Published by De Gruyter

Volume 21 Issue 5

November 2006

Issue of International Polymer Processing

Contents
Journal Overview

Publicly Available May 10, 2022

Page range: i-i

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Rapid Communications

May 10, 2022

A Novel High Flow Rate Pin for Water-assisted Injection Molding of Plastic Parts with a More Uniform Residual Wall Thickness Distribution

S.-J. Liu, Y.-C. Wu

Page range: 436-439

Abstract

Three types of water pins are currently used in the water-assisted injection molding technologies to mold plastic parts, including orifice, ring and piercing type pins. Nevertheless, the former two types of pins have the disadvantages of a low flow rate and high pressure drop, while the drawbacks for the latter type are that timing the piercing pin into the cavity is a challenge and the cost of a mold is high. This report describes the development a novel high flow rate water pin for water-assisted injection molding of plastic parts. The pin, which consists of a sintered porous surface outlet, has been tested on parts with two different geometries: a plate with a channel across the center and a float-shaped tube part. The experimental results suggests that the proposed water injection pin can mold parts of a large size with a more uniform residual wall thickness distribution.

Regular Contributed Articles

May 10, 2022

Structure Property Relationships in PA 6 and PP Copolymers Blended by Single and Twin Screw Extrusion

C. A. Correa, C. L. Carvalho, A. L. Bezzan, C. A. Razzino, E. Hage

Page range: 440-448

Abstract

Polyamides such as polycaprolactam (PA 6) and poly(hexamethylene adipamide) (PA 6.6), are generally classified as pseudo-ductile materials. Fracture behaviour of PA can be changed by melt compounding with modified olefinic elastomers such as Ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPM and EPDMs) and nitrile rubbers (NBRs). Often, small amounts of a compatibilizer are added to the polymer blend in order to assure good dispersion, morphology stability and consistent end-use properties. Maleated polypropylene (PP-MAH) has been used as compatibilizer in blends of polyamides with polyolefins as they tend to react with amine end groups in the polyamide molecules and also interact by molecular entanglement with non-funcionalized polypropylene chains. This work was intended to optimise stiffness-toughness balance in polyamide/ polypropylene blends by reactive processing of PA 6 with polypropylene heterophase copolymers using the PP-MAH as a compatibilizer. Effects of processing conditions on the blend morphology and mechanical properties were investigated by comparing compatibilized and non-compatibilized blends prepared by single and twin screw extrusion. Such approach was intended to investigate whether blend morphology and its response to processing steps can be controlled by blend composition, changes in rheology and interfacial tension during reactive processing. Viscosity measurements by torque rheometry and particle coalescence in-situ observations were performed in order to provide additional evidence of mechanisms relating to phase morphology definition in such systems.

May 10, 2022

Stretchability and Properties of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene Film

T. Kanai, H. Uehara, K. Sakauchi, T. Yamada

Page range: 449-456

Abstract

The double bubble tubular film (DBTF) process is a more economical way of producing biaxially oriented film, when compared to the tenter biaxially oriented film process. This film manufacturing technique has been widely used to produce biaxially oriented films because of good shrinkability and high physical properties. Recently, shrinkage film for this usage is required to have good stretchability and shrinkage strength. But the biaxial stretchability changes of polypropylenes and the reasons for such have not been reported upon systematically. In this report, the relationship between stretchability and material design of various polypropylenes (PP) for biaxially oriented film, which are most popular polymers, was investigated. Several different ethylene contents and melt flow indices (MI) of PP were examined. There was a correlation between MI, ethylene content and the stretchability of the DBTF. A random copolymer with MI 2 g/10 min and ethylene content 4.0 wt.% gave good stretchability. The most suitable composition distribution for stretching and the properties of biaxially oriented films were studied by using the temperature rising elution fractionation.

May 10, 2022

Dynamic Mold Surface Temperature Control Using Induction and Heater Heating Combined with Coolant Cooling

S. C. Chen, W. R. Jong, J. A. Chang, Y. J. Chang

Page range: 457-463

Abstract

In this study, both electrical heater heating and electromagnetic induction heating combined with coolant cooling are developed to achieve a dynamic mold surface temperature control. Simulation tool was also developed by integration of both thermal and electromagnetic analysis modules of ANSYS. The capability and accuracy of simulations on the heater heating and induction heating were verified with experiments. To evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of heater heating and induction heating on the mold surface temperature control, a mold plate, roughly about an inset size of cellular phone housing, installed with five heaters and designed with four cooling channel with coolant running through, was utilized for the demo experiments varying mold surface temperature between 110 °C and 200 °C. During induction heating/cooling case, it takes 4 s to increase mold surface temperature from 110 to 200 °C and it takes another 21 s for mold surface to cool down to 110 °C. The mold plate surface temperature can be raised at about 22.5 °C/s and cooled down at 4.3 °C/s within the mentioned temperature range. Mold plate temperature distribution exhibits good uniformity as well in all stage of heating/cooling process. For heaters heating, it takes 37 s to increase mold surface temperature from 110 to 200 °C and it takes another 30 s for mold surface to cool down to 110 °C. The temperature rising rate is only about 2.4 ° C/s. Induction heating is more efficient in mold surface temperatures control than electrical heating and it does eliminate the weld line mark when applied to a tensile test mold with double gate design prior to melt injection.

May 10, 2022

Visualization of Melt-Flow Behavior Inside the Runner in Ultra High Speed Injection Molding

S. Hasegawa, H. Yokoi

Page range: 464-472

Abstract

Ultra-high-speed injection molding is a highly effective technique for realizing very thin-walled molded parts; its application to the production of new high value-added products is anticipated. The melt-flow behavior in ultra-high-speed injection molding is expected to differ from that in conventional molding. However, thus far, very few studies pertaining to the phenomena occurring within cavities and runners at such high filling speeds have been reported, thus necessitating the direct observation of melt-flow behavior inside the molds. In this study, we attempted to dynamically visualize the melt-flow behavior at the runner split portion, especially under ultra-high-speed injection molding. Visualization experiments were conducted using a glass-inserted mold, which was modified from the original visualization mold structure in order to improve the pressure endurance of the glass-inserted visible area. This paper discusses the visualization analyses of melt-flow behavior in two types of experimental split runner systems (three inclined split runners and cross-shaped runners in a cascade layout). The behavior at the runner split area was studied under low to ultra-high-filling rates. The analyses clarified the effects of inertia at the runner branching point, which has not been verified in general injection molding, and the consequent changes in the filling behavior.

May 10, 2022

Effects of Cavity Conditions on Transcription Molding of Microscale Prism Patterns Using Ultra-High-Speed Injection Molding

X. Han, H. Yokoi, T. Takahashi

Page range: 473-479

Abstract

Ultra-high-speed injection molding has been reported to be a very effective method for improving transcription molding. In this study, by using stampers with V-grooves having pitches of 25 μm and 100 μm, we investigated the effects of cavity conditions, including cavity thickness, groove layout, and groove pitch size, on transcription molding. These experiments were also conducted under various molding conditions such as injection rates, melt and mold temperatures, and holding pressure, etc. As a result, it was found that the groove layout of a stamper remarkably affects transcription fidelity and these effects do not disappear when the molding is performed with a cavity-vacuum process. This phenomenon was explained using the well-known molecular orientation by the extensional flow during injection molding. When transcription molding was performed with cavities of different thicknesses (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 2.0 mm), the effect of holding pressure on transcription was inversely related to the cavity wall thickness. This result indicates that, in the molding with a thin cavity wall, the transcription mainly completed during the filling stage. In addition to the shortening of cavity filling time and decrease in viscosity by shear heating, an accelerated increase in cavity pressure during the cavity filling stage was also found to be important for explaining the improvement in transcription with ultrahigh-speed injection molding.

May 10, 2022

Effect of Melt and Mold Temperature on Fiber Orientation during Flow in Injection Molding of Reinforced Plastics

P. Shokri, N. Bhatnagar

Page range: 480-486

Abstract

Injection molding, a highly productive manufacturing process, is one of the most versatile production methods in plastic manufacturing industry. It is capable of producing intricate net shapes without requiring finishing treatment and with good dimensional accuracy. In injection molding of reinforced thermoplastics the properties of the final product highly depend on the state of fiber orientation. Tailoring the fiber orientation in the final product, in order to control the properties, is the basic motivation of this study. Among different parameters, which could affect the orientation patterns, this study is concerned on analyzing the effects of mold and melt temperature on the state of fiber orientation during flow. In contrast to the melt temperature, which has a limited range for variation, mold temperature provides wide range of possible input at different locations such that by revealing its effect it could become one of the most attractive parameters in controlling the properties of injection molded fiber reinforced thermoplastic products.

Invited Paper

May 10, 2022

Polymer/Layered Silicate Nano-composites

Structure Development and Processing Operations

M. Okamoto

Page range: 487-496

Abstract

Polymer/layered filler nano-composites (PLFNCs) offer remarkably improved mechanical properties with low inorganic filler loading. Major developments in this field have been carried out over the last one and half decades. However, we are far from the goal of understanding the mechanisms of the enhancement effects in nanocomposites. Continued progress in nanoscale control, as well as an improved understanding of the physicochemical phenomena at the nanometer scale, has contributed to the rapid development of novel PLFNCs. We describe nano-structure development and processing operations in PLFNCs.

Regular Contributed Articles

May 10, 2022

Paste Extrusion of Polytetrafluoroethylene: Temperature, Blending and Processing Aid Effects

I. Ochoa, S. G. Hatzikiriakos, E. Mitsoulis

Page range: 497-503

Abstract

Blends of different PTFE fine powder resins have been prepared and extruded in an attempt of improving the PTFE paste extrusion process and/or the extrudates. The extrusion pressure and the mechanical properties of the extrudates were found to fall between those exhibited by the pure components. While this is an expectable behavior, it offers opportunities for controlling the degree of fibrillation needed in the final products by mixing highly fibrillated with low fibrillated PTFE resins. Boron nitride and organically modified montmorillonite clays (solid lubricants) are also tested as additives to the lubricants used in the PTFE paste extrusion in order to identify enhanced processing aids. It was found that the addition of boron nitride and clays increase the extrusion pressure but at the same time improve the mechanical properties of the final extrudates in most cases. This again offers possibilities for controlling the final mechanical properties by controlling the degree of fibrillation, i. e., by adding a small amount of solid lubricants to adjust pressure, fibrillation, and thus the final mechanical properties. Finally, it is shown that fibrillation depends on temperature. Moreover, the mechanical properties of extrudates increase as the temperature goes through its two transition temperatures of 19 °C and 30 °C that render PTFE particles more deformable and prone to fibrillation.

May 10, 2022

Influence of Viscosity-interface Modifier Interactions on Performance and Processability of Rice Hull PE Composites

N. Dixit, M. Sain, M. T. Kortschott, D. Gulati

Page range: 504-508

Abstract

Interface modifiers and viscosity modifiers are added to wood plastic composites to improve interfacial adhesion and processing rate respectively. However, because of the chemically reactive nature of interface modifiers and viscosity modifiers, there is a high possibility of interactions between them, influencing the mechanical properties and processabilty of the composites. To evaluate this point, interactions between three different interface modifiers and a viscosity modifier were investigated in this study. Concurrently, the effectiveness of three different interface modifiers in improving mechanical properties of the composites was also studied. The results indicated that there was a significant improvement in the tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact properties of the composites with all the three maleated polyethylene based coupling agents. Moreover, presence of an amide carboxylic acid based viscosity modifier along with a maleated polyolefin based interface modifier reduced the mechanical properties of the composites as compared with that of the composites having only maleated polyolefin based interface modifiers.

May 10, 2022

Single and Multi Objective Optimization for Injection Molding Using Numerical Simulation with Surrogate Models and Genetic Algorithms

J. Zhou, L.-S. Turng, A. Kramschuster

Page range: 509-520

Abstract

The objective of this study is to develop an integrated computer-aided engineering (CAE) optimization system that can quickly and intelligently determine the optimal process conditions for injection molding. This study employs support vector regression (SVR) to establish the surrogate model based on executions of three-dimensional (3D) simulation for a selected dataset using the latin hypercube sampling (LHS) technique. Once the surrogate model can satisfactorily capture the characteristics of simulations with much less computing resources, a hybrid optimization genetic algorithm (GA) or a multi-objective optimization GA is then used to evaluate the surrogate model to search the global optimal solutions for the single or multiple objectives, respectively. The performance and capabilities of other surrogate modeling approaches, such as polynomial regression (PR) and artificial neural network (ANN), are also investigated in terms of accuracy, robustness, efficiency, and requirements for training samples. Experimental validations and applications of this work for process optimization of a special box mold and a precision optical lens are presented.

May 10, 2022

A Process Classification Number for the Solidification of Crystallizing Materials

H. Janeschitz-Kriegl, G. Eder, E. Ratajski

Page range: 521-526

Abstract

A critical number, which one may call a process classification number, has been introduced more than twenty years ago [1, 2, 3]. It has been called the Janeschitz-Kriegl number Jk [4]. It gives the ratio of two times governing the solidification process of a crystallizing material: one for the thermal equilibration and the other for the crystallization process itself. With one class of materials (mainly metals) the thermal equilibration time is usually the longest time, dependent of course on the sample thickness. With another class (glass forming minerals) always the crystallization time is the longest time. So, one obtains (as extreme cases) purely heat diffusion controlled and purely crystallization kinetics controlled processes. Only polymers (and probably also other crystallizing soft condensed matters) show an intermediate behavior, as can be characterized by the announced number. So far, however, this number could not be made operational because of a lack of crystallization kinetics data. This shortcoming could now be cleared away. It turns out that between the values of Jk for HDPE and for i-PS a gap exists of more than six decades. In their behavior all other known industrial polymers lie between these limiting cases. In this way the transition from heat diffusion controlled to crystallization kinetics controlled processes is clearly marked. For the now relevant interaction between cooling and crystallization a new mathematics was required [2]. It enables also the description of the development of structures, which are of particular interest for the quality of the product.

May 10, 2022

Effect of Aerodynamics on Film Blowing Process

Z. Zhang, P. G. Lafleur, F. Bertrand

Page range: 527-535

Abstract

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique using a renormalization group (RNG) k –ε model and Fluent software was employed to analyze numerically the effects of aerodynamics on the air ring cooling system of a film blowing process. An in-line scanning camera system developed in our lab was used to study experimentally the detailed dynamics of bubble instabilities. An operation window for the heat transfer coefficient and the maximum air velocity function was established. The simulation results showed that it is adequate mainly at low BUR (Blow-Up-Ratio) outside of the air ring. The relationship between thermal inertia and cooling air aerodynamics for different bubble geometries was also explored. Different bubble shapes, for the same BUR, produced significant differences in the airflow pattern and heat transfer coefficient. The combination of experimental measurements and numerical simulations indicated that various cooling rates result in important variations in the dynamics of bubble instabilities for different BUR bubbles. It was observed that increasing the cooling rate can destabilize the lower BUR bubbles, but stabilize the higher ones due to the production of different bubble shapes. Finally, it is shown that the bubble instabilities depend on the static pressure distribution along the bubble surface, and that minimizing the pressure gradient can stabilize the bubbles.

May 10, 2022

Analysis of Necking Deformation Behavior in High-Speed In-line Drawing Process of PET by On-line Diameter and Velocity Measurements

W.-G. Hahm, H. Ito, T. Kikutani

Page range: 536-543

Abstract

To clarify the characteristic behavior of filament deformation in high-speed in-line drawing process of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), on-line measurements of filament velocity and diameter were performed. In the process, velocity of the first godet roller was fixed at 2 km/min and the draw ratio was varied from 1.75 to 2.25 by changing the velocity of the second godet roller from 3.5 to 4.5 km/min. For comparison, on-line measurements were also performed for the high-speed melt spinning process at take-up velocities of 2 to 5 km/min. Diameter and velocity profiles of PET filament in the high-speed in-line drawing process indicated that the filament started to deform immediately after passing through the first godet roller (GR-1), and finished its deformation at 40 ~ 60 cm from the GR-1. The region of deformation became narrower and shifted toward the GR-1 with an increase in the draw ratio. Detailed analysis of necking deformation through simultaneous diameter measurements at two positions of close distance revealed that the position of necking deformation fluctuates along the drawing-line and its shape varies significantly depending on the direction of its movement. When the position of necking deformation was shifting toward the upstream, its shape was steeper than the one shifting toward the downstream. Results of the simultaneous on-line measurements of diameter and velocity supported this conclusion qualitatively. The analyzed maximum strain rate at the draw ratio of 2.0 reached a high value of 510 s – 1 .

PPS News

May 10, 2022

PPS News

Page range: 544-544

Seikei-Kakou Abstracts

May 10, 2022

Seikei-Kakou Abstracts

Page range: 545-545

About this journal

International Polymer Processing offers original research contributions, invited review papers and recent technological developments in processing thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers and fibers as well as polymer reaction engineering. For more than 25 years International Polymer Processing, the journal of the Polymer Processing Society, provides strictly peer-reviewed, high-quality articles and rapid communications from the leading experts around the world.
All articles are subject to thorough, independent peer review.
Editor: Polymer Processing Society

Volume 21 Issue 5

Issue of International Polymer Processing

Contents

A Novel High Flow Rate Pin for Water-assisted Injection Molding of Plastic Parts with a More Uniform Residual Wall Thickness Distribution

Abstract

Structure Property Relationships in PA 6 and PP Copolymers Blended by Single and Twin Screw Extrusion

Abstract

Stretchability and Properties of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene Film

Abstract

Dynamic Mold Surface Temperature Control Using Induction and Heater Heating Combined with Coolant Cooling

Abstract

Visualization of Melt-Flow Behavior Inside the Runner in Ultra High Speed Injection Molding

Abstract

Effects of Cavity Conditions on Transcription Molding of Microscale Prism Patterns Using Ultra-High-Speed Injection Molding

Abstract

Effect of Melt and Mold Temperature on Fiber Orientation during Flow in Injection Molding of Reinforced Plastics

Abstract

Polymer/Layered Silicate Nano-composites

Structure Development and Processing Operations

Abstract

Paste Extrusion of Polytetrafluoroethylene: Temperature, Blending and Processing Aid Effects

Abstract

Influence of Viscosity-interface Modifier Interactions on Performance and Processability of Rice Hull PE Composites

Abstract

Single and Multi Objective Optimization for Injection Molding Using Numerical Simulation with Surrogate Models and Genetic Algorithms

Abstract

A Process Classification Number for the Solidification of Crystallizing Materials

Abstract

Effect of Aerodynamics on Film Blowing Process

Abstract

Analysis of Necking Deformation Behavior in High-Speed In-line Drawing Process of PET by On-line Diameter and Velocity Measurements

Abstract

PPS News

Seikei-Kakou Abstracts