Published since January 1, 1959

Materials Testing

MATERIALPRÜFUNG MATERIALS – COMPONENTS – TECHNOLOGY – APPLICATION

ISSN: 2195-8572

Editor-in-chief: Thomas Böllinghaus

Impact Factor: 1.589

About this journal

Materials Testing is a SCI-listed English language journal dealing with all aspects of material and component testing with a special focus on transfer between laboratory research into industrial application. The journal provides first-hand information on non-destructive, destructive, optical, physical and chemical test procedures. It contains exclusive articles which are peer-reviewed applying respectively high international quality criterions.
All articles are subject to thorough, independent peer review.

Editing Associations: DGZfP, DVM and VDI Materials Engineering.

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Topics

Volume 63 Issue 12

December 2021

Accessible December 30, 2021

Page range: 1079-1191

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Fatigue testing

December 30, 2021

Near-component testing of materials for cylinder heads to determine thermomechanical fatigue under superimposed high-frequency mechanical loads

Karl Gerhard Kuhlen, Paul Rothe, Thomas Seifert

Page range: 1081-1089

Abstract

Due to higher combustion chamber temperatures and pressures in efficient combustion engines, both the high-cycle and thermomechanical fatigue loads on service life-critical components, such as the cylinder head, are increasing. Material comparisons and analysis of damage behavior are very expensive and time-consuming using component tests. This study therefore develops a test method for cylinder head materials that takes into account the combined loading conditions from the above-mentioned loads and allows realistic temperature transients and gradients on near-component samples. The near-component cylinder head sample represents the failure-critical exhaust valve crosspiece and is tested in a test rig specially designed with the aid of conjugate heat transfer simulations. In the test rig, the sample is subjected to thermal stress by a hot gas burner and to mechanical stress by a high-frequency pulsator. Optical crack detection allows permanent observation of fatigue crack growth and crack closure during the test. Fractographic and metallo-graphic examinations of the fracture areas as well as analyses of the damage patterns show that loads close to engine operation can be set in this way and their influences on the damage can be monitored.

December 30, 2021

Dynamic mechanical behavior of composite materials reinforced by graphene and huntite minerals

Dilek Atilla, Binnur Gören

Page range: 1090-1096

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of composite materials reinforced by mineral experimentally. Graphene and huntite minerals were added to epoxy resin at different weight ratios (wt.-%) as 0.5 weight percent, 1 weight percent and 3 weight percent, to examine the effect of mineral types and percentages on the resulting dynamic mechanical properties. In addition, the effect of non-layered huntite unlike graphene, with a nano-sized grain structure, was investigated. Thus, glass transition temperature (Tg), storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E”) and damping ratio (tan δ ) values were determined and compared. Moreover, a tensile test was performed in order to explain the relation between stress and strain. It was seen that adding different minerals caused different results according to types and proportions. In general, adding minerals to the pure resin increased the storage modulus and loss modulus, whereas the damping ratio (tan δ ) decreased compared to the pure resin.

Materials testing for joining and additive manufacturing applications

December 30, 2021

Effect of friction time on tensile strength and metallurgical properties of friction welded dissimilar aluminum alloy joints

M. Bakkiyaraj, A. K. Lakshminarayanan, S. Yuvaraj, P. K. Nagarajan

Page range: 1097-1103

Abstract

Dissimilar (AA6061 & AA7075-T6) friction welded aluminum joints were taken into the investigation to correlate the influences of friction time on tensile and metallurgical properties. The dissimilar metals were welded by varying the friction time from 2 s to 6 s with the following constant parameters: a rotating speed of 1200 rpm, friction pressure of 35 MPa, upset pressure of 35 MPa, and upset time of 3 s. The higher friction time during joint fabrication needs to be selected to attain good metallurgical bonding between rubbing surfaces. The highest tensile strength of 228 MPa was attained when the friction time was given as 4 s. Furthermore, the increase in friction time widened the width and reduced the hardness of the heat affected zone on the AA6061 side where joint failure occurred. Finally, the metallurgical features of the dissimilar specimens were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Other details related to the characterization and results of the testing were recounted.

December 30, 2021

Prediction of the optimal FSW process parameters for joints using machine learning techniques

Furkan Sarsilmaz, Gürkan Kavuran

Page range: 1104-1111

Abstract

In this work, a couple of dissimilar AA2024/AA7075 plates were experimentally welded for the purpose of considering the effect of friction-stir welding (FSW) parameters on mechanical properties. First, the main mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and hardness of welded joints were determined experimentally. Secondly, these data were evaluated through modeling and the optimization of the FSW process as well as an optimal parametric combination to affirm tensile strength and hardness using a support vector machine (SVM) and an artificial neural network (ANN). In this study, a new ANN model, including the Nelder-Mead algorithm, was first used and compared with the SVM model in the FSW process. It was concluded that the ANN approach works better than SVM techniques. The validity and accuracy of the proposed method were proved by simulation studies.

Mechanical testing

December 30, 2021

Effect of steel forming on vehicle side impact behavior

Emre Doruk

Page range: 1112-1115

Abstract

Despite the seemingly daily development of high-strength new generation steel sheets, steel sheets still remain the most important engineering material used in a vehicle body. These steel parts in a vehicle body, meant to absorb energy during impact, are generally produced by steel forming methods. These steel forming operations may contain processes such as deep drawing, bending, cutting, spring back, spinning. According to the production conditions and type of processes used during the production of sheet metal parts, thinning, thickening, plastic deformation, folding, tearing and wrinkling may occur. In order to achieve more reliable impact simulations, these effects in the forming process should be conferred on impact analysis. Within the scope of this study, an analysis of the critical parts in steel forming that absorb the most energy during the side impact was conducted – first for vehicles. In a subsequent impact analysis, the effects of changes (thickness distribution, residual stress, plastic deformation, etc.) during steel forming were examined.

December 30, 2021

Potentiodynamic corrosion behavior and microstructural features of gas tungsten constricted arc (GTCA)-welded superalloy 718 joints

Tushar Sonar, Visvalingam Balasubramanian, Thiruvenkatam Venkateswaran, Dhenuvakonda Sivakumar, Sergey Konovalov

Page range: 1116-1123

Abstract

The gas tungsten constricted arc welding (GTCAW) process was used to join thin Su-718 alloy sheets to minimize alloying segregation and Laves phase precipitation in the fusion zone (FZ). The potentiodynamic corrosion behavior of GTCAW Su-718 alloy joints was studied and correlated to the microstructural features of welds. The potentiodynamic corrosion test was done in a 3.56 wt.-% NaCl solution to determine the corrosion rate of Su-718 alloy joints. The optical microscopy (OM) technique was used to analyze the microstructure of corroded weldments. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was used to study the Laves phase development in FZ. The SEM X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) technique was used to for elemental mapping of FZ. The corrosion resistance of Su-718 joints is inversely proportional to the precipitation of Laves phase in FZ. The GTCA welded Su-718 alloy joints disclosed superior corrosion resistance for the joints with lower Laves phase precipitation. It is correlated to the refining of FZ microstructure, which aids in minimizing the Laves phase precipitation. The joints with higher Laves phase precipitation revealed inferior corrosion resistance. It is attributed to coarsening of FZ microstructure, which raises the alloying segregation and leads to depletion of alloying elements in FZ. The dendritic core regions showed severe corrosion compared to the interdendritic regions. The corrosion resistance of GTCA welded Su-718 joints is better than that of CC-GTAW and PC-GTGAW joints and comparable to that of EBW and LBW joints. It refers to the arc constriction and high frequency current pulsation.

December 30, 2021

Improvement of the mechanical and damping behavior of nylon by integration of nanoclay platelets

Hari Bodipatti Subburamamurthy, Rajasekar Rathanasamy, Harikrishna Kumar Mohan Kumar, Moganapriya Chinnasamy, Gobinath Velu Kaliyannan, Saravanan Natarajan

Page range: 1124-1129

Abstract

Nylon is used as a gear material thanks to its beneficial characteristics, such as self-lubrication, noiseless and fail-safe operation. Poor resistance to heat, dimensional stability, shock and impact loads are major drawbacks of nylon when used in engineering applications. The addition of a nanofiller to a nylon matrix can enhance its mechanical and vibrational properties. Montmorillonite nanoclay (Cloisite 15 A, Cloisite 20 A and Cloisite 30B) modified with ammonium salt was incorporated into the Nylon 6 matrix by solution mixing and melt mixing. Nanoclay with 1, 2 and 3 wt.-% were added to the nylon matrix and the resulting mechanical and free vibration characteristics were determined. The experimental results of the mechanical and free vibration behavior were compared with the ANSYS results. Tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, specific strength, specific stiffness, natural frequency and damping factor were found to increase as the weight percentage of the nanoclay in the nylon matrix increased. Cloisite 30B nanocomposite shows better mechanical and free vibration characteristics when compared with pure Nylon 6, Cloisite 15 A and Cloisite 20 A nanocomposites. The Cloisite 30B nano-composite was prepared with 2 wt.-% shows maximum mechanical and free vibration performance.

Numerical simulations/materialography

December 30, 2021

Computer simulation of boronizing kinetics for a TB₂ alloy

Brahim Boumaali, Zahra Nait Abdellah, Mourad Keddam

Page range: 1130-1135

Abstract

The boron diffusion at the surface of a TB 2 alloy was simulated via two mathematical models relying on the numerical resolutions of the system of differential algebraic equations (DAE) for the integral method and ordinary differential equations for the mean diffusion coefficient (MDC) method. Both approaches allowed us to compute the boron diffusion coefficients in TiB 2 and TiB for a maximum boron content of 31.10 wt.-% in TiB 2 at 1223, 1273, 1323 and 1373 K. The boron activation energies in TiB 2 and TiB were evaluated and compared with the data published in the literature. Finally, an experimental validation of both models was made through a comparison of the thicknesses of the experimental layers with the predicted values. Consequently, the simulated thicknesses were in line with the experimental values.

December 30, 2021

Experimental evaluation and modelling of the boronizing kinetics of AISI H13 hot work tool steel

Zahra Nait Abdellah, Brahim Boumaali, Mourad Keddam

Page range: 1136-1141

Abstract

In the study for this contribution, the AISI H13 hot work steel was pack-boronized between 2 and 6 h of exposure time within the temperature range of 800 – 1000 °C. The boriding agent was composed of a powder mixture containing (in weight percent): 90 % of boron carbide (B 4 C) and 10 % of sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF4). The SEM observations showed a less pronounced jagged interface between the boronized layer and the transient zone. A double phase boride layer (FeB and Fe 2 B) was identified over the surface of AISI H13 steel with the presence of metallic borides inside this compound layer. The mean diffusion coefficient (MDC) method was applied to analyze the growth of iron borides (FeB and Fe 2 B) as compact layers over the surfaces of AISI H13 steel. The boron activation energies in the two iron borides were also assessed from the present kinetic approach by assuming the Arrhenius relationships. Afterwards, the kinetic model was checked experimentally by considering two extra boriding conditions (925 °C for 1 and 3 h). Finally, the predicted layer thicknesses are in accordance with experimental measurements.

Production-Oriented testing

December 30, 2021

Determination of plastic deformation rate after solid particle erosion in ductile materials

Aygen Ahsen Erdoğan, Erol Feyzullahoğlu, Sinan Fidan, Tamer Sinmazçelik

Page range: 1142-1149

Abstract

AA6082-T6 aluminium alloy is a candidate material, specifically in aviation applications, which could be exposed to solid particle erosion. Solid particle erosion occurs due to repetitive high-speed impact of erodent particles on a target material. Every individual impingement of the erodent particle results in elastic/plastic deformations and material removal from the target material. In this study, solid particle erosion investigations were carried out under 1.5 and 3 bar with 60 and 120 mesh alumina particles. Both erosion rates and worn volumes of the samples were calculated and measured. Also, the authors present the plastic deformation rate in this study as a proportion of the actual (measured) worn volume to the equivalent volume of the mass loss. In addition, the average surface roughness of the samples were investigated, which is another parameter for understanding the effect of plastic deformation on surface properties during particle erosion.

Production-Oriented testing/wear testing

December 30, 2021

Hot press sintering effects and wear resistance of the Al-B₄C composite coatings of an AA-2024 alloy

Cetin Ozay, Omer Etem Karlidag

Page range: 1150-1156

Abstract

In this study, the surface of AA-2024 alloy substrate was coated with an Al-B 4 C reinforced composite using hot press sintering. Al and B 4 C powders were synthesized by mechanical alloying. To this end, four samples were prepared. As a reference sample, AA-2024 substrate was coated with pure Al powder under 110 MPa pressure. In the other samples, the AA-2024 substrate was coated with metal matrix composites (MMCs) contained in Al-5 wt.-% B 4 C at 90, 110 and 130 MPa. The microstructure of the transition zone formed between the AA-2024 substrate and the coating layer of the coated samples, the microstructure of the Al/B4C MMCs coating, the macro hardness, the linear reciprocating and forth wear resistance of the coating layer were investigated. In addition, an optical microscope (OM), scanning electro microscope (SEM) images and EDS analysis of the microstructure were used. It was observed that the B 4 C powders were homogeneously distributed in the Al matrix in the microstructure of the coating layer. It was also found that the gaps between the grains in the microstructure of the coating layer and their size decreased with an increase in pressing pressure. Accordingly, it was concluded that macro hardness increased and weight loss decreased.

Corrosion testing

December 30, 2021

Corrosion behavior of particle reinforced aluminum composites

Hasan Karabulut, Kubilay Karacif, Ramazan Çıtak, Hanifi Çinici

Page range: 1157-1163

Abstract

In the study, the corrosion behavior of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with boron carbide (B 4 C), silicon carbide (SiC) and alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) were investigated in saltwater (3.5 % NaCl). Composite materials were produced by powder metallurgy. For composite materials production, various reinforcement and aluminum powders were mixed by mechanical alloying for 4 and 10 hours. After mechanical alloying, mixed powders were compacted under 700 MPa pressure and sintered at 600 °C. Electrochemical corrosion tests were applied on specimens in the saltwater solution using potentiodynamic methods. According to the results of the investigation, the best corrosion resistance was obtained by aluminum/B 4 C and the lowest by aluminum/Al 2 O 3 composites.

Ultra-sonics

December 30, 2021

Concrete anisotropy estimated from ultrasonic signal amplitudes

Nevbahar Ekin

Page range: 1164-1173

Abstract

The anisotropy of concrete is an essential issue in the construction industry. In this study, for the first time, ultrasonic compression and shear wave signals have been investigated for the orthogonal directions of unreinforced concrete by means of fast Fourier transformation (FFT). For this purpose, cubic concrete samples were prepared in 12 designs of different strengths for ultrasound transmission measurements. The characteristic amplitudes at dominant frequencies were determined by the FFT of these signals. The FFT amplitude differences in the compression and the shear wave signals on the orthogonally oriented surfaces provide essential information about the presence and degree of anisotropy. According to linear regression analysis, the FFT amplitude anisotropies and the amplitude ratios of the compression and shear waves decreased significantly according to increasing concrete strength. In addition, it was found that the anisotropy and the ratio of the FFT amplitudes increased proportionally to the water/cement ratio, the porosity and the water content of the various concrete designs.

Materials testing for civil engineering applications

December 30, 2021

Application of ultra-high-performance concrete in prefabricated buildings

Dong Luo, Tian Lu, Y. Frank Chen

Page range: 1174-1183

Abstract

As a new cement-based composite material, the ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has attracted wide attention because of its excellent mechanical properties and durability; and it has been applied successfully in the engineering field. As an important way to sustain engineering practice, the combination of prefabricated building and UHPC presents a great economic benefit and is worthy of further exploration. Based on the research and application status of UHPC materials in prefabricated construction, the engineering application classifications of UHPC are introduced; the advantages of using UHPC in prefabricated construction are summarized; the progress on UHPC research and its application in prefabricated construction is also summarized; the potential issues on the application of UHPC in prefabricated construction are pointed out; the possible solution strategies and development directions are proposed for promoting UHPC application in prefabricated construction.

Analysis of physical and chemical properties

December 30, 2021

Comparison of reduced graphene oxides synthesized chemically with different reducing agents for supercapacitors

Yifan Cui, Rong Li, Liuqin Lai, Huimin Dai, Siyu Su, Naili Guo, Xiaohong Zhu

Page range: 1184-1190

Abstract

The chemical reduction of graphene oxide is an effective method for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide, having the obvious advantages of low cost and large scale applicability. Our work produced reduced graphene oxide through a simple water bath reduction approach using various reducing agents of N 2 H 4 × H 2 O, NaBH 4 , Na 2 S 2 O 3 , HI, and a reference sample without reducing agent at the same reduction temperature and duration time, by which reduced graphene oxides represented as N-RGO, B-RGO, S-RGO, I-RGO, and RGO0 were fabricated. Subsequently, unbonded flexible electrodes based on carbon cloth were fabricated with the reduced graphene oxides mentioned above, whereupon the structure, morphology and electrochemical performance were characterized. The electrochemical results indicate that the order of specific capacitances is N-RGO > B-RGO > S-RGO > RGO0 > I-RGO, while I-RGO’s potential window is wider than that of the others. As a result, N-RGO displays the best electrochemical performance among all reduced graphene oxides, with a specific capacitance as high as 176.0 F × g -1 and 77.8 % of the initial specific capacitance maintained at a high current density of 20 A × g -1 .

Volume 63 (2021)

Volume 62 (2020)

Volume 61 (2019)

Volume 60 (2018)

Volume 59 (2017)

Volume 58 (2016)

Volume 57 (2015)

Volume 56 (2014)

Volume 55 (2013)

Volume 54 (2012)

Volume 53 (2011)

Volume 52 (2010)

Volume 51 (2009)

Volume 50 (2008)

Volume 49 (2007)

Volume 48 (2006)

Volume 47 (2005)

Volume 46 (2004)

Volume 45 (2003)

Volume 44 (2002)

Volume 43 (2001)

Volume 42 (2000)

Volume 41 (1999)

Volume 40 (1998)

Volume 39 (1997)

Volume 38 (1996)

Volume 37 (1995)

Volume 36 (1994)

Volume 35 (1993)

Volume 34 (1992)

Volume 33 (1991)

Volume 32 (1990)

Volume 31 (1989)

Volume 30 (1988)

Volume 29 (1987)

Volume 28 (1986)

Volume 27 (1985)

Volume 26 (1984)

Volume 25 (1983)

Volume 24 (1982)

Volume 23 (1981)

Volume 22 (1980)

Volume 21 (1979)

Volume 20 (1978)

Volume 19 (1977)

Volume 18 (1976)

Volume 17 (1975)

Volume 16 (1974)

Volume 15 (1973)

Volume 14 (1972)

Volume 13 (1971)

Volume 12 (1970)

Volume 11 (1969)

Volume 10 (1968)

Volume 9 (1967)

Volume 8 (1966)

Volume 7 (1965)

Volume 6 (1964)

Volume 5 (1963)

Volume 4 (1962)

Volume 3 (1961)

Volume 2 (1960)

Volume 1 (1959)

5-year Impact Factor	1.177
Cite Score	2.1
Impact Factor	1.589
Journal Citation Indicator	0.49
SCImago Journal Rank	0.339
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	0.732

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Editorial

Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Böllinghaus (MT@degruyter.com)
Helmut Schmidt University / University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg

Society contact
Dr. Matthias Purschke Executive Director, DGZfP
Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP)

Dr. Martin Brune
Chairman of the Board, DVM
Deutscher Verband für Materialforschung und -prüfung (DVM)

Dr.-Ing. Hans-Jürgen Schäfer
Managing Director, VDI Materials Engineering
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI)

(Deutsch)

Online ISSN: 2195-8572
Print ISSN: 0025-5300
Type: Journal
Language: English
Publisher: De Gruyter
First published: January 1, 1959
Publication Frequency: 12 Issues per Year
Keywords: Materials, Materials Testing, Materials Processing, Material Properties, Life Cycle Engineering, Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Technology

Materials Testing

MATERIALPRÜFUNG MATERIALS – COMPONENTS – TECHNOLOGY – APPLICATION

Contents

Near-component testing of materials for cylinder heads to determine thermomechanical fatigue under superimposed high-frequency mechanical loads

Abstract

Dynamic mechanical behavior of composite materials reinforced by graphene and huntite minerals

Abstract

Effect of friction time on tensile strength and metallurgical properties of friction welded dissimilar aluminum alloy joints

Abstract

Prediction of the optimal FSW process parameters for joints using machine learning techniques

Abstract

Effect of steel forming on vehicle side impact behavior

Abstract

Potentiodynamic corrosion behavior and microstructural features of gas tungsten constricted arc (GTCA)-welded superalloy 718 joints

Abstract

Improvement of the mechanical and damping behavior of nylon by integration of nanoclay platelets

Abstract

Computer simulation of boronizing kinetics for a TB2 alloy

Abstract

Experimental evaluation and modelling of the boronizing kinetics of AISI H13 hot work tool steel

Abstract

Determination of plastic deformation rate after solid particle erosion in ductile materials

Abstract

Hot press sintering effects and wear resistance of the Al-B4C composite coatings of an AA-2024 alloy

Abstract

Corrosion behavior of particle reinforced aluminum composites

Abstract

Concrete anisotropy estimated from ultrasonic signal amplitudes

Abstract

Application of ultra-high-performance concrete in prefabricated buildings

Abstract

Comparison of reduced graphene oxides synthesized chemically with different reducing agents for supercapacitors

Abstract

Computer simulation of boronizing kinetics for a TB₂ alloy

Hot press sintering effects and wear resistance of the Al-B₄C composite coatings of an AA-2024 alloy