hiroyuki Fukuyama, Tohoku Univeristy, Japan

Associate Editors
Hiroyuki Shibata, Tohoku Univeristy, Japan
Yutaka Sato, Tohoku Univeristy, Japan

Editorial Advisory Board
Yoshio Waseda, Tohoku Univeristy, Japan
Hans -J. Fecht, Ulm University, Germany
Ramana G. Reddy, The university of Alabama, USA
Michel Baron, Campus Jarlard-Route de Teillet, France
Wei Gao, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Andreas Glaeser, University of California, USA
Zbigniew Grzesik, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Jeff Th.M. de Hosson, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Thomas Jacob Kallarackel, Indian Institute of Science, India
Georges Kipouros, Dalhousie Univeristy, Canada
Indranil Manna, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Toru Okabe, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Oleg Ostrovski, The University of New South Wales, Australia
Koulis Pericleous, University of Greenwich, UK
Venu Reddy, Sagi Ramakrishnam Raju Engineering College, India
Seshadri Seetharaman, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Boris Straumal, Russian Academy of Science, Russia
Shigeru Suzuki, Tohoku University, Japan
Toshihiro Tanaka, Osaka Univeristy, Japan
Peter Terzieff, University of Vienna, Austria
Satoshi Uda, Tohoku University, Japan
Knut W. Urban, Forschungsentrum Julich GmbH, Germany
Kunihiko Nakashima, Kyushu University, Japan
Tohru Sekino, Osaka Univeristy, Japan

Editors
Uceu Suhuddin, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, German
Ke Chen, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,China
Che-Wei, Tsai National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
Murshid Imam, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, India
Sun-Joong, Kim Chosun university, Korea
Anrin Bhattacharyya, Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria
Björn Glaser, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Wanlin Wang, Central South University, China
Jin-ichiro Nakano, National Energy Technology Laboratory, USA
Kinnor Chattopadhyay, University of Toronto, Canada
Shigeru Ueda, Tohoku University, Japan
Noritaka Saito, Kyushu University, Japan
Tudor Braniste, National Center for Materials Study and Testing, at the Technical University of Moldova, Moldova
João Pedro Oliveira, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal
Guo Chen, Yunnan Minzu University, China
Jacek Tomków, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
Chander Prakash, School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
Issei Suzuki, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Japan
Kuldeep Kr. Saxena, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar, India
Vijayanandh Raja, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
Shanmugasundaram Thangaraju, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering. Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT) Pune-421005. India
Sunir Kumar Tripathy, R&D, Tata Steel Ltd, Jamshedpur, India

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(Deutsch)

Type: Journal
Language: English
Publisher: De Gruyter
First published: January 1, 1984
Publication Frequency: 1 Issue per Year
Audience: researchers, technicians, and any practitioners interested in journal’s field of interest

High Temperature Materials and Processes

First-principles investigation of phase stability and elastic properties of Laves phase TaCr2 by ruthenium alloying

Abstract

Improvement and prediction on high temperature melting characteristics of coal ash

Abstract

First-principles calculations to investigate the thermal response of the ZrC(1−x)Nx ceramics at extreme conditions

Abstract

Study on the cladding path during the solidification process of multi-layer cladding of large steel ingots

Abstract

Thermodynamic analysis of vanadium distribution behavior in blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces

Abstract

Comparison of data-driven prediction methods for comprehensive coke ratio of blast furnace

Abstract

Effect of different isothermal times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength rebar

Abstract

Analysis of the evolution law of oxide inclusions in U75V heavy rail steel during the LF–RH refining process

Abstract

Simultaneous extraction of uranium and niobium from a low-grade natural betafite ore

Abstract

Transfer and transformation mechanism of chromium in stainless steel slag in pedosphere

Abstract

Effect of tool traverse speed on joint line remnant and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 2195-T8 Al–Li alloy joints

Abstract

Technology and analysis of 08Cr9W3Co3VNbCuBN steel large diameter thick wall pipe welding process

Abstract

Influence of shielding gas on machining and wear aspects of AISI 310–AISI 2205 dissimilar stainless steel joints

Abstract

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on 6156 aluminum alloy joint formed by electron beam welding

Abstract

Ash melting behavior and mechanism of high-calcium bituminous coal in the process of blast furnace pulverized coal injection

Abstract

Effect of high temperature tempering on the phase composition and structure of steelmaking slag

Abstract

Numerical simulation of shrinkage porosity defect in billet continuous casting

Abstract

Influence of submerged entry nozzle on funnel mold surface velocity

Abstract

Effect of cold-rolling deformation and rare earth yttrium on microstructure and texture of oriented silicon steel

Abstract

Investigation of microstructure, machinability, and mechanical properties of new-generation hybrid lead-free brass alloys

Abstract

Soft sensor method of multimode BOF steelmaking endpoint carbon content and temperature based on vMF-WSAE dynamic deep learning

Abstract

Mechanical properties and nugget evolution in resistance spot welding of Zn–Al–Mg galvanized DC51D steel

Abstract

Research on the behaviour and mechanism of void welding based on multiple scales

Abstract

Preparation of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 inorganic fibers from melting-separated red mud

Abstract

Study on diffusion kinetics of chromium and nickel electrochemical co-deposition in a NaCl–KCl–NaF–Cr2O3–NiO molten salt

Abstract

Enhancing the efficiency of polytetrafluoroethylene-modified silica hydrosols coated solar panels by using artificial neural network and response surface methodology

Abstract

Compositional and thermophysical study of Al–Si- and Zn–Al–Mg-based eutectic alloys for latent heat storage

Abstract

Dry synthesis of brannerite (UTi2O6) by mechanochemical treatment

Abstract

First-principles investigation of phase stability and elastic properties of Laves phase TaCr₂ by ruthenium alloying

First-principles calculations to investigate the thermal response of the ZrC_(1−x)N_x ceramics at extreme conditions

Preparation of CaO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃ inorganic fibers from melting-separated red mud

Study on diffusion kinetics of chromium and nickel electrochemical co-deposition in a NaCl–KCl–NaF–Cr₂O₃–NiO molten salt

Dry synthesis of brannerite (UTi₂O₆) by mechanochemical treatment