Published by De Gruyter

Volume 63 Issue 1

January 2021

Issue of Materials Testing

Contents
Journal Overview

Publicly Available February 10, 2021

Overview

February 10, 2021

Technology in the 21^st Century – The role of materials and materials testing

Horst Czichos

Page range: 5-9

Materials testing for welding and additive manufacturing applications

February 10, 2021

Effect of laser inclination angle on mechanical properties of Hastelloy X processed by selective laser melting

Zong Xuewen, Zhang Jian, Fu Hanguang

Page range: 10-16

Abstract

Selective laser melting at various laser inclination angles was used to prepare Hastelloy X alloy specimens. The morphology, fracture, tensile strength, stress, and strain of Hastelloy X alloy specimens were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and a tensile tester. The temperature field of the manufacturing process was analyzed based on finite element analysis, and the internal relationship between the temperature field and the process was constructed in terms of cooling speed. The results show that the temperature field is a dynamic process with a high cooling rate; the average cooling rate reaches 3.23 × 10 6 °C × s −1 . The greater the inclination angle, the greater the thermal gradient, resulting in higher cooling rates. Due to the cross-influence of grain refinement at high cooling rates and residual stress, the tensile strength and yield strength of Hastelloy X alloy showed first increasing and then decreasing trends with respect to inclination angle. However, at an inclination angle of 30°, the voids and crack defects of Hastelloy X alloy fractures were reduced, and the tensile strength and yield strength reached 881.38 and 701.60 MPa, respectively. At this angle, the mechanical properties were excellent and met the requirements of the aviation industry.

Component-Oriented testing

February 10, 2021

Heat source model for electron beam welding of nickel-based superalloys

Torsten Jokisch, Nikolay Doynov, Ralf Ossenbrink, Vesselin Georgiev Michailov

Page range: 17-28

Abstract

An adapted heat source model is developed for transient thermal numerical analysis of electron beam welded nickel-based alloy with increased susceptibility to hot cracking. The model enables the consideration of heat redistribution due to beam deflection phenomena. The modeling concept is validated by the appropriate theoretical models and in addition, experimental studies especially performed for this purpose. Special attention is given to the calibration of heat source model parameters. The calibration procedure is based on a statistical approach involving a combination of novel analytical solutions and quasi-steady state finite element models. The model parameter field is statistically analyzed, and a prediction algorithm is developed using optimization algorithms from the six sigma theory. The reliability and practicability of the model is demonstrated by validation weldments. The work is dedicated to precisely calculating the temperature field in the high temperature region around the weld pool and thus to provide a more detailed explanation of the formation of hot cracks when welding turbine materials commonly used in industry and aircraft constructions.

Materialography

February 10, 2021

Effects of Ti-bearing inclusions on intragranular ferrite nucleation

Yue Qiu, Fuhao Chen, Bangfu Huang, Zhaoyang Wu, Hui Kong

Page range: 29-33

Abstract

The effect of Ti-bearing inclusion characteristics, such as size and marginal composition, on intragranular ferrite (IGF) nucleation has been explored in single sample through SEM and EDS. It can be seen that Ti-bearing inclusions can induce IGF nucleation, and this nucleation ability was scaled by the number of its induced lathes. Statistical analysis suggested that this ability may be correlated with inclusion size, and independent of Ti 2 O 3 content in inclusion. The former can be attributed to the classical theory of heterogeneous nucleation. The latter can be explained by the relationship between the diffusion quantity of Mn and its solubility in Ti 2 O 3 based on the theory of an Mn-depletion zone. Moreover, a probabilistic feature was observed in the nucleation phenomenon which may be due to a small difference in formation energy between the ferrite side plate and the IGF. These results may be helpful to clarify the nature of oxide metallurgy of a Ti-bearing inclusion.

Mechanical testing/Materialography

February 10, 2021

Effect of extruded low-density polyethylene on the microstructural and mechanical properties of hot-press produced 3105 aluminum composites

Sadam Hamis Wapande, Cagatay Elibol, Murat Konar

Page range: 34-40

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of low-density polyethylene on the microstructural and mechanical properties of 3105 aluminum composites produced by the continuous hot-press method. This production method ensures superior flatness to the composite and excellent peel strength between the composite plies. To this end, the bond between AA3105 and low-density polyethylene was initially characterized using a T-Peel stripping test. Tensile tests were performed on AA3105, low-density polyethylene and 3105 aluminum composites for determining mechanical behavior. A scanning electron microscope was used to characterize the cross-sectional cuts of the 3105 aluminum composite specimens obtained from the tensile tests. The microstructural analysis shows that low-density polyethylene and AA3105 exhibit a good interfacial adhesion bond before the fracture of the first AA3105 sheet. The results of the tensile tests clearly show that the uniform elongation at maximum load (A g ) of the 3105 aluminum composite is higher than that of AA3105. Furthermore, AA3105 exhibits negative strain rate sensitivity due to dynamic strain aging while 3105 aluminum composite exhibits a higher strain-hardening exponent than AA3105. Due to the higher strain rate sensitivity and strain hardening exponent, the 3105 aluminum composite exhibits higher formability than AA3105. This is of crucial importance for the manufacturing process.

Production-Oriented testing/Additive manufacturing

Materialography

February 10, 2021

Effect of austenitizing temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 9254 steel

Ömer Faruk Murathan, Kemal Davut, Volkan Kilicli

Page range: 48-54

Abstract

In this study, the effect of austenitizing temperatures and low-temperature isothermal heat treatment (below martensite start temperature) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 9254 high silicon spring steel has been investigated. Experimental studies show that ultra-fine carbide-free bainite, tempered martensite and carbon enriched retained austenite could be observed in isothermally heat-treated samples where the as-received sample consisted of fine pearlite. A high tensile strength of ~2060 MPa, a total elongation of ~8 %, and absorbed energy of 105 J were achieved in a commercial high-Si steel by austempering below the Ms temperature. A good combination of strength and ductility has been obtained in prolonged austempering below the martensite start temperature (225 °C) from an austenitizing temperature of 870 °C.

Materials testing for production technologies/Non-destructive testing

February 10, 2021

Automation of pipe defect detection and characterization by structured light

Lucas Kling e Silva, Gustavo Almeida, Creison Nunes, Gabriela Ribeiro Pereira, Daniel Kadoke, Werner Daum

Page range: 55-61

Abstract

High quality tubular products are essential to the oil and gas industry. Quality control during their production focuses on the non-destructive detection of surface defects. The structured light technique is a candidate for the challenge to detect, monitor and evaluate such defects in real-time. In the present study the automatic processing of structured light measurements is performed and validated. The algorithm for the automatic analysis of inspection data has an advantage over current data evaluation methods based on individual assessments of operators.

Wear testing

February 10, 2021

Wear resistance of HVOF sprayed NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co/NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co, and WC-Cr₃C₂-Ni rice harvesting blades

Ronnarit Khuengpukheiw, Charnnarong Saikaew, Anurat Wisitsoraat

Page range: 62-72

Abstract

In this work, NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co/NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co, and WC-Cr 3 C 2 -Ni coatings were sprayed on rice harvesting blade surfaces using a high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) process. Each of the rice harvesting blades was sprayed with one of four coating materials using different spraying durations. The effects of coating materials and spraying durations on the average values of coated blade volume loss, hardness and surface roughness (Ra) were studied through real rice-harvesting field tests. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multiple comparison approach with Tukey’s test were used in order to conduct a comparative performance analysis of the coating materials of rice harvesting blades. The experimental results indicated that the NiSiCrFeB coating exhibited the highest volume loss compared with all others. In addition, the WC-Co-coated blade had significantly greater hardness than those coated with NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co/NiSiCrFeB, or WC-Cr 3 C 2 -Ni. The rice harvesting blade coated with either WC-Co/NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co, or WC-Cr 3 C 2 -Ni using the shortest spraying duration was recommended for installation in rice harvesting machines.

Materials testing for welding and additive manufacturing applications

February 10, 2021

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid parts

Pulkin Gupta, Sudha Kumari, Abhishek Gupta, Ankit Kumar Sinha, Prashant Jindal

Page range: 73-78

Abstract

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a layer-by-layer manufacturing process type of 3D-printing (3DP). Significant variation in the mechanical properties of 3D printed specimens is observed because of varied process parameters and interfacial bonding between consecutive layers. This study investigates the influence of heat treatment on the mechanical strength of FDM 3D printed Polylactic acid (PLA) parts with constant 3DP parameters and ambient conditions. To meet the objectives, 7 sets, each containing 5 dog-bone shaped samples, were fabricated from commercially available PLA filament. Each set was subjected to heat treatment at a particular temperature for 1 h and cooled in the furnace itself, while one set was left un-treated. The temperature for heat treatment (T h ) varied from 30 °C to 130 °C with increments of 10 °C. The heat-treated samples were characterized under tensile loading of 400 N and mechanical properties like Young’s modulus (E), Strain % ( ε ) and Stiffness (k) were evaluated. On comparing the mechanical properties of heat-treated samples to un-treated samples, significant improvements were observed. Heat treatment also altered the geometries of the samples. Mechanical properties improved by 4.88 % to 10.26 % with the maximum being at T h of 110 °C and below recrystallization temperature (T r ) of 65 °C. Deformations also decreased significantly at higher temperatures above 100 °C, by a maximum of 36.06 %. The dimensions of samples showed a maximum decrease of 1.08 % in T r range and a maximum decrease of 0.31 % in weight at the same temperature. This study aims to benefit the society by establishing suitable Th to recover the lost strength in PLA based FDM 3D printed parts.

Wear testing

February 10, 2021

Friction and wear properties of heavy load truck composite brake linings

Emre Bayram, Ahmet Topuz

Page range: 79-84

Abstract

Materials for friction used in brakes should fulfill many requirements, such as stable friction performance in all conditions, lower change in the friction coefficient, high wear resistance and low wear rate. In this study, three different compositions were produced to investigate the effects of each composition and its manufacturing parameters. Three different compositions, which are called standard, fly ash and sisal fiber mixture, were produced to be compared with existing commercial heavy-duty truck brake lining. These compositions were homogeneously mixed and hot molded at different pressures and temperatures. The post-curing effect was also investigated in some of the samples. The wear and friction tests were performed using a friction tester. The density and hardness of the samples were also analyzed in relation to compositions and manufacturing parameters. The coefficient of friction and wear behavior was compared with a commercial heavy-duty truck brake lining. The results suggest that there is a high potential in the samples investigated for commercial trucks applications of brake lining products that are highly suitable from the environmental and cost reduction view.

Mechanical testing/Wear testing

February 10, 2021

Effect of Lanthanum on mechanical and wear properties of high-pressure die-cast Mg-3Al-3Sn-3Sb alloy

Güven Yarkadaş, Levent Cenk Kumruoğlu, Selma Özarslan, Hüseyin Şevik

Page range: 85-91

Abstract

In the present study, the effect of an La alloying element with different quantities (1, 3 and 5 wt.-%) on the microstructure, mechanical and dry sliding wear properties of Mg- 3Al-3Sn-3Sb alloy was investigated. The wear tests were done on the alloys using pin on-disk equipment against a 4140 steel disc as counterpart under three different sliding velocities of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 ms -1 and four different loads of 5, 10, 20 and 40 N. The microstructural results showed that the new intermetallic phases (La5Sn3 and LaSnSb2) were formed with addition of La to the main alloy. Also, it was observed that the hardness of the Mg-3Al-3Sn-3Sb alloy was raised with increasing La addition. Furthermore, the tensile properties of the Mg-3Al-3Sn-3Sb alloy improved with rising La content at room and elevated temperature. The wear rates of the alloys increase with increasing of the sliding speed and load. In addition to this, the wear rate of the Mg-3Al-3Sn-3Sb alloy was found to be higher than that of the La content alloys for all test conditions.

Production-Oriented testing

February 10, 2021

A novel graphene-based Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite for magnetic particle inspection

Zhongqiang Zhang, Leijun Lu, Yipin Yi

Page range: 92-96

Abstract

The magnetic particle material is the crucial part in the field of nondestructive inspection. Nevertheless, traditional magnetic particle still leaves much to be desired. In this research, we designed a simple procedure to synthesize a novel graphene-based ferroferric oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanocomposite. All characterizations implied that Fe 3 O 4 was anchored on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets successfully. Especially this specimen reveals significant magnetic property improvement and macroscopic stability because of the synergistic effect between Fe 3 O 4 and graphene, as compared to the traditional magnetic particle. More importantly, our method optimizes intrinsic magnetization intensity, reduces remanence and sedimentation velocity of magnetic particle material. Thus, this nanocomposite holds great potential for the field of magnetic particle inspection.

Materials testing for welding and additive manufacturing applications

February 10, 2021

Effect of shielding gas combination on microstructure and mechanical properties of MIG welded stainless steel 316

İsmail Açar, Behçet Gülenç

Page range: 97-101

Abstract

The quality of welded joints depends on the most optimal welding parameters and the selection of shielding gas type. The shielding gas was selected for joining stainless steels through gas metal arc welding methods by considering properties such as chemical-metallurgical interaction of shielding gas and the molten weld metal during the welding process, heat transmission capability of the gas and cost. In this study, the effect of different shielding gas combinations on the mechanical and microstructural properties of 316 austenitic stainless steel joined by the metal inert gas (MIG) welding method was investigated. In the welding process, pure argon (100 % Ar), 98.5 % Ar + 1.5 % H 2 and 95 % Ar + 5 % H 2 were used as shielding gases. Tensile, hardness, and bending tests were conducted to determine mechanical properties of the welded samples. In addition, metallographic examinations were carried out to detect the macrostructural and microstructural properties of weld zones. According to the results obtained from the study, the highest tensile strength was obtained from the joints welded using 100 % Ar shielding gas. When the addition of H 2 into the Ar gas increased, the tensile strength of the welded samples decreased. As a result of the tensile test, fractures occurred in the base metal in all welded samples. In all welding parameters, the hardness of the weld metal was lower as compared to the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the base metal. As a result of the bending test, crack and tearing defects were found in the weld zone.

About this journal

Materials Testing is a SCI-listed English language journal dealing with all aspects of material and component testing with a special focus on transfer between laboratory research into industrial application. The journal provides first-hand information on non-destructive, destructive, optical, physical and chemical test procedures. It contains exclusive articles which are peer-reviewed applying respectively high international quality criterions.
All articles are subject to thorough, independent peer review.

Volume 63 Issue 1

Issue of Materials Testing

Frontmatter

Technology in the 21st Century – The role of materials and materials testing

Effect of laser inclination angle on mechanical properties of Hastelloy X processed by selective laser melting

Abstract

Heat source model for electron beam welding of nickel-based superalloys

Abstract

Effects of Ti-bearing inclusions on intragranular ferrite nucleation

Abstract

Effect of extruded low-density polyethylene on the microstructural and mechanical properties of hot-press produced 3105 aluminum composites

Abstract

Effect of austenitizing temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 9254 steel

Abstract

Automation of pipe defect detection and characterization by structured light

Abstract

Wear resistance of HVOF sprayed NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co/NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co, and WC-Cr3C2-Ni rice harvesting blades

Abstract

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid parts

Abstract

Friction and wear properties of heavy load truck composite brake linings

Abstract

Effect of Lanthanum on mechanical and wear properties of high-pressure die-cast Mg-3Al-3Sn-3Sb alloy

Abstract

A novel graphene-based Fe3O4 nanocomposite for magnetic particle inspection

Abstract

Effect of shielding gas combination on microstructure and mechanical properties of MIG welded stainless steel 316

Abstract

Technology in the 21^st Century – The role of materials and materials testing

Wear resistance of HVOF sprayed NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co/NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co, and WC-Cr₃C₂-Ni rice harvesting blades

A novel graphene-based Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite for magnetic particle inspection