$Open Mathematics$

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Volume 10 Issue 2

April 2012

Issue of Open Mathematics

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Journal Overview

Open Access January 18, 2012

Hilbert volume in metric spaces. Part 1

Misha Gromov

Page range: 371-400

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Abstract

We introduce a notion of Hilbertian n-volume in metric spaces with Besicovitch-type inequalities built-in into the definitions. The present Part 1 of the article is, for the most part, dedicated to the reformulation of known results in our terms with proofs being reduced to (almost) pure tautologies. If there is any novelty in the paper, this is in forging certain terminology which, ultimately, may turn useful in an Alexandrov kind of approach to singular spaces with positive scalar curvature [Gromov M., Plateau-hedra, Scalar Curvature and Dirac Billiards, in preparation].

Open Access January 18, 2012

On genera of polyhedra

Yuriy Drozd, Petro Kolesnyk

Page range: 401-410

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Abstract

We consider the stable homotopy category S of polyhedra (finite cell complexes). We say that two polyhedra X,Y are in the same genus and write X ∼ Y if X p ≅ Y p for all prime p, where X p denotes the image of Xin the localized category S p. We prove that it is equivalent to the stable isomorphism X∨B 0 ≅Y∨B 0, where B 0 is the wedge of all spheres S n such that π nS(X) is infinite. We also prove that a stable isomorphism X ∨ X ≅ Y ∨ X implies a stable isomorphism X ≅ Y.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Harmonicity of vector fields on four-dimensional generalized symmetric spaces

Giovanni Calvaruso

Page range: 411-425

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Abstract

Let (M = G/H;g)denote a four-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian generalized symmetric space and g = m + h the corresponding decomposition of the Lie algebra g of G. We completely determine the harmonicity properties of vector fields belonging to m. In some cases, all these vector fields are critical points for the energy functional restricted to vector fields. Vector fields defining harmonic maps are also classified, and the energy of these vector fields is explicitly calculated.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Discrete Laplace cycles of period four

Hans-Peter Schröcker

Page range: 426-439

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Abstract

We study discrete conjugate nets whose Laplace sequence is of period four. Corresponding points of opposite nets in this cyclic sequence have equal osculating planes in different net directions, that is, they correspond in an asymptotic transformation. We show that this implies that the connecting lines of corresponding points form a discrete W-congruence. We derive some properties of discrete Laplace cycles of period four and describe two explicit methods for their construction.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Uniqueness results for the Minkowski problem extended to hedgehogs

Yves Martinez-Maure

Page range: 440-450

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Abstract

The classical Minkowski problem has a natural extension to hedgehogs, that is to Minkowski differences of closed convex hypersurfaces. This extended Minkowski problem is much more difficult since it essentially boils down to the question of solutions of certain Monge-Ampère equations of mixed type on the unit sphere $\mathbb{S}^n $ of ℝn+1. In this paper, we mainly consider the uniqueness question and give first results.

Open Access January 18, 2012

On the structure vector field of a real hypersurface in complex two-plane Grassmannians

Carlos Machado, Juan Pérez

Page range: 451-455

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Abstract

Considering the notion of Jacobi type vector fields for a real hypersurface in a complex two-plane Grassmannian, we prove that if a structure vector field is of Jacobi type it is Killing. As a consequence we classify real hypersurfaces whose structure vector field is of Jacobi type.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Reflecting topological properties in continuous images

Vladimir Tkachuk

Page range: 456-465

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Abstract

Given a topological property P, we study when it reflects in small continuous images, i.e., when for some infinite cardinal κ, a space X has P if and only if all its continuous images of weight less or equal to κ have P. We say that a cardinal invariant η reflects in continuous images of weight κ + if η(X) ≤ κ provided that η(Y) ≤ κ whenever Y is a continuous image of X of weight less or equal to κ +. We establish that, for any infinite cardinal κ, the spread, character, pseudocharacter and Souslin number reflect in continuous images of weight κ + for arbitrary Tychonoff spaces. We also show that the tightness reflects in continuous images of weight κ + for compact spaces. We present examples showing that separability, countable extent and normality do not reflect in continuous images of weight ω 1. Besides, under MA + ¬ CH, the Fréchet-Urysohn property does not reflect in continuous images of weight ω 1 even for compact spaces. An application of our techniques gives a solution of an open problem published by Ramírez-Páramo. If Jensen’s κ +-Axiom $$\left( {\diamondsuit _{\kappa ^ + } } \right)$$ holds for an infinite cardinal κ, then for an arbitrary space X with no G κ-points there exists a continuous surjective map f: X → Y such that w(Y) = κ + and Y has no G tk-points. We apply this result to solve a problem of Kalenda.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Linear bounds for levels of stable rationality

Fedor Bogomolov, Christian Böhning, Hans-Christian Graf von Bothmer

Page range: 466-520

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Abstract

Let G be one of the groups SLn(ℂ), Sp2n (ℂ), SOm(ℂ), Om(ℂ), or G 2. For a generically free G-representation V, we say that N is a level of stable rationality for V/G if V/G × ℙN is rational. In this paper we improve known bounds for the levels of stable rationality for the quotients V/G. In particular, their growth as functions of the rank of the group is linear for G being one of the classical groups.

Open Access January 18, 2012

On the diffeomorphic type of the complement to a line arrangement in a projective plane

Fedor Bogomolov, Viktor Kulikov

Page range: 521-529

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Abstract

We show that the diffeomorphic type of the complement to a line arrangement in a complex projective plane P 2 depends only on the graph of line intersections if no line in the arrangement contains more than two points in which at least two lines intersect. This result also holds for some special arrangements which do not satisfy this property. However it is not true in general, see [Rybnikov G., On the fundamental group of the complement of a complex hyperplane arrangement, Funct. Anal. Appl., 2011, 45(2), 137–148].

Open Access January 18, 2012

Asymptotic purity for very general hypersurfaces of ℙn × ℙn of bidegree (k, k)

Michael Burr

Page range: 530-542

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Abstract

For a complex irreducible projective variety, the volume function and the higher asymptotic cohomological functions have proven to be useful in understanding the positivity of divisors as well as other geometric properties of the variety. In this paper, we study the vanishing properties of these functions on hypersurfaces of ℙn × ℙn. In particular, we show that very general hypersurfaces of bidegree (k, k) obey a very strong vanishing property, which we define as asymptotic purity: at most one asymptotic cohomological function is nonzero for each divisor. This provides evidence for the truth of a conjecture of Bogomolov and also suggests some general conditions for asymptotic purity.

Open Access January 18, 2012

On parabolic Whittaker functions II

Sergey Oblezin

Page range: 543-558

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Abstract

We propose a Givental-type stationary phase integral representation for the restricted Grm,N-Whittaker function, which is expected to describe the (S 1×U N)-equivariant Gromov-Witten invariants of the Grassmann variety Grm,N. Our key tool is a generalization of the Whittaker model for principal series U(gl N)-modules, and its realization in the space of functions of totally positive unipotent matrices. In particular, our construction involves a representation theoretic derivation of the Batyrev-Ciocan-Fontanine-Kim-van Straten toric degeneration of Grm,N.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Transcendence degree of zero-cycles and the structure of Chow motives

Sergey Gorchinskiy, Vladimir Guletskiĭ

Page range: 559-568

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Abstract

In the paper we introduce a transcendence degree of a zero-cycle on a smooth projective variety X and relate it to the structure of the motive of X. In particular, we show that in order to prove Bloch’s conjecture for a smooth projective complex surface X of general type with p g = 0 it suffices to prove that one single point of a transcendence degree 2 in X(ℂ), over the minimal subfield of definition k ⊂ ℂ of X, is rationally equivalent to another single point of a transcendence degree zero over k. This can be of particular interest in the context of Bloch’s conjecture for those surfaces which admit a concrete presentation, such as Mumford’s fake surface, see [Mumford D., An algebraic surface with K ample, (K 2) = 9, p g = q = 0, Amer. J. Math., 1979, 101(1), 233–244].

Open Access January 18, 2012

Eigensystem of an L 2-perturbed harmonic oscillator is an unconditional basis

James Adduci, Boris Mityagin

Page range: 569-589

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Abstract

For any complex valued L p-function b(x), 2 ≤ p < ∞, or L ∞-function with the norm ‖b↾L ∞‖ < 1, the spectrum of a perturbed harmonic oscillator operator L = −d 2/dx 2 + x 2 + b(x) in L 2(ℝ1) is discrete and eventually simple. Its SEAF (system of eigen- and associated functions) is an unconditional basis in L 2(ℝ).

Open Access January 18, 2012

Note on the concentration-compactness principle for generalized Moser-Trudinger inequalities

Robert Černý

Page range: 590-602

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Abstract

Let Ω ⊂ ℝn, n ≥ 2, be a bounded domain and let α < n − 1. Motivated by Theorem I.6 and Remark I.18 of [Lions P.-L., The concentration-compactness principle in the calculus of variations. The limit case. I, Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana, 1985, 1(1), 145–201] and by the results of [Černý R., Cianchi A., Hencl S., Concentration-Compactness Principle for Moser-Trudinger inequalities: new results and proofs, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (in press), DOI: 10.1007/s10231-011-0220-3], we give a sharp estimate of the exponent concerning the Concentration-Compactness Principle for the embedding of the Orlicz-Sobolev space W 01 L n logα L(Ω) into the Orlicz space corresponding to a Young function that behaves like exp t n/(n−1−α) for large t. We also give the result for the case of the embedding into double and other multiple exponential spaces.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Pointwise absolutely convergent series of operators and related classes of Banach spaces

Liudmyla Kadets, Vladimir Kadets

Page range: 603-608

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Abstract

We study classes of operators represented as a pointwise absolutely convergent series of simpler ones, starting with rank 1 operators. In this short note we address the question, how far the repetition of this procedure can lead.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Uniformly bounded set-valued Nemytskij operators acting between generalized Hölder function spaces

Janusz Matkowski, Małgorzata Wróbel

Page range: 609-618

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Abstract

We show that the generator of any uniformly bounded set-valued Nemytskij composition operator acting between generalized Hölder function metric spaces, with nonempty, bounded, closed, and convex values, is an affine function.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Superposition operator on the space of sequences almost converging to zero

Egor Alekhno

Page range: 619-645

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Abstract

We study the superposition operator f on on the space ac 0 of sequences almost converging to zero. Conditions are derived for which f has a representation of the form f x = a+bx +g x, for all x ∈ ac 0 with a = f 0, b ∈ D(ac 0), g a superposition operator from ℓ∞ into I(ac 0), D(ac 0) = {z: zx ∈ ac 0 for all x ∈ ac 0}, and I(ac 0) the maximal ideal in ac 0. If f is generated by a function f of a real variable, then f is linear. We consider the conditions for which a bounded function f generates f acting on ac 0 and the conditions for which there exists a sequence y ∈ ac 0 such that y − f y ∈ ac 0. In terms of f, criteria for the boundedness, continuity, and sequential σ(ac 0ℓ1)-continuity of f on ac 0 are given. It is shown that the continuity of f is equivalent to the weak sequential continuity. Finally, properties of spaces D(ac 0) and I(ac 0) are studied, and in particular it is established that the inclusion I(ac 0) ⊕ {λe: λ ∈ ℝ} ⊂ D(ac 0) is proper, where e = (1, 1, …). By means of D(ac 0), a number of Banach-Mazur limit properties are derived.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Boundaries of weak peak points in noncommutative algebras of Lipschitz functions

Kassandra Averill, Ann Johnston, Ryan Northrup, Robert Silversmith, Aaron Luttman

Page range: 646-655

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Abstract

It has been shown that any Banach algebra satisfying ‖f 2‖ = ‖f‖2 has a representation as an algebra of quaternion-valued continuous functions. Whereas some of the classical theory of algebras of continuous complex-valued functions extends immediately to algebras of quaternion-valued functions, similar work has not been done to analyze how the theory of algebras of complex-valued Lipschitz functions extends to algebras of quaternion-valued Lipschitz functions. Denote by Lip(X, $\mathbb{F}$ ) the algebra over R of F-valued Lipschitz functions on a compact metric space (X, d), where $\mathbb{F}$ = ℝ, ℂ, or ℍ, the non-commutative division ring of quaternions. In this work, we analyze a class of subalgebras of Lip(X, $\mathbb{F}$ ) in which the closure of the weak peak points is the Shilov boundary, and we show that algebras of functions taking values in the quaternions are the most general objects to which the theory of weak peak points extends naturally. This is done by generalizing a classical result for uniform algebras, due to Bishop, which ensures the existence of the Shilov boundary. While the result of Bishop need not hold in general algebras of quaternion-valued Lipschitz functions, we give sufficient conditions on such an algebra for it to hold and to guarantee the existence of the Shilov boundary.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Topologies on central extensions of von Neumann algebras

Shavkat Ayupov, Karimbergen Kudaybergenov, Rauaj Djumamuratov

Page range: 656-664

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Abstract

Given a von Neumann algebra M, we consider the central extension E(M) of M. We introduce the topology t c(M) on E(M) generated by a center-valued norm and prove that it coincides with the topology of local convergence in measure on E(M) if and only if M does not have direct summands of type II. We also show that t c(M) restricted to the set E(M)h of self-adjoint elements of E(M) coincides with the order topology on E(M)h if and only if M is a σ-finite type Ifin von Neumann algebra.

Open Access January 18, 2012

On a space of smooth functions on a convex unbounded set in ℝn admitting holomorphic extension in ℂn

Il’dar Musin, Polina Yakovleva

Page range: 665-692

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Abstract

For some given logarithmically convex sequence M of positive numbers we construct a subspace of the space of rapidly decreasing infinitely differentiable functions on an unbounded closed convex set in ℝn. Due to the conditions on M each function of this space admits a holomorphic extension in ℂn. In the current article, the space of holomorphic extensions is considered and Paley-Wiener type theorems are established. To prove these theorems, some auxiliary results on extensions of holomorphic functions satisfying some weighted L 2-bounds in a domain of holomorphy in ℂn are obtained with the aid of L. Hörmander’s method of L 2-bounds for the $$\bar \partial$$ operator. Also, some new facts on the Fourier-Laplace transform of tempered distributions complementing some well-known results of V.S. Vladimirov are employed.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Numerical schemes for multivalued backward stochastic differential systems

Lucian Maticiuc, Eduard Rotenstein

Page range: 693-702

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Abstract

We define approximation schemes for generalized backward stochastic differential systems, considered in the Markovian framework. More precisely, we propose a mixed approximation scheme for the following backward stochastic variational inequality: $$dY_t + F(t,X_t ,Y_t ,Z_t )dt \in \partial \phi (Y_t )dt + Z_t dW_t ,$$ where ∂φ is the subdifferential operator of a convex lower semicontinuous function φ and (X t)t∈[0;T] is the unique solution of a forward stochastic differential equation. We use an Euler type scheme for the system of decoupled forward-backward variational inequality in conjunction with Yosida approximation techniques.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Quasi-particle fermionic formulas for (k, 3)-admissible configurations

Miroslav Jerković, Mirko Primc

Page range: 703-721

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Abstract

We construct new monomial quasi-particle bases of Feigin-Stoyanovsky type subspaces for the affine Lie algebra sl(3;ℂ)∧ from which the known fermionic-type formulas for (k, 3)-admissible configurations follow naturally. In the proof we use vertex operator algebra relations for standard modules and coefficients of intertwining operators.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Schreier type theorems for bicrossed products

Ana Agore, Gigel Militaru

Page range: 722-739

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Abstract

We prove that the bicrossed product of two groups is a quotient of the pushout of two semidirect products. A matched pair of groups (H;G; α; β) is deformed using a combinatorial datum (σ; v; r) consisting of an automorphism σ of H, a permutation v of the set G and a transition map r: G → H in order to obtain a new matched pair (H; (G; *); α′, β′) such that there exists a σ-invariant isomorphism of groups H α⋈β G ≅H α′⋈β′ (G, *). Moreover, if we fix the group H and the automorphism σ ∈ Aut H then any σ-invariant isomorphism H α⋈β G ≅ H α′⋈β′ G′ between two arbitrary bicrossed product of groups is obtained in a unique way by the above deformation method. As applications two Schreier type classification theorems for bicrossed products of groups are given.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Solitary quotients of finite groups

Marius Tărnăuceanu

Page range: 740-747

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Abstract

We introduce and study the lattice of normal subgroups of a group G that determine solitary quotients. It is closely connected to the well-known lattice of solitary subgroups of G, see [Kaplan G., Levy D., Solitary subgroups, Comm. Algebra, 2009, 37(6), 1873–1883]. A precise description of this lattice is given for some particular classes of finite groups.

Open Access January 18, 2012

A larger GL 2 large sieve in the level aspect

Goran Djanković

Page range: 748-760

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Abstract

In this paper we study the orthogonality of Fourier coefficients of holomorphic cusp forms in the sense of large sieve inequality. We investigate the family of GL 2 cusp forms modular with respect to the congruence subgroups Γ1(q), with additional averaging over the levels q ∼ Q. We obtain the orthogonality in the range N ≪ Q 2−δ for any δ > 0, where N is the length of linear forms in the large sieve.

Open Access January 18, 2012

On certain arithmetic functions involving the greatest common divisor

Ekkehard Krätzel, Werner Nowak, László Tóth

Page range: 761-774

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Abstract

The paper deals with asymptotics for a class of arithmetic functions which describe the value distribution of the greatest-common-divisor function. Typically, they are generated by a Dirichlet series whose analytic behavior is determined by the factor ζ2(s)ζ(2s − 1). Furthermore, multivariate generalizations are considered.

Open Access January 18, 2012

An asymptotic approximation of Wallis’ sequence

Vito Lampret

Page range: 775-787

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Abstract

An asymptotic approximation of Wallis’ sequence W(n) = Πk=1n 4k 2/(4k 2 − 1) obtained on the base of Stirling’s factorial formula is presented. As a consequence, several accurate new estimates of Wallis’ ratios w(n) = Πk=1n(2k−1)/(2k) are given. Also, an asymptotic approximation of π in terms of Wallis’ sequence W(n) is obtained, together with several double inequalities such as, for example, $W(n) \cdot (a_n + b_n ) < \pi < W(n) \cdot (a_n + b'_n )$ with $a_n = 2 + \frac{1} {{2n + 1}} + \frac{2} {{3(2n + 1)^2 }} - \frac{1} {{3n(2n + 1)'}}b_n = \frac{2} {{33(n + 1)^{2'} }}b'_n \frac{1} {{13n^{2'} }}n \in \mathbb{N} $ .

Open Access January 18, 2012

Compositions of n as alternating sequences of weakly increasing and strictly decreasing partitions

Aubrey Blecher, Charlotte Brennan, Toufik Mansour

Page range: 788-796

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Abstract

Compositions and partitions of positive integers are often studied in separate frameworks where partitions are given by q-series generating functions and compositions exhibiting specific patterns are designated by generating functions for these patterns. Here, we view compositions as alternating sequences of weakly increasing and strictly decreasing partitions (i.e. alternating blocks). We obtain generating functions for the number of such partitions in terms of the size of the composition, the number of parts and the total number of “valleys” and “peaks”. From this, we find the total number of “peaks” and “valleys” in the composition of n which have the mentioned pattern. We also obtain the generating function for compositions which split into just two partition blocks. Finally, we obtain the two generating functions for compositions of n that start either with a weakly increasing partition or a strictly decreasing partition.

Open Access January 18, 2012

A combinatorial proof of a result for permutation pairs

Toufik Mansour, Mark Shattuck

Page range: 797-806

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Abstract

In this paper, a direct combinatorial proof is given of a result on permutation pairs originally due to Carlitz, Scoville, and Vaughan and later extended. It concerns showing that the series expansion of the reciprocal of a certain multiply exponential generating function has positive integer coefficients. The arguments may then be applied to related problems, one of which concerns the reciprocal of the exponential series for Fibonacci numbers.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Oscillations of difference equations with general advanced argument

George Chatzarakis, Ioannis Stavroulakis

Page range: 807-823

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Abstract

Consider the first order linear difference equation with general advanced argument and variable coefficients of the form $$\nabla x(n) - p(n)x(\tau (n)) = 0, n \geqslant 1,$$ where {p(n)} is a sequence of nonnegative real numbers, {τ(n)} is a sequence of positive integers such that $$\tau (n) \geqslant n + 1, n \geqslant 1,$$ and ▿ denotes the backward difference operator ▿x(n) = x(n) − x(n − 1). Sufficient conditions which guarantee that all solutions oscillate are established. Examples illustrating the results are given.

Open Access January 18, 2012

K-quasiderivations

Caleb Emmons, Mike Krebs, Anthony Shaheen

Page range: 824-834

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Abstract

A K-quasiderivation is a map which satisfies both the Product Rule and the Chain Rule. In this paper, we discuss several interesting families of K-quasiderivations. We first classify all K-quasiderivations on the ring of polynomials in one variable over an arbitrary commutative ring R with unity, thereby extending a previous result. In particular, we show that any such K-quasiderivation must be linear over R. We then discuss two previously undiscovered collections of (mostly) nonlinear K-quasiderivations on the set of functions defined on some subset of a field. Over the reals, our constructions yield a one-parameter family of K-quasiderivations which includes the ordinary derivative as a special case.

Open Access January 18, 2012

Erratum to: “Subnormal, permutable, and embedded subgroups in finite groups”

James Beidleman, Mathew Ragland

Page range: 835-836

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Abstract

The original version of the article was published in Central European Journal of Mathematics, 2011, 9(4), 915–921, DOI: 10.2478/s11533-011-0029-8. Unfortunately, the original version of this article contains a mistake: Lemma 2.1 (2) is not true. We correct Lemma 2.2 (2) and Theorem 1.1 in our paper where this lemma was used.

About this journal

Open Mathematics is a fully peer-reviewed open access journal that publishes original and relevant works on topics across the full span of mathematics. The journal's primary goal is to maintain the high quality of its published content and to provide free, instant, and continued access to all content worldwide.

AIMS AND SCOPE
Open Mathematics aims to promote knowledge directly relevant to all fields of mathematics. Subject areas suitable for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

Algebra, Algebraic Geometry, Category Theory, Complex Analysis, Control Theory and Optimization, Differential Equations, Differential Geometry, Discrete Mathematics, Dynamical Systems and Ergodic Theory, Functional Analysis, Geometry, Mathematical Logic and Foundations, Mathematical Physics, Number Theory, Numerical Analysis, Operator Theory, Probability Theory and Statistics, Real Analysis, and Topology.

The journal accepts submissions of research articles, reviews, and communications. Submission of a manuscript implies that the work described is not copyrighted, published or submitted elsewhere, except in abstract form. The corresponding author should ensure that all authors approve the manuscript before its submission.