Published since January 1, 1959

Materials Testing

MATERIALPRÜFUNG MATERIALS – COMPONENTS – TECHNOLOGY – APPLICATION

ISSN: 2195-8572

Editor-in-chief: Thomas Böllinghaus

Impact Factor: 2.528

About this journal

Materials Testing is a SCI-listed English language journal dealing with all aspects of material and component testing with a special focus on transfer between laboratory research into industrial application. The journal provides first-hand information on non-destructive, destructive, optical, physical and chemical test procedures. It contains exclusive articles which are peer-reviewed applying respectively high international quality criterions.
All articles are subject to thorough, independent peer review.

Editing Associations: DGZfP, DVM and VDI Materials Engineering.

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Volume 65 Issue 1

January 2023

Publicly Available January 9, 2023

Frontmatter

Page range: i-iii

Download PDF

January 9, 2023

A holistic view on materials

Horst Czichos

Page range: 1-2

January 9, 2023

Influence of pulsed laser beam welding in vacuum on the mechanical properties of non-grain oriented electrical steel sheets

Uwe Reisgen, Simon Olschok, Erik Rasbach, Thomas Krichel

Page range: 3-9

Abstract

Major components of electrical machines are iron cores made of stacked electrical steel sheets. In this paper, pulsed laser beam welding in vacuum is used to join the individual electrical steel sheets. Three different non-grain-oriented electrical steel alloys are investigated and joined by individual spot welds. The influence of pulsed laser beam welding in atmosphere as well as in vacuum on the welding result and the tensile strength of the welded joint is discussed. The results show that the insulation coating of the electrical sheets has significant effects on the grain structure as well as the hardness of the weld spots. These effects can be reduced with decreased working pressure, which reduces the power loss of iron cores. The reduction of the working pressure and the associated reduction of the vapor plume, which appears to reduce the energy input into the component depending on the material and coating, results in an increase of the melt volume and the joint cross sectional area. The tensile strength of the performed welds was tested and interpreted with respect to the influencing process parameters.

January 9, 2023

Fracture characteristics of various concrete composites containing polypropylene fibers through five fracture mechanics methods

Alireza Hosseini Mehrab, Seyedmahdi Amirfakhrian, M. Reza Esfahani

Page range: 10-32

Abstract

This paper investigates and compares the experimental results of fracture characteristics in various polypropylene fiber-reinforced concretes (high strength concrete, lightweight concrete, and engineered cementitious composite) on 90 three-point bend (notched and un-notched) beams. Five widely used fracture mechanics testing methods, such as work of fracture method, stress-displacement curve method, size effect method, J integral method, and ASTM E399, were used to investigate the fracture behavior. Results have demonstrated that fracture energy and fracture toughness improved as the dosage of polypropylene fibers increased in concretes. However, this improvement was different in concretes owing to various results of fracture mechanics testing methods and different properties of each concrete. Aggregates played significant role in the performance of polypropylene fibers on the fracture behavior of concretes. Among testing methods, the ASTM E399 showed the lowest values for the fracture toughness of concretes. Both work of fracture and stress-displacement curve methods exhibited appropriate results for the fracture energy of polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete composites. The accuracy of size effect method was acceptable for determining size-independent fracture parameters of plain high strength and lightweight concretes. Furthermore, the J integral method showed more relevant results for the fracture toughness of polypropylene fiber-reinforced engineered cementitious composite.

January 9, 2023

Influence of heat input on hot cracking sensitivity of the EA395-9 filler metal

Xingwang Yang, Fuguang Liu, Chunfeng Shi, Gang Liu, Yong Li

Page range: 33-42

Abstract

Microcracks are always present in the deposited metal of 10MnNi2MoVA steel weld seam, which affects the safety of the power plant steam pipeline. It is important to investigate the effect of heat input on the hot cracking sensitivity of the EA395-9 weld metal. In this work, the deposition of the weld metal of EA395-9 was prepared, then the hot cracking tendency of the weld with the different heat input was analyzed and observed. The results show that the moderate welding heat input can help to avoid hot cracking.

January 9, 2023

Effects of cubic boron nitride (c-BN) nanoparticle addition on the wear properties of carbon FRP composites

Çağrı Uzay

Page range: 43-51

Abstract

Boron nitride (BN) nanostructures are a relatively new type of filler and highly convenient for aerospace applications due to its high strength, excellent thermal resistance, and acting as radiation shielding. Cubic BN (c-BN) nanoparticle is a structural form in crystalline shape and offers outstanding characteristics because it can provide additional improvements through the thickness of laminated composites. This study investigates the effects of c-BN nanoparticle addition on the wear properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. The polymer matrix was modified with c-BN nanoparticles at weight ratios of 1, 2, 3, and 4%, respectively, and then reinforced with carbon fibers. The Vickers microhardness measurements showed that dispersion of c-BN nanoparticles into the matrix dramatically enhanced the surface hardness of the composite structures. Additionally, tribological examination revealed that friction coefficient values of the composites were extraordinarily reduced due to the presence of c-BN nanoparticles. The improved wear resistance was also exhibited with wear track profiles. Scanned electron microscopy images have confirmed the experimental findings. The c-BN nanoparticles can be used as secondary reinforcement for CFRP composites, and these hybrid systems could be strong material candidates for several industries like aviation, aerospace, and electronics due to their excellent wear properties.

January 9, 2023

Fatigue performances of helicopter gears

Onur Can Kalay, Celalettin Yuce, Oğuz Doğan, Tufan Gürkan Yılmaz, Esin Karpat, Osman Kopmaz, Fatih Karpat

Page range: 52-62

Abstract

Gears are widely used machine elements to transmit power and motion in the industry. During the power transmission, the gears are subjected to cyclic loads. Thus the fatigue resistance of the gears should be deeply investigated. In particular, this issue is gaining much more importance in the space and aviation fields. In this study, the fatigue life of gears made of 9310-VIM-VAR steel used in the aviation field was determined experimentally, and the crack propagation paths obtained were numerically verified. To this end, the SAE J1619 standard single-tooth bending fatigue test apparatus was redesigned and manufactured in order to adapt it to the helicopter gears. Totally 28 single-tooth bending fatigue tests were carried out for various loading conditions. Accordingly, the S–N curves for the helicopter gears were created. The experimental results were verified by the finite element fatigue crack propagation analysis in terms of the initial crack location, crack initialization angle, and crack propagation paths. Conducted experiments and numerical studies are found as compatible with each other.

January 9, 2023

Surface quality improvement at selective laser melting AlSi₁₀Mg by optimizing single point diamond turning parameters

Yifan Wang, Jun Yu, Zhanshan Wang

Page range: 63-76

Abstract

Selective laser melting allows aluminum-silicon alloy mirrors further lightweight for aerospace applications. The reflective surfaces based on Selective laser melting aluminum-silicon alloy substrates are commonly machined by single point diamond turning. However, many surface defects on single point diamond turning machined surfaces may limit their direct applications in optical system. In the paper, single point diamond turning parameters (cutting depth, feed rate, and cutting speed) are optimized orderly to improve its surface quality. The single point diamond turning machined surface morphologies are measured by using white light profilometer. In our selective laser melting AlSi 10 Mg substrate, scratches and holes mainly damaged single point diamond turning surface. Scratches are caused by inclusions while holes are generated by gas pores and inclusions. Single point diamond turning parameters optimization reduces the density of such surface defects, but these defects cannot be eliminated totally.

January 9, 2023

Effect of diffusion bonding time on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel joints

Arun Negemiya, Rajakumar Selvarajan, Tushar Sonar

Page range: 77-86

Abstract

The main objective of this investigation is to study the effect of diffusion bonding time on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel joints. The dissimilar joints of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and AISI 304 steel were developed using the different levels of bonding time (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min) in a vacuum chamber at a bonding temperature of 900 °C and compressive pressure of 14 MPa. The microstructure of joints was analyzed using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental analysis of joint interface was studied using the SEM energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The evolution of intermetallic compounds at the joint interface was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The ram tensile tests and lap shear tests were performed to assess the bonding strength and lap shear strength of dissimilar joints. Results showed that the dissimilar joints of Ti6Al4V alloy–AISI 304 steel developed using the diffusion bonding time of 75 min showed higher lap shear strength of 151 MPa and bonding strength of 244 MPa due to the better coalescence of the joining surfaces and evolution of optimum width of diffusion region having minimum embrittlement effects.

January 9, 2023

Deformation mechanism of AZ91 alloy during compression at different temperatures

Dongxiao Wang, Baosen Lin, Yi Jing, Qiangqiang Zhu, Jianping Li, R. Devesh K. Misra

Page range: 87-93

Abstract

In this study, two AZ91 samples were produced by compression at 200 °C and 350 °C, respectively. The microstructure of the samples and their effect on deformation were studied. The results show that the deformation mechanism is slipping, twinning and shear banding at low temperature due to the low compression temperature. The stacking fault energy of alloy can be increased by the increase of adiabatic temperature, the dislocations gather at the shear band, resulting in the increase of hardness, which is not conducive to deformation. At high temperature, there were a large number of fine second phases precipitated at the shear bands. This second phase provides nucleation site for recrystallization, and dislocation energy storage in the shear band provides energy for recrystallization, resulting in recrystallization nucleation and growth at the shear bands. Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization weakened texture intensity.

January 9, 2023

Tensile shear fracture load bearing capability, softening of HAZ and microstructural characteristics of resistance spot welded DP-1000 steel joints

Paluchamy Rajalingam, Selvarajan Rajakumar, Visvalingam Balasubramanian, Tushar Sonar, Subramanian Kavitha

Page range: 94-110

Abstract

The main objective of this investigation is to enhance the tensile shear fracture load (TSFL) bearing capability and minimize softening in heat affected zone (HAZ) of resistance spot welded DP-1000 steel spot joints for automotive applications. The lap tensile and cross tensile shear fracture load tests (LTSFL and CTSFL) were conducted. The process parameters were optimized using numerical and graphical optimization techniques to maximize the TSFL capability of spot joints. The microstructure of spot joints was studied using optical microscopy and correlated to TSFL and hardness of spot joints. Results showed that DP-1000 steel spot joints made using the welding power of 70 W, welding time of 1.0 s, electrode pressure of 4.25 MPa showed maximum LTSFL of 22 kN and CTSFL of 9.1 kN. The parametric optimization showed 46.66, 45.77, 22.33 and 9.87% increase in LTSFL, CTSFL, nugget zone hardness and HAZ hardness of DP-1000 steel spot joints. The higher TSFL and nugget hardness of spot joints is mainly attributed to the evolution of finer martensitic sandwiching ferrite phases in nugget zone and lower softening of HAZ than other joints. Welding power showed significant influence on TSFL of spot joints followed by welding time and electrode pressure.

January 9, 2023

Nanoparticle effects on post-buckling behaviour of patched hybrid composites

Serkan Erdem, Mustafa Gur, Mete Onur Kaman

Page range: 111-123

Abstract

In this study, the effect of particle additive on buckling behaviour in laminated hybrid composite plates was investigated numerically and experimentally for patched samples. In the experimental study, carbon-aramid woven fabric was chosen as the hybrid material and composite plate production was carried out in a temperature-controlled vacuum infusion production unit. The circular holed specimens were patched on one face with the wet patch and the adhesion performance under buckling load was investigated. The buckling test results for composite plates with and without nanoparticle added to patch matrix material were compared. In numerical study, the buckling analysis of composite plates patched with nano-additive and without nano-additive wet patch method was performed with the finite element method. The numerical results obtained in the nonlinear buckling analysis for plates and the experimental results were compatible with each other. Addition of 1 wt% carbon nano tube (CNT) and graphene to the patch material with fiber angle parallel to the loading direction increased the damage loads by 22.5 and 12.6 wt%, respectively, compared to the non-additive patch. Adding 2 wt% CNT increased damage loads by 50%, while adding 2 wt% graphene reduced damage loads only 1%.

January 9, 2023

High-speed tensile tests on high-manganese steel at low temperatures

Tonja Dieffenbach, Kai Treutler, Volker Wesling

Page range: 124-133

Abstract

Particularly in the automotive industry and the sector of liquid–gas storage, austenitic steels with a high energy absorption capacity are used. The light metals frequently used do not meet all requirements. Therefore, especially for components involved in crash situations, the cost-effective alternative with outstanding properties is used. In this respect, the high-manganese TWIP steels are of great interest, specifically due to their strength and ductility. Also in other research areas, the high-strength steels are moving into the focus of attention. For example, the properties of welded high-manganese steels at low temperature applications, such as those encountered during storage and transport of liquefied gases, are to be investigated. For this purpose, high-speed tensile tests are used to experimentally determine how the material behaves at different low temperatures and high strain rates. The investigations carried out provide results that can be used to draw conclusions about the strain rate and temperature dependence of the mechanical characteristics. These dependencies are shown as well.

January 9, 2023

A novel hybrid flow direction optimizer-dynamic oppositional based learning algorithm for solving complex constrained mechanical design problems

Betül S. Yildiz, Nantiwat Pholdee, Pranav Mehta, Sadiq M. Sait, Sumit Kumar, Sujin Bureerat, Ali Riza Yildiz

Page range: 134-143

Abstract

In this present work, mechanical engineering optimization problems are solved by employing a novel optimizer (HFDO-DOBL) based on a physics-based flow direction optimizer (FDO) and dynamic oppositional-based learning. Five real-world engineering problems, viz. planetary gear train, hydrostatic thrust bearing, robot gripper, rolling bearing, and multiple disc clutch brake, are considered. The computational results obtained by HFDO-DOBL are compared with several newly proposed algorithms. The statistical analysis demonstrates the HFDO-DOBL dominance in finding optimal solutions relatively and competitiveness in solving constraint design optimization problems.

January 9, 2023

Effect of the substrate surface and coating powder hardness on the formation of a cold sprayed composite layer

Ayça Demirer Kahraman, Fatih Kahraman, Osman Çulha, Tuğçe Yağcı

Page range: 144-152

Abstract

In this study, the powder hardness and substrate surface hardness on the coating formation in the cold spray process was investigated. The AA6082 aluminum alloy hardened by the shot-peening process was used as the base material. Two different metallic powders and a ceramic particle powder were used as powder materials with different hardness. Thus, the powder particles from different materials were sprayed onto the surface under the same spraying process conditions. In order to obtain a workpiece surface with different hardness values, shot-peening treatment was applied to the substrate material at different treatment times. According to the microstructural examination, the harder metallic coating powder has accumulated more and the lower hardness metallic coating powder has accumulated less when the substrate material hardness increases. Al 2 O 3 particles in the layer formed were distributed close to homogeneous. Furthermore, the size of Al 2 O 3 particles near the contact surface has become much finer especially in the long-term shot peened samples due to their higher hardness. From the indentation experiments, the elastic behavior and recovery amount of the composite coating layer increased due to the increase of the substrate surface hardness, and the stress distributions were performed less after the load was removed.

Volume 65 (2023)

Issue 1

Volume 64 (2022)

Volume 63 (2021)

Volume 62 (2020)

Volume 61 (2019)

Volume 60 (2018)

Volume 59 (2017)

Volume 58 (2016)

Volume 57 (2015)

Volume 56 (2014)

Volume 55 (2013)

Volume 54 (2012)

Volume 53 (2011)

Volume 52 (2010)

Volume 51 (2009)

Volume 50 (2008)

Volume 49 (2007)

Volume 48 (2006)

Volume 47 (2005)

Volume 46 (2004)

Volume 45 (2003)

Volume 44 (2002)

Volume 43 (2001)

Volume 42 (2000)

Volume 41 (1999)

Volume 40 (1998)

Volume 39 (1997)

Volume 38 (1996)

Volume 37 (1995)

Volume 36 (1994)

Volume 35 (1993)

Volume 34 (1992)

Volume 33 (1991)

Volume 32 (1990)

Volume 31 (1989)

Volume 30 (1988)

Volume 29 (1987)

Volume 28 (1986)

Volume 27 (1985)

Volume 26 (1984)

Volume 25 (1983)

Volume 24 (1982)

Volume 23 (1981)

Volume 22 (1980)

Volume 21 (1979)

Volume 20 (1978)

Volume 19 (1977)

Volume 18 (1976)

Volume 17 (1975)

Volume 16 (1974)

Volume 15 (1973)

Volume 14 (1972)

Volume 13 (1971)

Volume 12 (1970)

Volume 11 (1969)

Volume 10 (1968)

Volume 9 (1967)

Volume 8 (1966)

Volume 7 (1965)

Volume 6 (1964)

Volume 5 (1963)

Volume 4 (1962)

Volume 3 (1961)

Volume 2 (1960)

Volume 1 (1959)

5-year Impact Factor	1.682
Cite Score	3.1
Impact Factor	2.528
Journal Citation Indicator	0.70
SCImago Journal Rank	0.371
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	0.670

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Editorial

Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Böllinghaus (MT@degruyter.com)
Helmut Schmidt University / University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg

Society contact
Dr. Matthias Purschke Executive Director, DGZfP
Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP)

Dr. Martin Brune
Chairman of the Board, DVM
Deutscher Verband für Materialforschung und -prüfung (DVM)

Dr.-Ing. Hans-Jürgen Schäfer
Managing Director, VDI Materials Engineering
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI)

(Deutsch)

Online ISSN: 2195-8572
Print ISSN: 0025-5300
Type: Journal
Language: English
Publisher: De Gruyter
First published: January 1, 1959
Publication Frequency: 12 Issues per Year
Keywords: Materials, Materials Testing, Materials Processing, Material Properties, Life Cycle Engineering, Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Technology

Materials Testing

MATERIALPRÜFUNG MATERIALS – COMPONENTS – TECHNOLOGY – APPLICATION

Frontmatter

A holistic view on materials

Influence of pulsed laser beam welding in vacuum on the mechanical properties of non-grain oriented electrical steel sheets

Abstract

Fracture characteristics of various concrete composites containing polypropylene fibers through five fracture mechanics methods

Abstract

Influence of heat input on hot cracking sensitivity of the EA395-9 filler metal

Abstract

Effects of cubic boron nitride (c-BN) nanoparticle addition on the wear properties of carbon FRP composites

Abstract

Fatigue performances of helicopter gears

Abstract

Surface quality improvement at selective laser melting AlSi10Mg by optimizing single point diamond turning parameters

Abstract

Effect of diffusion bonding time on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel joints

Abstract

Deformation mechanism of AZ91 alloy during compression at different temperatures

Abstract

Tensile shear fracture load bearing capability, softening of HAZ and microstructural characteristics of resistance spot welded DP-1000 steel joints

Abstract

Nanoparticle effects on post-buckling behaviour of patched hybrid composites

Abstract

High-speed tensile tests on high-manganese steel at low temperatures

Abstract

A novel hybrid flow direction optimizer-dynamic oppositional based learning algorithm for solving complex constrained mechanical design problems

Abstract

Effect of the substrate surface and coating powder hardness on the formation of a cold sprayed composite layer

Abstract

Surface quality improvement at selective laser melting AlSi₁₀Mg by optimizing single point diamond turning parameters