Published since January 1, 1959

Materials Testing

MATERIALPRÜFUNG MATERIALS – COMPONENTS – TECHNOLOGY – APPLICATION

ISSN: 2195-8572

Editor-in-chief: Thomas Böllinghaus

Impact Factor: 2.528

About this journal

Materials Testing is a SCI-listed English language journal dealing with all aspects of material and component testing with a special focus on transfer between laboratory research into industrial application. The journal provides first-hand information on non-destructive, destructive, optical, physical and chemical test procedures. It contains exclusive articles which are peer-reviewed applying respectively high international quality criterions.
All articles are subject to thorough, independent peer review.

Editing Associations: DGZfP, DVM and VDI Materials Engineering.

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Volume 64 Issue 12

December 2022

Publicly Available November 29, 2022

Frontmatter

Page range: i-iii

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November 29, 2022

Effects of Re and Co additions on lattice parameters and lattice misfit in cast Ni-based superalloys

Arpaporn Nararak, Napat Kiatwisarnkij, Tanaporn Rojhirunsakool, Sriswaroop Dasari, Sankum Nusen, Gobboon Lothongkum, Thomas Lampke, Fritz Hartung, Jiaqian Qin, Panyawat Wangyao

Page range: 1699-1709

Abstract

Morphological evolution of gamma prime precipitates was governed by an elemental partitioning ratio between the gamma and gamma prime phases. In the present study, Ni-based MGA 1400 alloy was modified by adding 4 wt% of Re and 6.4 wt% of Co by vacuum arc melting. The effects of Re and Co additions on lattice parameters of gamma and gamma prime phases were studied by TEM and XRD techniques. Calculated lattice misfit values obtained from XRD and TEM techniques were used to identify the shape and morphology of gamma prime precipitated particles after long-term exposure at 1173 K for 1800 ks? After long-term exposure, gamma prime particles became much coarser. The addition of Re retarded the coarsening rate of the gamma prime precipitates, resulting in smaller gamma prime particles at the same annealing times. Even though, both Re and Co atoms are strongly partitioned in the gamma matrix, the effect of Re and Co additions on lattice misfits was contradictory. The addition of Re produced rounded corner cuboidal morphology of gamma prime precipitates due to higher magnitude with negative lattice misfit (−0.3857%), while Co addition provided a more rounded shape of gamma prime particles due to the lattice misfit value approach to zero (+0.0936%).

November 29, 2022

Influence of pre- and post-weld heat treats on microstructures of laser welded GTD-111 with IN-718 as filler metal

Juthamate Jaruratchataphun, Napat Kiatwisarnkij, Tanaporn Rojhirunsakool, Gobboon Lothongkum, Panyawat Wangyao

Page range: 1710-1719

Abstract

The present research work studied and evaluated conditions of pre-weld and post-weld heat treatments for the laser welding process, aiming to avoid weld cracking, which usually occurs after tungsten inert gas and/or laser welding processes in cast nickel-based superalloys with high aluminum and titanium contents. The pre-weld heat treatment conditions used in the experiments were (1) 1473 K for 7.2 ks, (2) 1433 K for 7.2 ks + 1298 K for 56.7 ks, (3) 1413 K for 7.2 ks + 1298 K for 56.7 ks, (4) 1393 K for 7.2 ks + 1298 K for 56.7 ks. A laser welding process on cast nickel-based superalloys, grade GTD-111, with metal filler of Inconel 718, a nickel-iron based alloy was conducted. From all obtained results, it was found that the pre-weld heat treatment conditions significantly influence microstructures before laser welding. After laser welding and post-weld heat treatment at a temperature of 1473 K for 7.2 ks followed by precipitation aging at a temperature of 1118 K for 86.4 ks (standard heat treatment), all welded specimens exhibited similar microstructures and hardness values. Furthermore, no weld cracking was observed in all welded specimens.

Open Access November 29, 2022

Examination of α′′, α′ and ω phases in a β-type titanium–niobium metal

Jin-hui Sun

Page range: 1720-1732

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Abstract

In this study, titanium–niobium (Ti-Nb) alloy samples containing β , α ′′, ω and α ′ were used to investigate the effect of each phase on the mechanical properties. The results show that the content of each phase affects the shape of the tensile curve. When the fraction of ω phase is relatively large, the tensile curve exhibits obvious upper yield point and lower yield point. However, the fraction of α ′′ phase is relatively large; the tensile curve has a single peak yield stage. A small amount of α ′ phase can significantly improve the yield strength, however, the elongation decreased significantly. In addition, some ω phase surrounded in α ′′ matrix was also observed, and it can be inferred that the micro-crack may first appear at the incoherent ω / α ′′ interface under the application of external stress.

November 29, 2022

Corrosion resistance, thermal diffusivity and mechanical properties of Ni–SiO₂ nanocomposite coatings on a 316 stainless steel for heat exchanger applications

Mohsen Shamshirsaz, Abdolhosein Fereidoon, Alireza Albooyeh, Iman Danaee

Page range: 1733-1752

Abstract

In this study, the effect of pure Ni and Ni–SiO 2 nanocomposites coatings on corrosion, wear resistance and thermal conductivity of 316 stainless steel substrates was investigated with the purpose of extending the service life of 316 stainless steel plate heat exchangers. The nanocomposite coatings were developed by electroplating process in a Watts bath in different concentration values of SiO 2 nanoparticles (10, 20 and 30 g l −1 ). Electrochemical corrosion was run to examine the corrosive performance of the coatings. The results showed that the Ni–SiO 2 nanocomposite with concentration of 30 g l −1 had a higher corrosion resistance. A pin on disk wear test demonstrated that, in comparison to 316 stainless steel, the wear resistance of the Ni–SiO 2 nanocomposite (30 g l −1 ) was up to 25% lower while its friction coefficient was almost the same. In addition, as measured via the laser flash method and differential scanning calorimetry, the thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity of the sample respectively were found to be 32 and 43% lower in comparison to 316 stainless steel. Microhardness measurement via a Vickers microindenter showed that the microhardness of the Ni–SiO 2 nanocomposite coating was more than three times higher than that of 316 stainless steel for all the reinforcement concentrations.

November 29, 2022

Influence of acidic media and chlorides on protective properties of epoxy coatings

Vesna Alar, Ivan Stojanović, Vinko Šimunović, Marin Kurtela, Marina Samardžija, Dalibor Ivaniš

Page range: 1753-1764

Abstract

Organic coatings are used as one of the key surface protection methods to protect cast iron pipelines against corrosion due to their cost efficiency and a variety of applications. In most metallic systems that are protected by organic coatings, the performance depends on the response of the coating to corrosion stresses to which they are exposed during operation. One of the most dangerous factors causing chemical damage to coatings are the acidic and chloride aggressive media. Such damage reduces the protection effectiveness thus leading to blistering, cracking, increase in pore volume and number, as well as loss of adhesion. Moreover, the influence of aggressive media impairs also aesthetic characteristics. In the experimental part of the paper, analyses of the physical and chemical properties of epoxy coatings applied on the metal substrate in phosphoric acid, acetic acid and 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions were carried out. The test results showed that the physical properties of epoxy coatings were satisfactory in the acidic medium, but electrochemical tests in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution showed reduced corrosion protection.

November 29, 2022

Effects of silver interlayer thickness on the microstructure and properties of electron beam welded joints of TC4 titanium and 4J29 Kovar alloys

Defeng Mo, Liquan Yu, Xinmin Shi, Tong Zhao, Xue Li, Zhijiang Zeng, Haimei Gong

Page range: 1765-1772

Abstract

Electron beam welding of TC4 titanium alloy and 4J29 Kovar alloy was performed by using different thicknesses of silver interlayers. The microstructure and the composition of welded joints were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dipersive spectrometry. The mechanical properties of welded joints were evaluated by tensile strength tests. The results indicated that Ag thickness has great effects on the weld appearance, microstructure, and mechanical properties of electron beam-welded joints. In case of 0.3 and 0.4 mm thickness of Ag interlayers, a considerable part of 4J29 and TC4 melts and a large amount of Fe, Ti, and Ni elements diffuse into the molten pool forming intermetallic compounds (IMCs) such as TiFe 2 , NiTi, and FeTi. In case of 0.6 mm thickness of Ag interlayer, the welded joint exhibits brazing characteristics with little IMCs near the fusion line of 4J29 Kovar alloy side. When the thickness of the Ag interlayer increases to 0.8 mm, the diffusion of Ti and Fe elements is completely inhibited by Ag. As the thickness of the Ag interlayer increases from 0.3 to 0.8 mm, the tensile strength of the welded sample shows a phenomenon that first rises and then falls, and the largest tensile strength is 243 MPa.

November 29, 2022

Influence of the mild steel coating application process, drying method and pigment on the surface topography

Andrej Razumić, Lovro Turkalj, Amalija Horvatić Novak, Ivan Stojanović, Biserka Runje

Page range: 1773-1781

Abstract

Protecting metal surfaces with organic coatings is one of the most common ways of corrosion protection. The main goal of coating is to insulate the base of the material from the corrosive environment in order to provide long lasting protection. The aim of this research is to show how different coating applications in combination with different drying methods affect the coating surface topography. Two different two-component primers were also observed, one containing zinc in its chemical composition and the other one not, to see if zinc had any effect on the surface topography. The surface topography of coatings is examined by the atomic force microscope. At the nano level, the surface condition is quantitatively described by areal topography parameters, also known as 3D roughness parameters. An accelerated laboratory test in the salt spray chamber was performed to compare topography parameters and evaluate which coating system had the slightest differences in observed parameters before and after exposure to a corrosive environment. All the results were statistically processed and presented.

November 29, 2022

Friction stir welding for manufacturing of a light weight combat aircraft structure

Chinnasamy Rajendran, Kasi Srinivasan, Visvalingam Balasubramanian, Tushar Sonar, Haridasu Balaji

Page range: 1782-1795

Abstract

This paper aims to validate the viability of friction stir welding process (FSW) to join high strength aerospace grade AA2014-T6 aluminium alloy for manufacturing light-weight combat aircraft (LCA) structure as a replacement to riveting process. FSW is used to overcome the heat input-related problems in fusion welding of AA2014-T6 aluminium alloy such as coarse grain fusion zone microstructure, softening in HAZ and lower joint efficiency. The 2 mm thick AA2014-T6 aluminium alloy sheets were used as the base material (BM). Friction stir butt (FBW) and friction stir lap (FLP) joints were developed, and its performance was compared with double cover riveted butt (DRB) joint in butt (RBJ) and lap (RLJ) joint configuration. Results showed that the load-carrying capability of FSW joints is greater than the riveted joints. The superior load-carrying capacities of FBW and FLW joints refers to evolution of refined grains and strengthening precipitates in stirred zone (SZ), which ensures superior metallurgical bonding between the joining surfaces. The riveted joints disclosed inferior load-carrying capacities due to the lack of metallurgical connection between the joining surfaces.

November 29, 2022

Manufacturing and FSW of hybrid functionally graded metal matrix composite

Uğur Avcı, Şemsettin Temiz

Page range: 1796-1808

Abstract

This study focuses on the manufacturing of hybrid functionally graded metal matrix composite (HFGMMC) using Al7039 alloy matrix phase which is used as armor material in today’s world. In this context, manufacturing stages of matrix material were analyzed, and necessary parameters were determined for remanufacturing using casting method. With the determined parameters, the matrix material was reinforced by SiC, Al 2 O 3, and B 4 C particles in different volume rates at an average size of 3–10 µm using stir casting method. Three metal matrix composite (MMC) plates which were manufactured using different reinforcement particles in different volume rates were joined as semi-solid with the effect of temperature and pressure in a specially designed mold. In order to complete the manufacturing process, hot forging, and heat treatment were applied to the manufactured composite plate in accordance with the parameters determined in the manufacturing of the matrix. The manufactured MMC and HFGMMC plates were compared in terms of their micro structure, micro hardness, tensile strength, and wear behavior. Finally, HFGMMC plates were joined together by friction stir welding (FSW) in order to analyze their micro structures and mechanical properties after welding.

November 29, 2022

Effect of cryogenic treatment holding time on mechanical and microstructural properties of Sverker 21 steel

Nursel Altan Özbek, Onur Özbek

Page range: 1809-1817

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of shallow and deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructural and mechanical properties of Sverker 21 tool steel. After conventional heat treatment, shallow cryogenic treatment at −80 °C for 2, 12, and 24 h and deep cryogenic treatment at −180 °C for 2, 18, and 36 h were applied on the steel samples. After that, the samples were tempered at 200 °C for 2 h. As a result of these treatments, the steel samples’ hardness, toughness, and wear rate changes were determined, and their microstructural properties were investigated. As a result of the study, it was observed that the cryogenic treatment had positive effects on the mechanical and microstructural properties of Sverker 21 steel. Mechanical properties also improved with increasing holding time for both cryogenic treatment types. It has been found that the deep cryogenic treatment provides better mechanical properties compared to the shallow cryogenic treatment. The maximum hardness and wear resistance were obtained in the deep cryogenically treated sample for 36 h. Compared to the CHT sample, the hardness and impact energy of the DCT(36) sample increased by approximately 11.75% and 17.36%. An improvement of approximately 64% was observed in the wear rate.

November 29, 2022

Mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of C_f/SiC–Nb joints using Ti-base laminated foil

JianRu Chu, Xiaosong Jiang, Hongliang Sun

Page range: 1818-1825

Abstract

A self-designed Ti–Zr–Cu composite foil was used as an interlayer and vacuum brazed to achieve a heterogeneous joint between the Cf/SiC composite and Nb, resulting in a well-bonded, defect-free joint with a typical interfacial microstructure of Cf/SiC/(Ti, Zr)C/(Ti, Zr)2Cu + Zr2Cu/Ti2Cu + (Ti, Nb)ss/Nb. The effects of different experimental temperatures on the microstructural evolution of the joints and the mechanical properties of the joints were investigated, and the formation mechanism of the joint interface was analyzed. The results show that the microscopic morphology and mechanical properties of the joint interface change significantly with increasing experimental temperature. As the temperature increased to 1080 °C, the shear strength increased by 150.6% compared to 1060 °C (78.09 MPa) and reached a maximum value of 195.72 MPa, but further warming to 1100 °C (144.25 MPa) resulted in a 26.3% decrease in shear strength, with the best joint achieved at 1080 °C.

November 29, 2022

Effect of nano graphene and CNT addition on coating properties in friction surfacing process

Serkan Erdem

Page range: 1826-1835

Abstract

In this study, the wear behaviour of the composite material obtained as a result of the coating process by adding nano-size powder to the consumable rod with the friction surfacing method was investigated. An amount of 3–5 wt% nano graphene and carbon nano tube (CNT) were added into the hole drilled at a certain depth in the center of the consumable rod, and then the rod was subjected to sintering process. The obtained consumable rod was deposited on the substrate material at a certain rotational speed, horizontal and vertical progression speeds by friction surfacing method. Wear tests were carried out by subjecting the deposited surface samples to the pin-on-disc wear test. According to the results obtained, the increase in the additive ratio decreased the wear rate by approximately 30% in the 3 wt% graphene additive sample and 75% in the 5 wt% additive sample for 900 m wear distance. The same CNT additive ratios decreased the wear rate in the sample by 41% and 58%, respectively.

November 29, 2022

Effect of ultra-high boron additions on microstructure and mechanical properties on high chromium steel

Ömerfaruk Murathan, Kadir Kocatepe, Mehmet Erdogan

Page range: 1836-1842

Abstract

In this work, the change on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high chromium steel investigated by adding ultra-high boron contents. Specimens produced by casting method. A total of 430 type martensitic stainless steel scraps melted in an induction furnace where the chemical composition of melt controlled (by adding ferro alloys, de-oxidation, removing nitrogen, etc.). At 1550 °C, melt was poured into sand molds with the shape of Y blocks. Wet chemical analysis was used for boron analysis. The change on the microstructure and mechanical properties (hardness test, Charpy impact test and pin on disc abrasive wear test) determined. Experimental results revealed that, martensitic matrix obtained in both boron free steel and ultra-high boron steels. Chromium carbides and borides were embedded each other (M 2 B and M 7 (C, B) 5 type of carbide/borides) according to X-ray diffraction results. With the change of boron content, carbide/boride volume fraction, distribution and shapes were changed as well. Hardness and abrasion resistance improved for the steels having higher boron contents however impact toughness deteriorated significantly.

November 29, 2022

Microstructure, tensile properties and fracture toughness of friction stir welded AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy joints

Prabhuraj Parasuraman, Tushar Sonar, Selvaraj Rajakumar

Page range: 1843-1850

Abstract

The main objective of this investigation is to study the microstructure, tensile properties and fracture toughness of friction stir welded (FSW) butt joints of 10 mm thick AA7075-T651 plates. The microstructural features of stir zone (SZ), thermos-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) were analyzed using optical microscopy technique. The tensile properties were evaluated using smooth and notch tensile specimens and compared to base metal properties. The microhardness survey was done across the weld cross section and correlated to the failure of tensile specimens. Compact tension (CT) specimens were used to evaluate the fracture toughness of welded joints. The fractured tensile and CT specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the FSW AA7075-T651 specimens welded using axial load of 12 kN, tool rotation speed of 750 rpm and welding speed of 30 mm/min exhibited 412 MPa tensile strength and 9% elongation. It showed 88 and 89% of base metal strength elongation. The joints showed fracture toughness of 23 MPa m 1/2 which is 80% of base metal fracture toughness. The superior tensile and fracture toughness properties of joints are mainly attributed to the evolution of finer grains in SZ due to the stirring action of FSW tool.

November 29, 2022

NiTi-SiC composite coating on Ti6Al4V alloy produced by SHS using induction heating

Anil Imak

Page range: 1851-1859

Abstract

In this study, NiTi and NiTi-XSiC (1 wt%, 2 wt%, and 4 wt%) powders were coated on the Ti6Al4V surface by the self-propagating high -temperature synthesis (SHS) method using induction heating. Optic microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the microstructural properties of coatings, energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) for element distribution analysis, and X-ray diffractogram (XRD) for phase component analysis were carried out. The microhardness difference between the coating and the substrate was assessed by using the Vickers hardness scale. The microhardness increased with the addition of SiC, and the highest hardness value was 1416 Hv and detected in the sample NiTi–SiC 4 wt%. Phases formed by diffusion during solidification in the compounds Ti, Al, NiTi, NiTi2, NiAl, Ni3Al, Al3Ti, and TiO2, respectively.

November 29, 2022

Corrosion resistance of commercial glazes of floor tiles

Cengiz Karataş, Veli Şimşek

Page range: 1860-1870

Abstract

The main aim of this article was to develop new glaze receipts (NGRs) to build up the acid resistance (AR) of commercial glazes (CGs) used in floor tile production. The glaze is a vitrified material that melts the surface of the ceramic material. Improvements were made during and after the manufacture, based on the glaze samples of the CGs. NGRs were synthesized using different mineral compositions. AR, density, chemical, and physical properties of commercial and new synthesized glazes were determined using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and water contact angle analysis methods. The AR of the obtained samples (standard and developed floor tiles) was examined by treating them with 3% HCl for 3 days. Results showed that synthesized glazes had higher AR than standard glazes (CGs). The NGRs also significantly improved the ceramic surface coating features of the new glazes.

Volume 64 (2022)

Volume 63 (2021)

Volume 62 (2020)

Volume 61 (2019)

Volume 60 (2018)

Volume 59 (2017)

Volume 58 (2016)

Volume 57 (2015)

Volume 56 (2014)

Volume 55 (2013)

Volume 54 (2012)

Volume 53 (2011)

Volume 52 (2010)

Volume 51 (2009)

Volume 50 (2008)

Volume 49 (2007)

Volume 48 (2006)

Volume 47 (2005)

Volume 46 (2004)

Volume 45 (2003)

Volume 44 (2002)

Volume 43 (2001)

Volume 42 (2000)

Volume 41 (1999)

Volume 40 (1998)

Volume 39 (1997)

Volume 38 (1996)

Volume 37 (1995)

Volume 36 (1994)

Volume 35 (1993)

Volume 34 (1992)

Volume 33 (1991)

Volume 32 (1990)

Volume 31 (1989)

Volume 30 (1988)

Volume 29 (1987)

Volume 28 (1986)

Volume 27 (1985)

Volume 26 (1984)

Volume 25 (1983)

Volume 24 (1982)

Volume 23 (1981)

Volume 22 (1980)

Volume 21 (1979)

Volume 20 (1978)

Volume 19 (1977)

Volume 18 (1976)

Volume 17 (1975)

Volume 16 (1974)

Volume 15 (1973)

Volume 14 (1972)

Volume 13 (1971)

Volume 12 (1970)

Volume 11 (1969)

Volume 10 (1968)

Volume 9 (1967)

Volume 8 (1966)

Volume 7 (1965)

Volume 6 (1964)

Volume 5 (1963)

Volume 4 (1962)

Volume 3 (1961)

Volume 2 (1960)

Volume 1 (1959)

5-year Impact Factor	1.682
Cite Score	3.1
Impact Factor	2.528
Journal Citation Indicator	0.70
SCImago Journal Rank	0.371
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	0.670

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Editorial

Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Böllinghaus (MT@degruyter.com)
Helmut Schmidt University / University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg

Society contact
Dr. Matthias Purschke Executive Director, DGZfP
Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP)

Dr. Martin Brune
Chairman of the Board, DVM
Deutscher Verband für Materialforschung und -prüfung (DVM)

Dr.-Ing. Hans-Jürgen Schäfer
Managing Director, VDI Materials Engineering
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI)

(Deutsch)

Online ISSN: 2195-8572
Type: Journal
Language: English
Publisher: De Gruyter
First published: January 1, 1959
Publication Frequency: 12 Issues per Year
Keywords: Materials, Materials Testing, Materials Processing, Material Properties, Life Cycle Engineering, Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Technology

Materials Testing

MATERIALPRÜFUNG MATERIALS – COMPONENTS – TECHNOLOGY – APPLICATION

Frontmatter

Effects of Re and Co additions on lattice parameters and lattice misfit in cast Ni-based superalloys

Abstract

Influence of pre- and post-weld heat treats on microstructures of laser welded GTD-111 with IN-718 as filler metal

Abstract

Examination of α′′, α′ and ω phases in a β-type titanium–niobium metal

Abstract

Corrosion resistance, thermal diffusivity and mechanical properties of Ni–SiO2 nanocomposite coatings on a 316 stainless steel for heat exchanger applications

Abstract

Influence of acidic media and chlorides on protective properties of epoxy coatings

Abstract

Effects of silver interlayer thickness on the microstructure and properties of electron beam welded joints of TC4 titanium and 4J29 Kovar alloys

Abstract

Influence of the mild steel coating application process, drying method and pigment on the surface topography

Abstract

Friction stir welding for manufacturing of a light weight combat aircraft structure

Abstract

Manufacturing and FSW of hybrid functionally graded metal matrix composite

Abstract

Effect of cryogenic treatment holding time on mechanical and microstructural properties of Sverker 21 steel

Abstract

Mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of Cf/SiC–Nb joints using Ti-base laminated foil

Abstract

Effect of nano graphene and CNT addition on coating properties in friction surfacing process

Abstract

Effect of ultra-high boron additions on microstructure and mechanical properties on high chromium steel

Abstract

Microstructure, tensile properties and fracture toughness of friction stir welded AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy joints

Abstract

NiTi-SiC composite coating on Ti6Al4V alloy produced by SHS using induction heating

Abstract

Corrosion resistance of commercial glazes of floor tiles

Abstract

Corrosion resistance, thermal diffusivity and mechanical properties of Ni–SiO₂ nanocomposite coatings on a 316 stainless steel for heat exchanger applications

Mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of C_f/SiC–Nb joints using Ti-base laminated foil