journal: International Polymer Processing

Impact Factor: 1.3

Published since January 1, 1986

International Polymer Processing

The Journal of the Polymer Processing Society

ISSN: 2195-8602

Editor-in-chief: José A. Covas

About this journal

International Polymer Processing offers original research contributions, invited review papers and recent technological developments in processing thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers and fibers as well as polymer reaction engineering. For more than 25 years International Polymer Processing, the journal of the Polymer Processing Society, provides strictly peer-reviewed, high-quality articles and rapid communications from the leading experts around the world.
All articles are subject to thorough, independent peer review.
Editor: Polymer Processing Society

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Supplementary Materials

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Volume 38 Issue 4

September 2023

Publicly Available September 11, 2023

Frontmatter

Page range: i-iii

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Research Articles

May 31, 2023

Mechanical and dielectric properties of Cissus Quadrangularis fiber-reinforced epoxy/TiB₂ hybrid composites

Vijayakumar Mani, Kumaresan Krishnaswamy, Felix Sahayaraj Arockiasamy, Tamil Selvan Manickam

Page range: 435-446

Abstract

This study focus on fabricating a Cissus Quadrangularis Fiber (CQF) reinforced epoxy hybrid composite with the addition of titanium diboride (TiB 2 ) as filler. A compression molding technique was employed to fabricate the composite samples. The volume of the CQF was maintained at 30 wt%, and TiB 2 was added with various weight proportions ranging from 0 % to 10 %. The mechanical, thermal, viscoelastic, and dielectric properties of the hybrid composite samples were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the impact of filler addition on the matrix-fiber bonding of the tensile fractured test specimens. The results revealed that the composite with 8 wt% filler produced high mechanical properties and comparable dielectric properties. Based on these findings, the fabricated composites are recommended for suitable applications in the automotive, electrical, and construction industries.

May 3, 2023

Numerical investigation of pressure drop within isothermal capillary rheometry for viscous and viscoelastic fluids

Huan-Chang Tseng

Page range: 447-455

Abstract

In capillary rheometry of a polymer melt, the total pressure drop consists of three primary components: shear viscosity, extensional viscosity, and normal stress differences. Traditionally, viscoelastic constitutive equations have been used to produce accurate predictions regarding the pressure drop. It is difficult to investigate the primary components in past experimental measurements and numerical computations. The useful improvement of the classic White-Metzner viscoelastic constitutive equation coupled with the weighted shear/extension viscosity is performed in isothermal capillary flow simulations. It is significant to analyze the extension-induced pressure drop for a short die and the shear-induced pressure drop for a long die, along with a small contribution of normal stress differences.

May 9, 2023

The effect of extensional viscosity on the core structure of fiber orientation for injection-molded fiber composites

Huan-Chang Tseng

Page range: 456-471

Abstract

The famous informed isotropic (IISO) viscosity successfully dominates the broader core structure of fiber orientation distributions for injection-molded long fiber composites, due to the flow-fiber coupling effect of stretching deformation. Recently, the GNF-X (Generalized Newtonian Fluid eXtended) constitutive equation of weighted shear/extensional viscosity has been shown to possess the potential to demonstrate the extension-induced corner vortex in the entry flow of a polymer melt. Using GNF-X, three-dimensional injection-molding flow simulations of a center-gated disk are, therefore, performed for verifying the effect of extensional viscosity on the core structure of fiber orientation, namely, the extension-induced fiber orientation. The equivalent of GNF-X and IISO is demonstrated for predicting fiber orientation distribution, while their primary parameter relationship is particularly found herein. It is significant to visualize dramatic patterns of extensional rate occurring in the center-gated disk simulation.

May 3, 2023

Numerical analysis of a new mound-shaped extensional mixing element designed based on a sine curve in single-screw extrusion

Hezhi He, Weijie Li, Zonghai Huang, Guidong Tian, Zhiwen Zhu

Page range: 472-482

Abstract

The rapid development of polymer blends and nanocomposites has put forward new requirements for the mixing performance of extruders. In comparison with shear flow field, extensional flow field has been shown to have unique advantages in improving dispersive mixing performance and reducing energy consumption. However, building an extensional flow field in a conventional single-screw extruder remains challenging. In this work, a new mound-shaped extensional mixing element (M-EME) was designed based on the geometric characteristics of a sine curve. To investigate the effect of this M-EME on the mixing properties of a conventional single-screw extruder, a numerical simulation analysis of this M-EME was performed. The results showed that the proportion of the region with a mixing index greater than 0.55 in the M-EME was higher than 43 %, and that the highest mixing index of the M-EME reached around 0.9, confirming the dominance of the extensional flow field in the M-EME. Moreover, it was observed that the changes in amplitude and period of the sine function have no significant effect on the distribution of the mixing index. The findings from this work provide a viable way to generate extensional flow fields in conventional screw extruders.

June 14, 2023

Effects of polymeric microcapsules on self-healing composites reinforced with carbon fibers: a comparative study

Naveen Veeramani, Raja Samikannu, Abhijit P. Deshpande, Sheril Varghese, Vinutha Moses

Page range: 483-495

Abstract

Three different microcapsules, namely dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)-urea formaldehyde (UF) based single-walled microcapsules, DCPD-UF-Siloxane (DCPD-UF-Si) based double-walled microcapsules and DCPD-Carbon nanotubes-UF based dual-core microcapsules were synthesized, and their corresponding self-healing composites were prepared. This paper mainly focuses on the synthesis procedure of various microcapsules and a comparative study on the effect of microcapsules over the final composite properties. The core content of the microcapsules was measured and compared with theoretical calculations. DSC & TGA analyses have shown that the novel microcapsules (DCPD-UF-Si, DCPD-CNT-UF) and their composites have better thermal stability compared to DCPD-UF microcapsules. Epoxy-carbon fiber (2 wt.%) composite specimens with three different microcapsules were tested for surface morphology, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. SEM analysis has shown that the microcapsules have a rough outer surface and smooth inner surface. The average diameter and shell thickness of the microcapsules were measured for all types of microcapsules. Addition of double-walled and dual-core microcapsules has reduced the glass transition temperature of the composites by 10 °C. Also, SHC with DCPD-UF-Si and DCPD-CNT-UF microcapsules have shown better thermal stability (300 °C) compared to DCPD-UF microcapsules (220 °C). The incorporation of CNT based microcapsules inside the composite has also improved the electrical conductivity by 2.2 times, without compromising on self-healing efficiency (78 %). Therefore, these novel microcapsules can be potential candidates for making multifunctional polymer composites for aerospace, windmills and automotive applications.

May 26, 2023

Vulcanization kinetics and mechanical properties of filled ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber composites

Changfa Xiao, Qingshan Yang, Kefu Shao, Yongjiang Li, Songhan Wan, Xianru He

Page range: 496-504

Abstract

The vulcanization reaction of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVM) rubber is fast, resulting in poor processing safety. EVM is often filled with flame-retardant fillers as insulating or sheathing material for wires and cables. Herein, the effects of flame-retardant magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ) and of the traditional reinforcing fillers carbon black (CB) and silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) on the vulcanization kinetics of EVM were investigated. The vulcanization characteristics showed that the scorch time ( T 10 ) of the unfilled EVM (KB), SiO 2 /EVM, Mg(OH) 2 /EVM, and Al(OH) 3 /EVM composites was about 1.75 min. T 10 of the CB/EVM composite was 2.22 min. Compared with KB, the activation energy ( E a ) increased by about 15 kJ/mol for CB/EVM composites and by about 5 kJ/mol for SiO 2 /EVM, Mg(OH) 2 /EVM and Al(OH) 3 /EVM composites. The results indicate that CB delays the vulcanization time of EVM rubber, slows down the rate of vulcanization reaction and improves the safety of vulcanization. The addition of SiO 2 , Mg(OH) 2 and Al(OH) 3 has little effect on the vulcanization reaction. The mechanical properties show that CB/EVM is more uniformly vulcanized and has the best mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 17.61 MPa and elongation at break of 404.58 %. Mg(OH) 2 /EVM and Al(OH) 3 /EVM samples have prominent vulcanization non-uniformity resulting in poor mechanical properties.

July 4, 2023

Experimental analysis of localized hybridization by means of adding woven polyester strip

M. Chithambara Thanu, M. Appadurai, E. Fantin Irudaya Raj, T. Lurthu Pushparaj

Page range: 505-517

Abstract

Natural fiber-reinforced composites must be hybridized with synthetic fibers to enhance their mechanical strength. They are appropriate for structural applications after hybridizing with more than 40 % of synthetic fibers. The hybrid composite becomes a partly biodegradable material due to the blend of natural fibers. The localized hybridization approach has been used to minimize the quantity of synthetic fiber used in hybridization. The region around the drilled hole of a composite has been identified as stress concentrated region. In that stress-concentrated region, a polyester strip of different widths is deployed to reinforce it to reduce the delamination occurrence. The present work deals with Jute Fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester resin with local hybridization of woven polyester made up of Perma Core T-18 polyester fiber strands. The interfacial shear and tensile strengths are evaluated for the proposed composite. The results revealed that the yield strength of the proposed composite increased from 18.32 MPa to 29.62 MPa due to local hybridization. The increment of 69.24 % in yield strength is more significant for structural applications.

June 13, 2023

Molecular design of soluble poly(amide-imide) with high char yield for flame retardant epoxy resin

Yanbin Wang, Weiwei Zhang, Changlong Zhuang, Shengang Xu

Page range: 518-527

Abstract

In this study, a noncoplanar diimide diacid monomer (DIDA) was synthesized by direct condensation of trimellitic anhydride (TMA) with m-tolidine. The noncoplanar unit was incorporated into poly(amide-imide)s (PAIs) main chain by Yamazaki-Higashi phosphorylation of DIDA with various aromatic diamines. Encouragingly, all of the PAIs show good solubility in some common solvents such as N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and m-cresol. In addition, the soluble PAIs show good optical transmittances of beyond 85 % at 500 nm due to the decreased crystallization ability. On the other hand, PAIs possess good mechanical properties with tensile strengths of 72–90 MPa and tensile moduli beyond 2 GPa. Meanwhile, the designed PAIs also exhibit excellent thermal properties: their glass transition temperatures ( T g ) range from 278 to 314 °C, initial decomposition temperatures (5 % weight loss temperatures, T 5wt% ) are beyond 470 °C, coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) are below 10 ppm/°C. The excellent mechanical and thermal properties are due to the strengthened hydrogen bonding interaction among the amide groups. Therefore, it is believed that incorporating noncoplanar unit and amide group into the polymer main chain at the same time can simultaneously improve processability, optical transparency, mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the char of PAI at 800 °C is as high as 72.5 %, which is one of the highest known values. When PAI was incorporated into epoxy resin, the blend passed UL94 V-0 rating due to the high charring capability of PAI.

June 14, 2023

Investigation of erosion wear performance and mechanism of mold materials

Ben Jiang, Ming Zhai

Page range: 528-537

Abstract

The surface of an injection mold is prone to erosion and wear under the impact of the filler during plastics injection molding, which leads to premature failure of the mold. The mechanism of erosion and wear of a filler on the mold has not been clarified yet. A numerical technique was employed to simulate the erosion and wear process, and the influence of environmental parameters and particle characteristics, such as erosion velocity, erosion angle, temperature, and particle shape were studied. The results showed that the erosion velocity and erosion angle are important factors that affect erosion and wear. Finally, the relationship between change of particle energy and erosion and wear of the material is studied from the perspective of energy.

Ahead of Print / Just Accepted

Ahead of Print / Just Accepted

Issue 1

Journal Impact Factor	1.3	2022, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2023)
5-year Journal Impact Factor	1.1	2022, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2023)
Journal Citation Indicator	0.21	2022, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2023)
CiteScore	1.8	2022, Scopus (Elsevier B.V., 2023)
SCImago Journal Rank	0.235	2022, SJR (Scimago Lab, 2023; Data Source: Scopus)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	0.442	2022, CWTS Journal Indicators (CWTS B.V., 2023; Data Source: Scopus)

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Editorial

Editor in Chief
Prof. José A. Covas (jcovas@dep.uminho.pt)
University of Minho, Portugal

Associate Editors
Prof. Marianna Kontopoulou (kontopm@queensu.ca)
Queen's University, Canada

Prof. Toshihisa Kajiwara (kajiwara@chem-eng.kyushu-u.ac.jp)
Kyushu University, Japan

Society contact
Prof. Jean-Francois Agassant (jean-francois.agassant@mines-paristech.fr)
President, PPS Polymer Processing Society (PPS)

Journal Coordinator
Birgit Zoglmeier (Birgit.Zoglmeier@degruyter.com)

(Deutsch)

Online ISSN: 2195-8602
Print ISSN: 0930-777X
Type: Journal
Language: English
Publisher: De Gruyter
First published: January 1, 1986
Publication Frequency: 5 Issues per Year

International Polymer Processing

The Journal of the Polymer Processing Society

Frontmatter

Mechanical and dielectric properties of Cissus Quadrangularis fiber-reinforced epoxy/TiB2 hybrid composites

Abstract

Numerical investigation of pressure drop within isothermal capillary rheometry for viscous and viscoelastic fluids

Abstract

The effect of extensional viscosity on the core structure of fiber orientation for injection-molded fiber composites

Abstract

Numerical analysis of a new mound-shaped extensional mixing element designed based on a sine curve in single-screw extrusion

Abstract

Effects of polymeric microcapsules on self-healing composites reinforced with carbon fibers: a comparative study

Abstract

Vulcanization kinetics and mechanical properties of filled ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber composites

Abstract

Experimental analysis of localized hybridization by means of adding woven polyester strip

Abstract

Molecular design of soluble poly(amide-imide) with high char yield for flame retardant epoxy resin

Abstract

Investigation of erosion wear performance and mechanism of mold materials

Abstract

Mechanical and dielectric properties of Cissus Quadrangularis fiber-reinforced epoxy/TiB₂ hybrid composites