Open Access Published by De Gruyter

Volume 9 Issue 10 - Special Issue: Metamaterials and Plasmonics in Asia; Guest Editors: Jeong Weon Wu, Teruya Ishihara, Lei Zhou, Cheng-Wei Qiu

September 2020

Issue of Nanophotonics

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Contents
Journal Overview

Editorial

Open Access August 12, 2020

Editorial on special issue “Metamaterials and Plasmonics in Asia”

Jeong Weon Wu, Teruya Ishihara, Lei Zhou, Cheng-Wei Qiu

Page range: 3045-3047

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Reviews

Open Access May 14, 2020

Metamaterials – from fundamentals and MEMS tuning mechanisms to applications

Yuhua Chang, Jingxuan Wei, Chengkuo Lee

Page range: 3049-3070

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Abstract

Metamaterials, consisting of subwavelength resonant structures, can be artificially engineered to yield desired response to electromagnetic waves. In contrast to the naturally existing materials whose properties are limited by their chemical compositions and structures, the optical response of metamaterials is controlled by the geometrics of resonant unit cells, called “meta-atoms”. Many exotic functionalities such as negative refractive index, cloaking, perfect absorber, have been realized in metamaterials. One recent technical advance in this field is the active metamaterial, in which the structure of metamaterials can be tuned to realize multiple states in a single device. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, well-known for its ability of reconfiguring mechanical structures, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility and low power consumption, is perfectly suitable for such purpose. In the past one decade, we have seen numerous exciting works endeavoring to incorporate the novel MEMS functionalities with metamaterials for widespread applications. In this review, we will first visit the fundamental theories of MEMS-based active metamaterials, such as the lumped circuit model, coupled-mode theory, and interference theory. Then, we summarize the recent applications of MEMS-based metamaterials in various research fields. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future research directions of MEMS-based metamaterials and their possible applications.

Open Access April 22, 2020

Large-area metasurface on CMOS-compatible fabrication platform: driving flat optics from lab to fab

Nanxi Li, Zhengji Xu, Yuan Dong, Ting Hu, Qize Zhong, Yuan Hsing Fu, Shiyang Zhu, Navab Singh

Page range: 3071-3087

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Abstract

A metasurface is a layer of subwavelength-scale nanostructures that can be used to design functional devices in ultrathin form. Various metasurface-based optical devices – coined as flat optics devices – have been realized with distinction performances in research laboratories using electron beam lithography. To make such devices mass producible at low cost, metasurfaces over a large area have also been defined with lithography steppers and scanners, which are commonly used in semiconductor foundries. This work reviews the metasurface process platforms and functional devices fabricated using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible mass manufacturing technologies. Taking both fine critical dimension and mass production into account, the platforms developed at the Institute of Microelectronics (IME), A*STAR using advanced 12-inch immersion lithography have been presented with details, including process flow and demonstrated optical functionalities. These developed platforms aim to drive the flat optics from lab to fab.

Open Access June 3, 2020

Tip-enhanced photoluminescence nano-spectroscopy and nano-imaging

Hyeongwoo Lee, Dong Yun Lee, Min Gu Kang, Yeonjeong Koo, Taehyun Kim, Kyoung-Duck Park

Page range: 3089-3110

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Abstract

Photoluminescence (PL), a photo-excited spontaneous emission process, provides a wealth of optical and electronic properties of materials, which enable microscopic and spectroscopic imaging, biomedical sensing and diagnosis, and a range of photonic device applications. However, conventional far-field PL measurements have limitations in sensitivity and spatial resolution, especially to investigate single nano-materials or nano-scale dimension of them. In contrast, tip-enhanced photoluminescence (TEPL) nano-spectroscopy provides an extremely high sensitivity with <10 nm spatial resolution, which allows the desired nano-scale characterizations. With outstanding and unique optical properties, low-dimensional quantum materials have recently attracted much attention, and TEPL characterizations, i. e., probing and imaging, and even control at the nano-scale, have been extensively studied. In this review, we discuss the fundamental working mechanism of PL enhancement by plasmonic tip, and then highlight recent advances in TEPL studies for low-dimensional quantum materials. Finally, we discuss several remaining challenges of TEPL nano-spectroscopy and nano-imaging, such as implementation in non-ambient media and in situ environments, limitations in sample structure, and control of near-field polarization, with perspectives of the approach and its applications.

Open Access May 5, 2020

Plasmon-enhanced organic and perovskite solar cells with metal nanoparticles

Yun-Fei Li, Zi-Long Kou, Jing Feng, Hong-Bo Sun

Page range: 3111-3133

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Abstract

Solution-processing thin-film solar techniques, such as organic solar cells (OSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PeSCs), hold great promise as cost-effective renewable energy sources with feasible large-scale manufacturing. However, these devices are suffering from the incomplete photon absorption and thereby cannot unlock the full potential of device efficiency despite their rapid development in recent decades. Incorporation of plasmonic metal nanoparticles (NPs) into the thin active layers has been considered as a breakthrough strategy to solve this inherent limit and represent an imperative milestone toward the highly efficient OSCs and PeSCs, arising from the significantly enhanced light absorption and electrical characteristics in fundamental. Herein, the recent advances in fabrication and incorporation strategies of plasmonic NPs are reviewed. The in-depth efficiency and stability enhancement mechanisms are investigated and highlighted. Meanwhile, potential strategies and perspectives for their further development of NP-based solution-processing OSCs and PeSCs are presented.

Open Access June 29, 2020

Plasmonic nanostructures in photodetection, energy conversion and beyond

Keng-Te Lin, Han Lin, Baohua Jia

Page range: 3135-3163

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Abstract

This review article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of plasmonic nanostructures and their applications, especially on the integration of plasmonic nanostructures into devices. Over the past decades, plasmonic nanostructures and their applications have been intensively studied because of their outstanding features at the nanoscale. The fundamental characteristics of plasmonic nanostructures, in particular, the electric field enhancement, the generation of hot electrons, and thermoplasmonic effects, play essential roles in most of the practical applications. In general, these three main characteristics of plasmonic nanostructures occur concomitantly when electromagnetic waves interact with plasmonic nanostructures. However, comprehensive review investigating these three main effects of plasmonic nanostructures simultaneously remains elusive. In this article, the fundamental characteristics of plasmonic nanostructures are discussed, especially the interactions between electromagnetic waves and plasmonic nanostructures that lead to the change in near-field electric fields, the conversion of photon energy into hot electrons through plasmon decay, and the photothermal effects at the nanoscale. The applications, challenges faced in these three areas and the future trends are also discussed. This article will provide guidance towards integration of plasmonic nanostructures for functional devices for both academic researchers and engineers in the fields of silicon photonics, photodetection, sensing, and energy harvesting.

Open Access June 25, 2020

Broadband metamaterials and metasurfaces: a review from the perspectives of materials and devices

Joonkyo Jung, Hyeonjin Park, Junhyung Park, Taeyong Chang, Jonghwa Shin

Page range: 3165-3196

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Abstract

Metamaterials can possess extraordinary properties not readily available in nature. While most of the early metamaterials had narrow frequency bandwidth of operation, many recent works have focused on how to implement exotic properties and functions over broad bandwidth for practical applications. Here, we provide two definitions of broadband operation in terms of effective material properties and device functionality, suitable for describing materials and devices, respectively, and overview existing broadband metamaterial designs in such two categories. Broadband metamaterials with nearly constant effective material properties are discussed in the materials part, and broadband absorbers, lens, and hologram devices based on metamaterials and metasurfaces are discussed in the devices part.

Open Access June 23, 2020

Visible to long-wave infrared chip-scale spectrometers based on photodetectors with tailored responsivities and multispectral filters

Jasper J. Cadusch, Jiajun Meng, Benjamin J. Craig, Vivek Raj Shrestha, Kenneth B. Crozier

Page range: 3197-3208

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Abstract

Chip-scale microspectrometers, operational across the visible to long-wave infrared spectral region will enable many remote sensing spectroscopy applications in a variety of fields including consumer electronics, process control in manufacturing, as well as environmental and agricultural monitoring. The low weight and small device footprint of such spectrometers could allow for integration into handheld, unattended vehicles or wearable-electronics based systems. This review will focus on recent developments in nanophotonic microspectrometer designs, which fall into two design categories: (i) planar filter-arrays used in conjunction with visible or IR detector arrays and (ii) microspectrometers using filter-free detector designs with tailored responsivities, where spectral filtering and photocurrent generation occur within the same nanostructure.

Research Articles

Open Access November 19, 2019

All-metallic geometric metasurfaces for broadband and high-efficiency wavefront manipulation

Xin Xie, Kaipeng Liu, Mingbo Pu, Xiaoliang Ma, Xiong Li, Yinghui Guo, Fei Zhang, Xiangang Luo

Page range: 3209-3215

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Abstract

Geometric metasurfaces have shown superior phase control capacity owing to the geometric nature of their phase profile. The existing geometric metasurfaces are generally composed of metal-dielectric composites or all-dielectric subwavelength structures. Here, a novel configuration, all-metallic structure, is proposed to achieve broadband and high-performance electromagnetic wavefront manipulation based on the geometric phase. A catenary model is built to describe the optical dispersion and guide the design of metasurfaces. Two metadevices including a beam deflector and a hologram are designed and experimentally demonstrated in the infrared regime, with the measured optical efficiency up to 84% (the simulated efficiency reaches 93%). Compared to previous metal-insulator-metal structures, this approach can realize higher efficiency and broader operating bandwidth owing to its lower ohmic loss. This design strategy is universal and can be easily scaled to any other spectra without complex optimization. Moreover, since metals have excellent mechanical and physical properties, such as good thermal and electrical conductivity, this all-metallic structure may provide a new thinking on interdisciplinary research.

Open Access January 9, 2020

Revealing photonic Lorentz force as the microscopic origin of topological photonic states

Jianfeng Chen, Wenyao Liang, Zhi-Yuan Li

Page range: 3217-3226

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Abstract

Charged particles like electrons moving in a magnetic field encounter Lorentz force, which governs the formation of electronic topological edge states in quantum Hall effect systems. Here we show that photons transporting in magneto-optical materials and structures also encounter a physical effect called photonic Lorentz force via the indirect interaction with the magneto-optical medium assisted effective magnetic field. This effect can induce half-cycle spiral motion of light at the surface of a homogeneous metallic magneto-optical medium and inhomogeneous magneto-optical photonic crystals, and it governs the intriguing one-way transport properties of robustness and immunity against defects, disorders, and obstacles. Thus, photonic Lorentz force serves as the fundamental microscopic origin of macroscopic photonic topological states, much the same as classical Lorentz force does to electronic topological states.

Open Access May 13, 2020

Topological edge and corner states in a two-dimensional photonic Su-Schrieffer-Heeger lattice

Minkyung Kim, Junsuk Rho

Page range: 3227-3234

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Abstract

Implementation of topology on photonics has opened new functionalities of photonic systems such as topologically protected boundary modes. We theoretically present polarization-dependent topological properties in a 2D Su-Schrieffer-Heeger lattice by using a metallic nanoparticle array and considering the polarization degree of freedom. We demonstrate that when eigenmodes are polarized parallel to the plane of the 2D lattice, it supports longitudinal edge modes that are isolated from the bulk states and transverse edge modes that are overlapped with the bulk states. Also, the in-plane polarized modes support a second-order topological phase under an open boundary condition by breaking the four-fold rotational symmetry. This work will offer polarization-based multifunctionality in compact photonic systems that have topological features.

Open Access February 21, 2020

Dual-band dichroic asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized waves in terahertz chiral metamaterial

Tingting Lv, Xieyu Chen, Guohua Dong, Meng Liu, Dongming Liu, Chunmei Ouyang, Zheng Zhu, Yuxiang Li, Chunying Guan, Jiaguang Han, Weili Zhang, Shuang Zhang, Jinhui Shi

Page range: 3235-3242

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Abstract

Polarization conversion dichroism is of particular interest in manipulating the polarization state of light, whereas high-performance asymmetric transmission (AT) of linearly polarized waves is still inaccessible in the terahertz range. Here, a bilayer chiral metamaterial consisting of orthogonally chained S-shaped patterns with broken symmetry along the light propagation direction is proposed and demonstrated experimentally to realize a dual-band dichroic AT effect for linearly polarized terahertz waves. The AT effects are robust across a wide range of incident angles. The observed strong AT can be theoretically explained by a multiple reflection and transmission interference model and the transfer matrix method. The proposed bilayer chiral metamaterial may have broad applications in polarization manipulation, chiral biosensing and direction-dependent information processing.

Open Access April 14, 2020

A conformal transformation approach to wide-angle illusion device and absorber

Yao Huang, Youming Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Dongjue Liu, Qijie Wang, Baile Zhang, Yu Luo

Page range: 3243-3249

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Abstract

We theoretically investigate the illusion device designed by a conformal transformation that can render an elliptic defect behave like a flat mirror. Different from illusion devices consisting of the complementary medium and anti-object with negative permittivity and permeability, our proposed illusion device requires only isotropic positive permittivity medium. It offers a possible route to eliminate the lateral shift in the conventional quasi-conformal carpet cloak. Interestingly, with the same conformal transformation, we can achieve an impedance-matched flat absorber by simply varying the shape and the refractive index of the defects. Both the illumination device and the absorber in our design have broad bandwidth, wide-illumination range and polarization-insensitive performance.

Open Access April 22, 2020

A complete phase diagram for dark-bright coupled plasmonic systems: applicability of Fano’s formula

Wanxia Huang, Jing Lin, Meng Qiu, Tong Liu, Qiong He, Shiyi Xiao, Lei Zhou

Page range: 3251-3262

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Abstract

Although coupled plasmonic systems have been extensively studied in the past decades, their theoretical understanding is still far from satisfactory. Here, based on experimental and numerical studies on a series of symmetry-broken nano-patch plasmonic resonators, we found that Fano’s formula, widely used in modeling such systems previously, works well for one polarization but completely fails for another polarization. In contrast, a two-mode coupled-mode theory (CMT) can interpret all experimental results well. This motivated us to employ the CMT to establish a complete phase diagram for such coupled plasmonic systems, which not only revealed the diversified effects and their governing physics in different phase regions, but more importantly, also justifies the applicabilities of two simplified models (including Fano’s formula) derived previously. Our results present a unified picture for the distinct effects discovered in such systems, which can facilitate people’s understanding of the governing physics and can design functional devices facing requests for diversified applications.

Open Access April 10, 2020

Optical telescope with Cassegrain metasurfaces

Xuan Liu, Junhong Deng, King Fai Li, Mingke Jin, Yutao Tang, Xuecai Zhang, Xing Cheng, Hong Wang, Wei Liu, Guixin Li

Page range: 3263-3269

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Abstract

The Cassegrain telescope, made of a concave primary mirror and a convex secondary mirror, is widely utilized for modern astronomical observation. However, the existence of curved mirrors inevitably results in bulky configurations. Here, we propose a new design of the miniaturized Cassegrain telescope by replacing the curved mirrors with planar reflective metasurfaces. The focusing and imaging properties of the Cassegrain metasurface telescopes are experimentally verified for circularly polarized incident light at near infrared wavelengths. The concept of the metasurface telescopes can be employed for applications in telescopes working at infrared, Terahertz, and microwave and even radio frequencies.

Open Access April 22, 2020

Smart sensing metasurface with self-defined functions in dual polarizations

Qian Ma, Qiao Ru Hong, Xin Xin Gao, Hong Bo Jing, Che Liu, Guo Dong Bai, Qiang Cheng, Tie Jun Cui

Page range: 3271-3278

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Abstract

For the intelligence of metamaterials, the -sensing mechanism and programmable reaction units are two important components for self-recognition and -determination. However, their realization still face great challenges. Here, we propose a smart sensing metasurface to achieve self-defined functions in the framework of digital coding metamaterials. A sensing unit that can simultaneously process the sensing channel and realize phase-programmable capability is designed by integrating radio frequency (RF) power detector and PIN diodes. Four sensing units distributed on the metasurface aperture can detect the microwave incidences in the x - and y -polarizations, while the other elements can modulate the reflected phase patterns under the control of a field programmable gate array (FPGA). To validate the performance, three schemes containing six coding patterns are presented and simulated, after which two of them are measured, showing good agreements with designs. We envision that this work may motivate studies on smart metamaterials with high-level recognition and manipulation.

Open Access June 17, 2020

Experimental nanofocusing of surface plasmon polaritons using a gravitational field

Zhiwei Yan, Chong Sheng, Shining Zhu, Hui Liu

Page range: 3279-3285

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Abstract

How to capture electromagnetic fields into sub-wavelength spatial scales has been a major challenge in nanophotonics, especially confining surface plasmon polaritons into regions as small as a few nanometers. Although various methods are proposed to achieve this goal, these methods require complex fabrication process. Here, we demonstrate experimentally the achievement of nanofocusing of surface plasmon polaritons with an intensity enhancement of three, using the simple structure with just pasting a sliver microwire on a sliver layer. And the designed structure has a well-defined gravitational field inspired by transformation optics. This simple design structure has applications to enhance light–matter interactions, such as nonlinear optical process and Raman scattering.

Open Access April 16, 2020

Mechanotunable optical filters based on stretchable silicon nanowire arrays

Yeong Jae Kim, Young Jin Yoo, Min Hyung Kang, Joo Hwan Ko, Mi Rim Park, Dong Eun Yoo, Dong Wook Lee, Kyujung Kim, Il-Suk Kang, Young Min Song

Page range: 3287-3293

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Abstract

Nano-structural optical filters embedded in elastomers having high mechanical tunability provide the geometric degree of freedom for selective light manipulation. The active control of spectral information in typical structural optical filters is highly limited due to the substrate rigidity. Herein, we present mechanochromic transmissive optical filters by employing flexible and stretchable polymer-embedded silicon nanostructures. Si-based nanowire arrays (Si-NWAs) have been introduced to exhibit parametric resonance characteristics by controlling the period and/or diameter. Furthermore, the spectral shift phenomenon by increased diffraction efficiency was observed after the application of a uniaxial tensile force, which depends on the period of Si-NWAs with a large index contrast between the silicon nanowire and elastomer. The strain-sensitive properties of tunable Si-NWAs filters induced by light diffraction were calculated by simulation based on wave optics. The spectral tunability and light filtering features were simply demonstrated by stretching the Si-NWAs’ optical filters. Our proposed structure provides potential opportunities for a wide variety of applications, including dynamic color display, visual strain sensor and anti-counterfeiting.

Open Access April 18, 2020

Extraordinary optical transmission and second harmonic generation in sub–10-nm plasmonic coaxial aperture

Jaehak Lee, Suyeon Yang, Jihye Lee, Jun-Hyuk Choi, Yong-Hee Lee, Jung H. Shin, Min-Kyo Seo

Page range: 3295-3302

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Abstract

Recent development in nanofabrication technology has enabled the fabrication of plasmonic nanoapertures that can provide strong field concentrations beyond the diffraction limit. Further utilization of plasmonic nanoaperture requires the broadband tuning of the operating wavelength and precise control of aperture geometry. Here, we present a novel plasmonic coaxial aperture that can support resonant extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) with a peak transmittance of ~10% and a wide tuning range over a few hundred nanometers. Because of the shadow deposition process, we could precisely control the gap size of the coaxial aperture down to the sub–10-nm scale. The plasmonic resonance of the SiN x /Au disk at the center of the coaxial aperture efficiently funnels the incident light into the sub–10-nm gap and allows strong electric field confinement for efficient second harmonic generation (SHG), as well as EOT. In addition to the experiment, we theoretically investigated the modal properties of the plasmonic coaxial aperture depending on the structural parameters and correlation between EOT and SHG through finite-difference time-domain simulations. We believe that our plasmonic coaxial apertures, which are readily fabricated by the nanoimprinting process, can be a versatile, practical platform for enhanced light–matter interaction and its nonlinear optical applications.

Open Access June 17, 2020

Particle simulation of plasmons

Wen Jun Ding, Jeremy Zhen Jie Lim, Hue Thi Bich Do, Xiao Xiong, Zackaria Mahfoud, Ching Eng Png, Michel Bosman, Lay Kee Ang, Lin Wu

Page range: 3303-3313

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Abstract

Particle simulation has been widely used in studying plasmas. The technique follows the motion of a large assembly of charged particles in their self-consistent electric and magnetic fields. Plasmons, collective oscillations of the free electrons in conducting media such as metals, are connected to plasmas by very similar physics, in particular, the notion of collective charge oscillations. In many cases of interest, plasmons are theoretically characterized by solving the classical Maxwell’s equations, where the electromagnetic responses can be described by bulk permittivity. That approach pays more attention to fields rather than motion of electrons. In this work, however, we apply the particle simulation method to model the kinetics of plasmons, by updating both particle position and momentum (Newton–Lorentz equation) and electromagnetic fields (Ampere and Faraday laws) that are connected by current. Particle simulation of plasmons can offer insights and information that supplement those gained by traditional experimental and theoretical approaches. Specifically, we present two case studies to show its capabilities of modeling single-electron excitation of plasmons, tracing instantaneous movements of electrons to elucidate the physical dynamics of plasmons, and revealing electron spill-out effects of ultrasmall nanoparticles approaching the quantum limit. These preliminary demonstrations open the door to realistic particle simulations of plasmons.

Open Access April 7, 2020

AI-assisted on-chip nanophotonic convolver based on silicon metasurface

Kun Liao, Tianyi Gan, Xiaoyong Hu, Qihuang Gong

Page range: 3315-3322

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Abstract

Convolution operation is of great significance in on-chip all-optical signal processing, especially in signal analysis and image processing. It is a basic and important mathematical operation in the realization of all-optical computing. Here, we propose and experimentally implement a dispersionless metalens for dual wavelengths, a 4f optical processing system, and then demonstrate the on-chip nanophotonic convolver based on silicon metasurface with the optimization assistance of inverse design. The characteristic size of the dispersionless metalens device is 8 × 9.4 μm, and the focusing efficiency is up to 79% and 85% at wavelengths of 1000 and 1550 nm, respectively. The feature size of the convolver is 24 × 9.4 μm, and the proposed convolver allows spatial convolution operation on any desired function at dual wavelengths simultaneously. This work provides a potential scheme for the further development of on-chip all-optical computing.

Open Access June 13, 2020

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite metamaterial for light trapping and photon-to-electron conversion

Hao Jing, Yingying Zhu, Ru-Wen Peng, Cheng-Yao Li, Bo Xiong, Zheng Wang, Yu Liu, Mu Wang

Page range: 3323-3333

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Abstract

Dielectric metamaterials with high refractive indices may have an incredible capability to manipulate the phase, amplitude, and polarization of the incident light. Combining the high refractive index and the excellent electrical characteristics of the hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs), for the first time we experimentally demonstrate that metamaterial made of HOIPs can trap visible light and realize effective photon-to-electron conversion. The HOIP metamaterials are fabricated by focused ion beam milling on a solution-grown single-crystalline HOIP film. The optical absorption is significantly enhanced at the visible regime compared to that of the flat HOIP film, which originates from the excited Mie resonances and transverse cavity modes with inhibited interface reflection. Furthermore, compared to the flat film, the HOIP metamaterial shows increased photocurrent of up to ~40%, where the effective photocarrier generation efficiency increases by ~40% and the related internal efficiency by ~20%. Our data point to the potential application of HOIP metamaterials for high-efficiency light trapping and photon-to-electron conversion.

Open Access June 25, 2020

Proposed method for highly selective resonant optical manipulation using counter-propagating light waves

Takudo Wada, Hideki Fujiwara, Keiji Sasaki, Hajime Ishihara

Page range: 3335-3345

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Abstract

Optical manipulation using electronic resonance can realize the selective manipulation of nano objects exhibiting quantum mechanical properties by confining electronic systems based on the characteristics of individual objects. This study theoretically proposes a method to actualize selective manipulation based on the resonant optical response. In this method, counter-propagating light waves are used to extract the pure contribution of the resonant optical response in the exerted force by regulating the balance between the two light waves. Furthermore, the selection of nanoparticles with particular resonance levels at room temperature and quantum dots with a particular size in the cryogenic condition is numerically demonstrated. An especially interesting aspect of this method is that it enables the examination of the absorption spectrum of a single nanoparticle by mapping the absorption efficiency to its mechanical motion. The results reveal an unconventional link between optical force technology and nanomaterials science.

Open Access May 23, 2020

Temperature-dependent dark-field scattering of single plasmonic nanocavity

Wei Jiang, Huatian Hu, Qian Deng, Shunping Zhang, Hongxing Xu

Page range: 3347-3356

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Abstract

Plasmonic materials have long been exploited for enhanced spectroscopy, integrated nanophotonic circuits, sensing, light harvesting, etc. Damping is the key factor that limits their performance and restricts the development of the field. Optical characterization of single nanoparticle at low temperature is ideal for investigating the damping of plasmons but is usually technically impractical due to the sample vibration from the cryostat and the surface adsorption during the cooling process. In this work, we use a vibration-free cryostat to investigate the temperature-dependent dark-field scattering spectroscopy of a single Au nanowire on top of a Au film. This allows us to extract the contribution of electron-phonon scattering to the damping of plasmons without performing statistics over different target nanoparticles. The results show that the full width at half-maximum of the plasmon resonance increases by an amount of 5.8%, over the temperature range of 5−150 K. Electromagnetic calculations reveal that the temperature-insensitive dissipation channels into photons or surface plasmon polaritons on the Au film contribute up to 64% of the total dissipations at the plasmon resonance. This explains why the reduction of plasmon linewidth seems small at the single-particle level. This study provides a more explicit measurement on the damping process of the single plasmonic nanostructure, which serves as basic knowledge in the applications of nanoplasmonic materials.

Open Access April 23, 2020

On-chip trans-dimensional plasmonic router

Shaohua Dong, Qing Zhang, Guangtao Cao, Jincheng Ni, Ting Shi, Shiqing Li, Jingwen Duan, Jiafu Wang, Ying Li, Shulin Sun, Lei Zhou, Guangwei Hu, Cheng-Wei Qiu

Page range: 3357-3365

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Abstract

Plasmons, as emerging optical diffraction-unlimited information carriers, promise the high-capacity, high-speed, and integrated photonic chips. The on-chip precise manipulations of plasmon in an arbitrary platform, whether two-dimensional (2D) or one-dimensional (1D), appears demanding but non-trivial. Here, we proposed a meta-wall, consisting of specifically designed meta-atoms, that allows the high-efficiency transformation of propagating plasmon polaritons from 2D platforms to 1D plasmonic waveguides, forming the trans-dimensional plasmonic routers. The mechanism to compensate the momentum transformation in the router can be traced via a local dynamic phase gradient of the meta-atom and reciprocal lattice vector. To demonstrate such a scheme, a directional router based on phase-gradient meta-wall is designed to couple 2D SPP to a 1D plasmonic waveguide, while a unidirectional router based on grating metawall is designed to route 2D SPP to the arbitrarily desired direction along the 1D plasmonic waveguide by changing the incident angle of 2D SPP. The on-chip routers of trans-dimensional SPP demonstrated here provide a flexible tool to manipulate propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and may pave the way for designing integrated plasmonic network and devices.

Open Access May 14, 2020

Chaotic photon spheres in non-Euclidean billiard

Dongyang Wang, Changxu Liu, Shuang Zhang, Che Ting Chan

Page range: 3367-3372

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Abstract

With the advancement in understanding of the physics inside chaotic systems, chaos has been harnessed from a nuisance to a beneficial factor in optical devices. Light–matter interaction in chaotic systems has been utilised for improving broadband energy harvesting and momentum transformations, achieving light localization beyond diffraction limit and even stabilizing the dynamics of high power laser. While extensive study about wave chaos has been made in deformed microcavities, investigation of how chaos dynamics evolves in curved space manifold remains elusive. Here, we study the non-Euclidean billiard of a torus-like manifold, which is a closed 2D cavity system with effective periodic boundaries. The ray chaotic behaviours on the deformed toroidal surface are explored using the geodesic equation. By tuning the deformation parameter of the torus, we observe the transition of the billiard from the ordered phase state to mixed phase states and then complete ray chaos. The photon sphere of the torus is identified as the transition position from ordered states to chaotic states. Compared with other chaotic behaviours resulted from the random scattering inside deformed cavities, we demonstrate chaotic dynamics purely on a curved surface, which may shed light on the better understanding of chaos in optics.

Open Access July 4, 2020

Systematic studies for improving device performance of quantum well infrared stripe photodetectors

Mel F. Hainey, Takaaki Mano, Takeshi Kasaya, Tetsuyuki Ochiai, Hirotaka Osato, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Yoshimasa Sugimoto, Takuya Kawazu, Yukinaga Arai, Akitsu Shigetou, Hideki T. Miyazaki

Page range: 3373-3384

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Abstract

The integration of quantum well infrared photodetectors with plasmonic cavities has allowed for demonstration of sensitive photodetectors in the mid-infrared up to room-temperature operating conditions. However, clear guidelines for optimizing device structure for these detectors have not been developed. Using simple stripe cavity detectors as a model system, we clarify the fundamental factors that improve photodetector performance. By etching semiconductor material between the stripes, the cavity resonance wavelength was expected to blue-shift, and the electric field was predicted to strongly increase, resulting in higher responsivity than unetched stripe detectors. Contrary to our predictions, etched stripe detectors showed lower responsivities, indicating surface effects at the sidewalls and reduced absorption. Nevertheless, etching led to higher detectivity due to significantly reduced detector dark current. These results suggest that etched structures are the superior photodetector design, and that appropriate sidewall surface treatments could further improve device performance. Finally, through polarization and incidence angle dependence measurements of the stripe detectors, we clarify how the design of previously demonstrated wired patch antennas led to improved device performance. These results are widely applicable for cavity designs over a broad range of wavelengths within the infrared, and can serve as a roadmap for improving next-generation infrared photodetectors.

Open Access June 5, 2020

Wide gamut, angle-insensitive structural colors based on deep-subwavelength bilayer media

Hui Pan, Zhengji Wen, Zhihong Tang, Gangyi Xu, Xiaohang Pan, Qianqian Xu, Yue Lu, Hao Xu, Yan Sun, Ning Dai, Jiaming Hao

Page range: 3385-3392

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Abstract

Wide gamut and angle-insensitive structural colors are highly desirable for many applications. Herein, a new type of lithography-free, planar bilayer nanostructures for generating structural colors is presented, which is basically composed of a deep-subwavelength, highly absorbing dielectric layer on an opaque metallic substrate. Experimental results show that a galaxy of brilliant structural colors can be generated by our structures, and which can cover ∼50% of the standard red–green–blue color space by adjusting the nanostructure dimensions. The color appearances are robust with respect to the angle of vision. Theoretical partial reflected wave analyses reveal that the structural color effect is attributed to the strong optical asymmetric Fabry–Perot-type (F–P-type) thin-film resonance interference. The versatility of the structural color properties as well as the simplicity of their fabrication processes make this bilayer structures very promising for various applications, such as security marking, information encryption, and color display, etc.

Open Access June 25, 2020

Generation of terahertz vector beams using dielectric metasurfaces via spin-decoupled phase control

Yuehong Xu, Huifang Zhang, Quan Li, Xueqian Zhang, Quan Xu, Wentao Zhang, Cong Hu, Xixiang Zhang, Jiaguang Han, Weili Zhang

Page range: 3393-3402

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Abstract

Cylindrical vector beams (CVBs), being a special kind of beams with spatially variant states of polarizations, are promising in photonics applications, including high-resolution imaging, plasmon excitation, optical trapping, and laser machining. Recently, generating CVBs using metasurfaces has drawn enormous interest owing to their highly designable, multifunctional, and integratable features. However, related studies remain unexplored in the terahertz regime. Here, a generic method for efficiently generating terahertz CVBs carrying orbital angular momentums (OAMs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated using transmission-type spatial-variant dielectric metasurfaces, which is realized by designing the interference between the two circularly polarized transmission components. This method is based on spin-decoupled phase control allowed by simultaneously manipulating the dynamic phase and geometric phase of each structure, endowing more degree of freedom in designing the vector beams. Two types of metasurfaces which respectively generate polarization-dependent terahertz vector vortex beams (VVBs) and vector Bessel beams (VBBs) are experimentally characterized. The proposed method opens a new window to generate versatile vector beams, providing new capabilities in developing novel, compact, and high-performance devices applicable to broad electromagnetic spectral regimes.

Open Access May 23, 2020

Loss and gain in a plasmonic nanolaser

Shao-Lei Wang, Suo Wang, Xing-Kun Man, Ren-Min Ma

Page range: 3403-3408

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Abstract

Plasmonic nanolasers are a new class of laser devices which amplify surface plasmons instead of photons by stimulated emission. A plasmonic nanolaser cavity can lower the total cavity loss by suppressing radiation loss via the plasmonic field confinement effect. However, laser size miniaturization is inevitably accompanied with increasing total cavity loss. Here we reveal quantitatively the loss and gain in a plasmonic nanolaser. We first obtain gain coefficients at each pump power of a plasmonic nanolaser via analyses of spontaneous emission spectra and lasing emission wavelength shift. We then determine the gain material loss, metallic loss and radiation loss of the plasmonic nanolaser. Last, we provide relationships between quality factor, loss, gain, carrier density and lasing emission wavelength. Our results provide guidance to the cavity and gain material optimization of a plasmonic nanolaser, which can lead to laser devices with ever smaller cavity size, lower power consumption and faster modulation speed.

Open Access July 4, 2020

Flexibly tunable surface plasmon resonance by strong mode coupling using a random metal nanohemisphere on mirror

Koichi Okamoto, Kota Okura, Pangpang Wang, Sou Ryuzaki, Kaoru Tamada

Page range: 3409-3418

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Abstract

We propose a unique random metal nanohemisphere on mirror (NHoM) structure to tune the surface plasmon (SP) resonance in a flexible manner. The SP resonance peak was split into two peaks owing to the strong coupling between the SP mode in the metal nanohemisphere and the mirror image mode generated in the metal substrate. This phenomenon is based on the fact that the strong coupling and the induced electromagnetic effects are similar to those pertaining to the Rabi splitting, Fano resonance, and electromagnetically induced transparency, thus providing quantum effect analogies. These phenomena have recently attracted increased attention and have been studied with nanocavities fabricated with top-down nanotechnologies. Compared with previous reports, NHoM structures can be fabricated in a much easier manner and are tunable in rather wider wavelength regions without nanofabrication technologies. The SP resonance peaks were enhanced, sharpened dramatically, and tuned flexibly, based on the optimization of the thickness of the spacer layer between the metal hemisphere and metal substrate. Experimental results were reproduced and were explained based on finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. These phenomena have never been observed previously on similar nanosphere on mirror (NSoM) because nanohemispherical structures were required. The NHoM nanocavity structure has a quality factor >200 that is surprisingly high for the localized SP mode of nanoparticles. Flexible tuning of the SP resonance with the use of NHoM is envisaged to lead to the development of new applications and technologies in the field of plasmonics and nanophotonics.

Open Access May 14, 2020

Dynamic tuning of enhanced intrinsic circular dichroism in plasmonic stereo-metamolecule array with surface lattice resonance

Shao-Ding Liu, Jun-Yan Liu, Zhaolong Cao, Jin-Li Fan, Dangyuan Lei

Page range: 3419-3434

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Abstract

Enhancing the circular dichroism signals of chiral plasmonic nanostructures is vital for realizing miniaturized functional chiroptical devices, such as ultrathin wave plates and high-performance chiral biosensors. Rationally assembling individual plasmonic metamolecules into coupled nanoclusters or periodic arrays provides an extra degree of freedom to effectively manipulate and leverage the intrinsic circular dichroism of the constituent structures. Here, we show that sophisticated manipulation over the geometric parameters of a plasmonic stereo-metamolecule array enables selective excitation of its surface lattice resonance mode either by left- or right-handed circularly polarized incidence through diffraction coupling, which can significantly amplify the differential absorption and hence the intrinsic circular dichroism. In particular, since the diffraction coupling requires no index-matching condition and its handedness can be switched by manipulating the refractive index of either the superstrate or the substrate, it is therefore possible to achieve dynamic tuning and active control of the intrinsic circular dichroism response without the need of modifying structure parameters. Our proposed system provides a versatile platform for ultrasensitive chiral plasmonics biosensing and light field manipulation.

Open Access May 23, 2020

Directing Cherenkov photons with spatial nonlocality

Hao Hu, Dongliang Gao, Xiao Lin, Songyan Hou, Baile Zhang, Qi Jie Wang, Yu Luo

Page range: 3435-3442

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Abstract

Cherenkov radiation in natural transparent materials is generally forward-propagating, owing to the positive group index of radiation modes. While negative-index metamaterials enable reversed Cherenkov radiation, the forward photon emission from a swift charged particle is prohibited. In this work, we theoretically investigate emission behaviours of a swift charged particle in the nanometallic layered structure. Our results show that Cherenkov photons are significantly enhanced by longitudinal plasmon modes resulting from the spatial nonlocality in metamaterials. More importantly, longitudinal Cherenkov photons can be directed either forward or backward, stringently depending on the particle velocity. The enhanced flexibility to route Cherenkov photons holds promise for many practical applications of Cherenkov radiation, such as novel free-electron radiation sources and new types of Cherenkov detectors.

Open Access June 17, 2020

Narrow-frequency sharp-angular filters using all-dielectric cascaded meta-gratings

Wei-Nan Liu, Rui Chen, Wei-Yi Shi, Ke-Bo Zeng, Fu-Li Zhao, Jian-Wen Dong

Page range: 3443-3450

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Abstract

Selective transmission or filtering always responds to either frequency or incident angle, so as hardly to maximize signal-to-noise ratio in communication, detection and sensing. Here, we propose compact meta-filters of narrow-frequency sharp-angular transmission peak along with broad omnidirectional reflection sidebands, in all-dielectric cascaded subwavelength meta-gratings. The inherent collective resonance of waveguide-array modes and thin film approximation of meta-grating are employed as the design strategy. A unity transmission peak, locating at the incident angle of 44.4° and the center wavelength of 1550 nm, is demonstrated in a silicon meta-filter consisting of two-layer silicon rectangular meta-grating. These findings provide possibilities in cascaded meta-gratings spectroscopic design and alternative utilities for high signal-to-noise ratio applications in focus-free spatial filtering and anti-noise systems in telecommunications.

Open Access June 29, 2020

Reconfigurable topological waveguide based on honeycomb lattice of dielectric cuboids

Xing-Xiang Wang, Xiao Hu

Page range: 3451-3458

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Abstract

We show that the photonic crystal (PhC) made of dielectric cuboids with their centers forming a honeycomb lattice is characterized by a ℤ2${\mathbb{ℤ}}_{2}$ topological index when the longer sides of six cuboids point towards the center of hexagonal unit cell. While the C 6 v symmetry regarding the center of unit cell is preserved, the C 3 symmetry regarding honeycomb sites is broken, which opens a bandgap in the Dirac dispersion of honeycomb structure and induces a band inversion between p modes and d modes. Rotating cuboids around their individual centers closes the bandgap and reopens a trivial bandgap. We discuss that this feature can be exploited for realizing a reconfigurable topological waveguide.

Open Access June 25, 2020

Optical spin-dependent beam separation in cyclic group symmetric metasurface

Yeon Ui Lee, Igor Ozerov, Frédéric Bedu, Ji Su Kim, Frédéric Fages, Jeong Weon Wu

Page range: 3459-3471

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Abstract

Cross-polarization scattering of a circularly polarized beam from nano-rod introduces a geometric phase to the outgoing beam with opposite circular polarization. By manipulating the spatial array of subwavelength nano-structure constituting metasurface, the geometric phase can be engineered to generate a variety of beam profiles, including vortex beam carrying orbital angular momentum via a process called spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion. Here we introduce a cyclic group symmetric metasurface composed of tapered arc nano-rods and explore how azimuthal angular distribution of total phase determines the feature of spin-dependent beam separation. When scattered from a circular array of tapered arc nano-rods possessing varying width with a fixed length, a dynamical phase having non-constant azimuthal gradient is introduced to an incoming Gaussian beam. This leads to a spin-dependent beam separation in the outgoing vortex beam profile, which is attributed to an azimuthal angle dependent destructive interference between scatterings from two plasmonic excitations along the width and the length of tapered arc nano-rod. Relation of cyclic group symmetry property of metasurface and the generated vortex beam profile is examined in detail by experimental measurement and analysis in terms of partial-wave expansion and non-constant azimuthal gradient of total phase. Capability of spatial beam profiling by spin-dependent beam separation in vortex beam generation has an important implication for spatial demultiplexing in optical communication utilizing optical angular momentum mode division multiplexing as well as for optical vortex tweezers and optical signal processing employing vortex beams.

Open Access July 4, 2020

Helicity-delinked manipulations on surface waves and propagating waves by metasurfaces

Shiqing Li, Zhuo Wang, Shaohua Dong, Sixiong Yi, Fuxin Guan, Yizhen Chen, Huijie Guo, Qiong He, Lei Zhou, Shulin Sun

Page range: 3473-3481

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Abstract

Although many approaches have been proposed to manipulate propagating waves (PWs) and surface waves (SWs), usually each operation needs a separate meta-device, being unfavorable for optical integrations. Here, we propose a scheme to design a single meta-device that can efficiently generate SWs and/or PWs with pre-designed wavefronts, under the excitations of circularly polarized (CP) PWs with different helicity. As a proof of concept, we design and fabricate a microwave meta-device and experimentally demonstrate that it can convert incident CP waves of opposite helicity to SWs possessing different wavefronts and traveling to opposite directions, both exhibiting very high efficiencies. We further generalize our scheme to design a meta-device and numerically demonstrate that it can either excite a SW beam with tailored wavefront or generate a far-field PW with pre-designed wavefront, as shined by CP waves with different helicity. Our work opens the door to achieving simultaneous controls on far- and near-field electromagnetic environments based on a single ultra-compact platform.

About this journal

Nanophotonics covers recent international research results, specific developments in the field and novel applications and is published in partnership with Sciencewise. It belongs to the top journals in the field. Nanophotonics focuses on the interaction of photons with nano-structures, such as carbon nano-tubes, nano metal particles, nano crystals, semiconductor nano dots, photonic crystals, tissue and DNA. The journal covers the latest developments for physicists, engineers and material scientists, working in fields related to:

Plasmonics: metallic nanostructures and their optical properties
Meta materials, fundamentals and applications
Nanophotonic concepts and devices for solar energy harvesting and conversion
Near-field optical microscopy
Nanowaveguides and devices
Nano Lasers
Nanostructures, nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers
Photonic crystals
Integrated silicon photonics
Semiconductor quantum dots
Quantum optics & Quantum information
Ultrafast and nonlinear pulse propagation in nano materials and structures
Light-matter interaction, optical manipulation techniques
Nano-biophotonics
Optofluidics
Optomechanics
System applications based on nanophotonic devices
Nanofabrication techniques, thin film processing, self-assembly

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Publication Metrics

Average time from submission to initial Editorial Manager assessment: 5 days
Average time from submission to final decision (all article types): 57 days
Average time from acceptance to publication: 13 days

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Early Career Award 2023

The Early Career Award for 2023 is now open and welcoming nominations!

Do you know someone who has made an outstanding contribution to the field of nanophotonics? Nominate them for the Nanophotonics Early Career Award! This prestigious award recognizes four early career scientists annually for their accomplishments. Help them gain the recognition they deserve by submitting a nomination.

The award winners are awarded a prize of 1000 EUR and a waiver for publishing in Nanophotonics without charge.
Visit the award webpage for more information on the award, the criteria, and how to submit your nomination.
This award is fully sponsored by the Nanophotonics journal.

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Celebrating Young Scientists at Conferences

Nanophotonics supports young scientists through the sponsorship of poster awards at global conferences, recognizing the work of over 50 researchers every year. Please visit the winners' gallery to view their accomplishments.

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Special/Topical Issues

Published in 2023:

Quantum Nanophotonics (Guest Editors: Jaehyuck Jang, Minsu Jeong, and Junsuk Rho)
Neural network learning with photonics and for photonic circuit design (Guest Editors: Daniel Brunner, Miguel C. Soriano, and Shanhui Fan)
Nanofabrication (Guest Editors: Maria Farsari, Sang-Hyun Oh, and Joel Yang) 　
Metamaterials and Plasmonics in Asia (Guest Editors: Lei Zhou, JeongWeon Wu, Q-Han Park, Namkyoo Park and Teruya Ishihara)
Nanophotonics in support of Ukrainian Scientists (Guest Editors: Nader Engheta and Nikolay Zheludev; Publishing Editor: Dennis Couwenberg)

Published in 2022:

Photonic Angular Momentum (Guest Editors: Andrew Forbes, Qiwen Zhan and Siddharth Ramachandran)
New Trends in Nanophotonics and Advanced Photonic Materials (Guest Editor: Junsuk Rho)
Metamaterials and Plasmonics in Asia (Guest Editors: Lei Zhou, Tiejun Cui, JeongWeon Wu and Teruya Ishihara)
Tunable Nanophotonics (Guest Editors: Juejun Hu, Arseniy I. Kuznetsov, Volker J. Sorger, and Isabelle Staude)
Novel Two-Dimensional Materials Based Bio-Nanophotonic (Guest Editors: Hans Ågren, Jong Seung Kim and Han Zhang)

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Non-Hermitian and topological photonics: optics at an exceptional point
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Metasurfaces for biomedical applications: imaging and sensing from a nanophotonics perspective
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THz spintronic emitters: a review on achievements and future challenges
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Machine learning–assisted global optimization of photonic devices
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Topological photonics: Where do we go from here?
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Highly ordered arrays of hat-shaped hierarchical nanostructures with different curvatures for sensitive SERS and plasmon-driven catalysis
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Review on fractional vortex beam
by Hao Zhang, Jun Zeng, Xingyuan Lu, Zhuoyi Wang, Chengliang Zhao and Yangjian Cai

Orbital angular momentum and beyond in free-space optical communications
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